Extent Of Territory Research Articles

Territory, Trust, Growth, and Collapse in Classic Period Maya Kingdoms

Drawing on theoretical understandings of the relationship between civil society and the state, the authors argue that the collapse of the kingdoms of Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan in the ninth century AD resulted from the same political processes that permitted the expansion of dynastic power in preceding centuries. Populations initially clustered around the dynastic capitals of these kingdoms, where daily spheres of interaction facilitated trust building among its residents. The image and performance of the polity was focused on the monarch, and participation in communal efforts, such as construction, warfare, and feasting, nurtured generalized trust within society as a whole, strengthening the polity. As populations expanded over the course of the Classic period and polities grew in territorial extent, spheres of interaction were more diffuse and trust-building efforts were increasingly focused on activities and individuals outside of the king and his court. The result was a breakdown of uniform trust ac...

Commentary

Commentary

In vivo visualization of the PICA perfusion territory with super-selective pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling MRI

In this work a method is described to discern the perfusion territories in the cerebellum that are exclusively supplied by either or both vertebral arteries. In normal vascular anatomy the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) is supplied exclusively by its ipsilateral vertebral artery. The perfusion territories of the vertebral arteries were determined in 14 healthy subjects by means of a super-selective pseudo-continuous ASL sequence on a 3T MRI scanner. Data is presented to show the feasibility of determining the PICA perfusion territory. In 10 subjects it was possible to accurately determine both PICA perfusion territories. In two subjects it was possible to determine the perfusion territory of one PICA. Examples in which it was not possible to accurately determine the PICA territory are also given. Additionally, the high variability of the extent of the PICA territory is illustrated using a statistical map. The posterior surface of the cerebellum is entirely supplied by the PICA in six subjects. The most posterior part of the superior surface is supplied by the PICA in eight subjects, and the inferior half of the anterior surface in six subjects. The inferior part of the vermis is supplied by the PICA in all subjects. Two subjects were found with interhemispheric blood flow to both tonsils from one PICA without contribution from the contralateral PICA. With the method as presented, clinicians may in the future accurately classify cerebellar infarcts according to affected perfusion territories, which might be helpful in the decision whether a stenosis should be considered symptomatic.

Models for assessing the spatial distribution of geodetic point patterns: application to geoid prediction quality

In this study, some stochastic and deterministic models have been proposed for the assessment of the regularity and isotropy of geodetic point patterns. These models utilized realized point configurations within a rectangular window, leaning on stochastic geometry. As an illustrative example, the geographical extent of the Egyptian Territory was selected as a test window. The proposed models have agreed with the visual and qualitative characteristics of the investigated patterns. Also, it has been found that the stochastic and deterministic models for regularity and isotropy have very strong mutual correlation coefficients. Furthermore, the proposed models were applied to some geoid interpolation algorithms. In particular, the relationships among the data/check point distributions and the geoid interpolation accuracies, were investigated. Finally, a closed expression was proposed, which efficiently describes the relations among such features. So, it is recommended to use such approach for the pre-analysis and planning of the geographic distributions of point patterns in similar and other geodetic applications.

Connectivity and Communication in the Achaemenid Empire

Abstract The vast territorial extent of the Achaemenid Empire is often assumed to have impeded connectivity and communication within the empire. This paper challenges the validity of this assumption. Two factors in particular favor this conclusion—the presence of an extensive road network and the high communication speed in the empire, made possible by the pirradazish service. Together, they demonstrate the enormous potential for movement and interaction throughout the empire.

Madison’s “Great Desideratum”: Impartial Administration and the Extended Republic

Scholars disagree about the role of impartiality in James Madison’s political thought after the loss of his proposal for a universal veto of state laws at the Constitutional Convention. This essay argues that impartial administration remained an abiding concern within Madison’s political thought after the Convention and indeed throughout his career, that he had a far more complex understanding of impartiality than has often been attributed to him, and that he hoped to institutionalize the formation of impartial majorities in Congress primarily through extent of territory—not elections from expanded electoral districts. This interpretation serves as an alternative to existing pluralist, elite republican, and neo-Aristotelian interpretations of Madison’s political thought. It also draws attention to a broad thread of consistency within Madison’s political thought.

Motor Strength Grade and Collateralization on Admission as Predictors of Outcome after Endovascular Intervention in Acute Stroke (P04.052)

Objective: To determine if admission medical research council(MRC) motor strength grade and presence of vascular collateralization are predictors of outcome after endovascular intervention(EI) for acute stroke. Background Large vessel ischemia constitute 30-50% of all cerebrovascular events and EI are gaining importance in the management. There are few clinical indicators of poor outcome like NIH stroke scale, age, extent of territory, infarct volume among others. Design/Methods: Retrospective analysis of 62 patients who underwent EI (MERCI,penumbra,alligator,balloon angioplasty,stents or combination of these procedures) with or without concurrent t-PA for acute stroke from 2007-2011. All patients had head and neck CTA with perfusion and EI. Admission MRC motor grade and collateralization on CTA were independent variables. Modified collateral flow(CS) grading 0-3 for absent, ≤50%,>50% but Results: Median age=75; median motor grade=2,with an interquartile range0-3. 53% were discharged to acute rehab or home(good outcome). SNF placement was 16%(intermediate outcome). Hospice disposition and death was 30%(poor outcome). In the poor outcome category,100% had MRC grade 0-1. The motor grade was significantly associated with death/SNF;as well as worse functional outcome(p Conclusions: This preliminary data suggest Motor grade assessment serve as a robust predictor of outcome after acute stroke intervention. Limitations:Severe neglect,intubated/sedated patients,and previous stroke.Modified collateral flow score grading needs revision as there is a disparity between different grades especially grade 1 & 2. For example person with minimal collaterals (eg: 5%)is in the same category of CS 1 as the person with 49% collaterals, which has a huge bearing on clinical outcome. Disclosure: Dr. Hedna has nothing to disclose. Dr. Favilla has nothing to disclose. Dr. Patel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Khaku has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stead has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gottipati has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gottipati has nothing to disclose. Dr. Waters has nothing to disclose.

From Brazil's Central Highlands to Africa's Ports: Trans-Atlantic and Continental Trade Connections in Goods and Slaves

The vast extent of Brazil's territory, with its geographical obstacles of mountains, ravines, and rivers, the presence of hostile Indians, outbreaks of unknown tropical illnesses, and the thick Atl...

Of love and national borders: the Croatian anthem ‘Our Beautiful Homeland’

AbstractCroatia became a UN member only in 1992, after the violent break‐up of Yugoslavia. Its anthem is marked by historically founded ambivalences as to the nature and territorial extent of the nation in question. This article offers an interpretation of the current version of the anthem and an analysis of the narrative and imagery of the nineteenth‐century poem from which the anthem originates. Three of the anthem's four stanzas speak about the Croats’ love for their homeland and their people and of the steadfastness and immortality of their love; the remaining stanza extolls the beauty of the homeland. By addressing the homeland's rivers and the sea directly, its singers appropriate this geography and so demarcate the borders of their much‐loved homeland. The anthem thus asserts Croatia's unity (against potential pretenders) and its unbreakable ties with its people. In contrast, the original fourteen‐stanza poem ‘The Croatian Homeland’, written in 1835, is a paean to the Croats’ ties to nature, their simple life and bravery – the romantic virtues of pure national souls. On their path to anthemhood, the four stanzas drawn from this poem have undergone significant modifications and additions, the result being a song that is doubly reassuring: it reassures the singers first of the people's love for themselves as a people, and second that this love is the means by which the ‘natural’ territory of the homeland is maintained.

Cav2.1 in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Regulates Competitive Excitatory Synaptic Wiring, Cell Survival, and Cerebellar Biochemical Compartmentalization

In the adult cerebellum, each Purkinje cell (PC) is innervated by a single climbing fiber (CF) in proximal dendrites and 10(5)-10(6) parallel fibers (PFs) in distal dendrites. This organized wiring is established postnatally through heterosynaptic competition between PFs and CFs and homosynaptic competition among multiple CFs. Using PC-specific Cav2.1 knock-out mice (PC-Cav2.1 KO mice), we have demonstrated recently that postsynaptic Cav2.1 plays a key role in the homosynaptic competition by promoting functional strengthening and dendritic translocation of single "winner" CFs. Here, we report that Cav2.1 in PCs, but not in granule cells, is also essential for the heterosynaptic competition. In PC-Cav2.1 KO mice, the extent of CF territory was limited to the soma and basal dendrites, whereas PF territory was expanded reciprocally. Consequently, the proximal somatodendritic domain of PCs displayed hyperspiny transformation and fell into chaotic innervation by multiple CFs and numerous PFs. PC-Cav2.1 KO mice also displayed patterned degeneration of PCs, which occurred preferentially in aldolase C/zebrin II-negative cerebellar compartments. Furthermore, the mutually complementary expression of phospholipase Cβ3 (PLCβ3) and PLCβ4 was altered such that their normally sharp boundary was blurred in the PCs of PC-Cav2.1 KO mice. This blurring was caused by an impaired posttranscriptional downregulation of PLCβ3 in PLCβ4-dominant PCs during the early postnatal period. A similar alteration was noted in the banded expression of the glutamate transporter EAAT4 in PC-Cav2.1 KO mice. Therefore, Cav2.1 in PCs is essential for competitive synaptic wiring, cell survival, and the establishment of precise boundaries and reciprocity of biochemical compartments in PCs.

„Żywot św. Sawy” Teodozjusza Chilandarskiego, jako źródło do dziejów Streza, władcy Proseku

The late XII and the early XIII c. were a period of important political changes on the Balkan Peninsula. Strez (1207-1214) was one of the local rulers which emerged in the mountain regions of the central Balkans in that time. We know the outline of his life from the sources such as: “Life of St. Symeon” by Stefan the First-Crowned, “Life of St. Sava” by Domentijan, “Life of St. Sava” by Theodosius of Chilandar and the letter of the Latin Emperor Henry from the January of 1212 or 1213. The paper presented here is divided into two parts. In the first part the Author presents the sources mentioned above and discusses major problems concerning their interpretation: the chronology of Strez’s life, territorial extent of his state, relations with the neighbor countries and circumstances surrounding his death. The second part comprises translation of the excerpt about Strez from the “Life of St. Sava” by Theodosius of Chilandar.

French military officers and the mapping of West Africa: the case of Captain Brosselard-Faidherbe

Through the study of projects conceived to shape colonial space, this article aims to reconsider the motives and means of French colonial expansion in West Africa in the 1880s and 1890s. The Plan Faidherbe, designed by the Governor of Senegal in the 1860s, outlined a plan for eastward development, including a road and rail link between the Senegal and the Niger Rivers (and beyond, between Algeria and Sudan). The implementation of these routes of penetration called for a number of military-led topographic missions. The study of these missions and of the maps that were produced at the time reveal how such projects and their implementation were mediated by both cartographic and field practices. The case of Captain Henry Brosselard (1855–93), General Faidherbe’s son-in-law, is an interesting example because of the diversity of the missions he led and the extent of territory which he traversed and mapped. This case also shows how, in the course of a career, an officer could assume several different functions and come to conceive the process of building colonial territory from different perspectives. This paper questions a common view of the military as having a purely strategic vision of space as a field of conquest, a view which reserves a more development-oriented outlook for civil administrators and the business community. Indeed, Brosselard’s varied career somewhat blurs the conventional divide between civilians and soldiers, requiring us to reconsider accepted ways of categorising colonial actors.

Deconstructing the Discourses of Roman Imperialism

Deconstructing the Discourses of Roman Imperialism David J. Mattingly (bio) The reputation of the Roman Empire has proved peculiarly resilient to postcolonial revisionist views. It is still widely regarded as the paradigmatic empire of all ages and nostalgically revered as the cornerstone of Western civilization. Its more negative impacts are widely ignored or excused. Perhaps the most extraordinary aspect of this historical reception of Roman imperialism is that it is out of step with the debate about other imperial societies. Even an archapologist for the British Empire like Niall Ferguson has to acknowledge a substantial body of historical writing that points out the faults and failings of imperialism in general and the British Empire in particular. Thus, while studies of modern empires now start with the acceptance that a postcolonial critique of imperialism and its impacts must be either embraced or countered, Roman studies seems to lag far behind. Indeed, many of the key research agendas relating to the Roman Empire appear to be relatively unchanged from those set in place more than a century ago, and any challenge to the cozy consensus view of a largely beneficent empire is liable to be met with skepticism or outright hostility. Why does classical studies persistently emphasize the benefits and cultural achievements of Roman civilization and ignore the negative aspects of colonialism in antiquity? Why dowe persist with an analytical framework based on outmoded attitudes about empire? Click for larger view View full resolution From Thomas Arnold, Jacob Henry Brooke Mountain, and J. B. Ottley, The History of the Roman Empire: From the Time of Julius Caesar to that of Vitellius (London, 1853). Some classicists and some modern historians have objected that it is not legitimate to compare the Roman Empire with later (or earlier) manifestations of imperialism. Opinion is divided, and many differences between Roman imperialism and modern capitalist empires have been pointed out. But I have no problem with using terms like "empire," "imperialism," "colonialism," and "colonization" in relation to the Roman state as long as proper definitions are offered. To do otherwise is to deny an intrinsic quality of the Roman Empire at its height—its overwhelmingly greater scale and complexity when compared with its constituent parts or virtually all its neighbors and other states of the ancient world. Factors that set the Roman state apart include overall territorial extent, reach beyond its frontiers, size of population, armies (both for scale and organization), communications and the infrastructure of power, urban networks, economic structures and the scale of interregional trade, the scale of exploitation of natural resources, consumption patterns, and the extraordinary opportunities for wealth, luxury, and power available to leading elites. In the end, the size, structures, and pathways of power in the Roman Empire (and the problems of maintaining these) have much in common with other imperial regimes across a broad diachronic span. Amajor objection to comparing the Roman Empire [End Page 28] with modern European empires has been the lack of economic drivers for the former in comparison with the capitalistic tendencies of modern colonialism. However, it can be argued that there was an economic bottom line for the Roman imperial government. The huge cost in preindustrial terms of its army and administration influenced decisions relating both to conquest and how to use conquered lands and natural resources. In this, Rome follows quite closely the behavior of other imperial powers, where short-term deflections caused by ad hoc measures and personal vainglory are counterbalanced to some extent by long-term mechanisms to exploit systematically the territory, resources, and people incorporated. In the Roman Empire these mechanisms were the census, tax systems, land survey and redistribution, and impressive supply systems. I characterize these elements as the components of an "imperial economy" that operated alongside other cycles of global and local economic activity. One problem with many modern attempts to model Roman imperialism is the implicit assumption that this was somehow a static and once-and-for-all phenomenon, with one set of motivations and an unvarying ethos. On the contrary, I argue that it was a dynamic and multifaceted entity, which changed radically over time. The Roman case resembles several modern models of empire and colonialism in that...

Centuries of Transition

AbstractThis review of Chris Wickham’s Framing the Early Middle Ages situates the book within the context of his earlier writings on the transition to feudalism, and contrasts his explanation for and dating of the process with those of the two main opposing positions set out in Perry Anderson’s Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism (1974) and Guy Bois’s The Transformation of the Year One Thousand (1989). Although Framing modifies some of Wickham’s earlier positions, it largely sidesteps explicit theoretical discussion for a compellingly detailed empirical study which extends to almost the entire territorial extent of the former Roman Empire. The review focuses on three main themes raised by Wickham’s important work: the existence or otherwise of a ‘peasant’-mode of production and its relationship to the ‘Asiatic’ mode; the nature of state-formation and the question of when a state can be said to have come into existence; and the rôle of different types of class-struggle - slave-rebellions, tax-revolts and peasant-uprisings - in establishing the feudal system.

The effects of political fragmentation on investments: A case study of watermill construction in medieval Ponthieu, France

The link between political fragmentation and economic development has been frequently discussed in the pre-modern growth literature, yet, it has mostly been treated in a general manner. This paper provides a specific and detailed case study of the patterns of watermill construction in the northern French region of Ponthieu, France. The results suggest that political fragmentation in the juridical context of medieval Europe positively affected investments in machinery. I concentrate on the eleventh and twelfth centuries, a period characterized by political fragmentation and weak central authority, and provide original evidence that watermill construction was significantly more intense in areas where authority was fragmented and landholding was divided between numerous landlords. I suggest that the mechanism behind the phenomenon is that in the institutional context of medieval Europe political fragmentation reduced the territorial extent of lords' jurisdiction and therefore, of their monopoly over watermill construction. This, in return, promoted the construction of neighboring watermills, thereby affecting the number of watermills and the level of competition in the milling industry.

Del asentamiento minero al espacio continental: Chuquicamata (Chile) y la contribución de la minería a la configuración del territorio y el desarrollo social y económico de la Región de Antofagasta durante el siglo XX

palabras clave | Urbanismo, desarrollo territorial, economia regional. abstract | This article analyzes the contributions of Chuquicamata to the territorial, social and economic development of the II Region of Antofagasta during the twentieth cen- tury. The process begins with the local cont ributions of an industrial complex and company town, that evolves from profits and contributions specific to a copper mining settlement to a situation of regional significance, generating continental economic relations and linkages which contribute to the social and economic development of the region and he country. From this perspective, Northern Chile, and this region in particular, hold important comparative and competitive advantages that extend into the twenty first century, both for the exploi- tation of mineral resources and for increasing linkages with other productive sectors, in a process that generates new spatial configuratio ns, based not only on the urban dynamics of the company town but also through the extent and complexity of the mining territory that has been economically activated by the mining industry.

Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World (review)

Reviewed by: Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World Milorad Nikolic Alfred Michael Hirt . Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Pp. xiv + 551. CDN $168.00. ISBN 9780199572878. Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World is a revised version of Hirt's DPhil thesis, submitted to the University of Oxford in 2004. Hirt sets out to close some significant gaps in our understanding of the administration and organization of mines and quarries in imperial Rome. The task is daunting, as it strives to reveal the humans who directed the extraction and transport of metal and marble, their tasks, backgrounds, and hierarchies and to place them into the overall framework of imperial administration. The work deals, therefore, less with economics in the modern sense of the word but is rather a study of business administration in two specific branches of ancient Roman technology. Hirt begins by giving a thorough overview of past research with its strengths and weaknesses and sets the stage for the main body. The ambitious goals of the study are: "(a) determining the elementary constraints and challenges faced by the quarrying/mining organization, (b) identifying the key figures in organizing extractive operations under [End Page 314] imperial control, (c) allocating organizational tasks and responsibilities to these key figures, (d) evaluating their solutions for the main organizational challenges at hand, and (e) delimiting their position within a wider administrative framework" (9). Hirt expertly summarizes differences in logistics and infrastructure between mines (open-pit and underground) and quarries and draws conclusions on consequent differences in the organization of each type of enterprise, which address their specific geological and topographical characteristics (Chapter 2). This part in particular will appeal to those interested in ancient technology, as it contains a systematic description of the different logistical requirements for efficient exploitation. Among other considerations, quarries had a higher need for transport infrastructure than mines, as large marble products were moved much less easily than, say, metal ingots, which, in turn, led to individual differences in organizational effort. Archaeological evidence from numerous sites all over the Empire supports the author's statements. The chapter is neatly subdivided by type of operation (i.e. quarry vs. mine; open pit vs. underground), and by geographic area. Thirteen maps illustrate the topographical situations of the sites. The subsequent treatment of the territorial extent of "Mining and Quarrying Districts" and their character within the structure of Roman provincial administration (Chapter 3) is very comprehensive, examining areas as diverse as Roman Egypt, Noricum, the Balkans, Spain, Sardinia, and Britain. Hirt investigates the legal nature of mining and quarrying districts, which were, for the most part, state property, and ascertains a certain autonomy "comparable to colonies or municipalities" (106). The variety of procuratorial titles that appear in documents associated with imperial mines and quarries allow a glimpse of the roles of imperial officials (Chapter 4). The evidence indicates that procurators of equestrian rank generally had control of larger operations and areas than imperial freedmen. Evidence for subaltern staff is generally too scanty to allow generalizations (165). Hirt goes on to investigate the involvement of the "Roman Army and Imperial Extractive Operations" (Chapter 5). He concludes that the army was generally not involved in extractive operations proper, but military installations in proximity to mines and quarries indicate that the army provided a measure of protection. Evidence such as Pliny's famous correspondence with Trajan (10.41, 42, 61, 62) and the inscription of Nonius Datus show, moreover, that military personnel were at least occasionally placed under the command of provincial governors for their administrative or technical expertise (172-173). The following chapter establishes links between "Imperial Officials and [End Page 315] the Allocation of Responsibilities" and delves into the difficult nitty-gritty details of running and managing extractive operations, subdivided by mines and quarries, on a daily basis. Not surprisingly, the evidence in this area is very spotty, and, therefore, much of this chapter is based on conjecture and on comparison with other administrative branches (202). The internal organization of individual establishments could vary significantly due to local conditions and requirements (245). A list of names and careers of procuratores argentariarum, metallorum...

From urban to regional planning in Latin America, 1920–50

Focusing upon a period during which the planning discipline emerged and was consolidated in Latin America from the 1920s through the 1950s, this article aims to identify some of the impulses behind the widening of the scope of planning activities undertaken by planners of capital cities, from the local and urban to the regional and territorial. The author uses a comparative perspective to analyze this tendency toward the enlargement of the territorial extent of the plan, interpreting it as part of the process through which Latin America’s urban modernization proceeded while also relating it to the epistemological and professional shift from urbanismo towards planificación and planejamento. While factors such as the emergence of planning offices in some capital cities and the emergence of the first courses in planning in university curricula are considered, the article focuses mainly on the the approaches of pioneers in Latin American planning to this transition, in particular Carlos Contreras and Hannes Meyer in Mexico City, Carlos della Paolera in Buenos Aires, Karl Brunner in Bogotá and Santiago de Chile, and Maurice Rotival in Caracas.

Assessment of Vascular Supply of Hypervascular Extra-Axial Brain Tumors with 3T MR Regional Perfusion Imaging

The vascular supply of extra-axial brain tumors provided by the external carotid artery has not been studied with RPI. The purpose of this work was to determine whether RPI assessment is feasible and provides information on the vascular supply of hypervascular extra-axial brain tumors. Conventional ASL and RPI studies were performed at 3T in 8 consecutive patients with meningioma. On the basis of MRA results, we performed RPI by placing a selective labeling slab over the external carotid artery. Five patients underwent DSA before surgery. Two neuroradiologists independently evaluated the overall image quality, the degree of tumor perfusion, and the extent of the tumor vascular territory on conventional ASL and RPI. In overall quality of conventional ASL and RPI, no images interfered with interpretation. In comparisons of the vascular tumor territory identified by the conventional ASL and RPI techniques, the territories coincided in 3 cases, were partially different in 4, and completely different in 1. The interobserver agreement was very good (kappa = 0.82). In 5 patients who underwent DSA, the 4 patients in whom the dominant supply was the external carotid artery were scored as coincided or partially different. The 1 patient in whom the vascular supply was from the internal carotid artery was scored as completely different. RPI with selective labeling of the external carotid artery is feasible and may provide information about the vascular supply of hypervascular extra-axial brain tumors.

Les organismes communautaires en santé mentale au Québec : rôle et dynamique partenariale

This study presents a global picture of the 371 government funded community-based mental health organizations (OCSM) and provides a description of the partnerships developed with community, institutional and inter-sector networks. The authors examine the diversity of the mental health community organizations based on the following characteristics: date of foundation, type and extent of territory, type and number of services offered, financial statement; participation in associations, participation in steering committees and models of partnership. The surface area of the territory, the size of the budget as well as involvement in steering committees appear to be enabling factors favouring the development of relations between organizations.