Extent Of Gingivitis Research Articles

Epidemiology of plaque-induced gingivitis among 12-15-year-old Chinese schoolchildren: A study based on the 2018 case definition.

To explore the epidemiology of plaque-induced gingivitis and related factors among Chinese adolescents. This cross-sectional survey comprised 118,601 schoolchildren in the 12-15-year age group. Data came from the National Oral Health Survey in mainland China. The field investigation was conducted according to the World Health Organization guidelines. The new 2018 case definition for plaque-induced gingivitis was used. Participants underwent clinical examinations and completed a structured questionnaire. Bleeding on probing (BOP) was performed on all teeth. Multinomial logistic regression was used to explore the factors related to the extent of gingivitis. Nearly half of the study population (47.3%) had plaque-induced gingivitis; 23.9% and 23.3% presented with localised and generalised gingivitis, respectively. The first molars were the most affected by BOP. Well-established factors, such as demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, local factors and smoking habits, were significantly associated with the extent of gingivitis. Odds ratios for localised and generalised gingivitis increased with the decrease in frequency of toothbrushing with a fluoride dentifrice. The study population had high plaque-induced gingivitis prevalence. The extent of gingivitis appeared to have a dose-response relationship with the frequency of toothbrushing with a fluoride dentifrice.

Retention using braided bonded wires: a 2-year follow-up of the dentition and oral hygiene with predictors of relapse

Abstract Objective To assess gingival health and predictors of relapse related to braided-wire bonded retainers after the active phase of comprehensive orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods Fifty-one subjects were recruited in a prospective study of whom 42 were available for analysis after 2 years of retention (pre-therapeutic ages 11–18 years; 66% female). A rectangular wire retainer (0.027 × 0.011″) was bonded to the mandibular incisors. Little’s index of incisor irregularity; intercanine width; the accumulation of biofilm, calculus and gingivitis; and the incidence of retainer detachment, were recorded. Subjects were examined before orthodontic therapy, upon therapy completion, and after 2 years of retention. Results The incidence of retainer detachment over the 2 years was 27%. The post-treatment incidence of irregularity was 17%, and intercanine width reduction was 24%. Calculus accumulation increased significantly during retention (p < 0.001) but not the extent of gingivitis. A multiple logistic regression demonstrated that an increase of mandibular intercanine width by ≥3 mm correspondingly increased the odds of relapse 14.3 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–196.1; p = 0.046). Patients presenting with retainer failure were 10 times (95% CI 1.6–62.8; p = 0.014) more likely to experience relapse. Subjects who experienced relapse had retainer failure earlier than those without relapse (19 vs. 23 months; p = 0.003). The occurence of relapse was not related to a treatment change in incisor irregularity, the duration of treatment, the age of the patient, gender nor to a change of intercanine width during retention. Conclusion Post-treatment changes in the mandibular arch incorporating bonded retainers were not large, but were common. An increase in mandibular incisor irregularity during retention is mostly related to treatment-induced intercanine width expansion. The bonded retainer often detached and increased calculus accumulation.

ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF ORAL HEALTH PARAMETERS ON ORAL HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN FUTURE DENTISTS

WHO estimates health as complete physical, mental and social well-being. Clinical indicators of oral diseases are not entirely suitable to capture this concept of health. Standardized questionnaires have been developed to evaluate the physical, psychological, and social impact of oral conditions on an individual. Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) identifies the impact of oral health on aspects of everyday life in terms of a person’s functional, social, and psychological well-being. The oral health impact profile (OHIP) is widely used to measure OHRQoL in adults, its short version includes 14 items (OHIP-14).
 The aim was to investigate how self-reported and clinically-assessed parameters of oral health are related to OHRQoL measured by OHIP-14 in dental students of UMSA.
 101 third- and fourth-year dental students aged 19–26 years attending UMSA in Poltava, Ukraine, took a questionnaire in Ukrainian. The first part of the questionnaire includes information on age, sex, self-assessed oral health, self-assessed dental aesthetic, satisfaction with mouth and teeth, and oral health behaviour. Questions on oral health behaviour included regularity of dental visits and frequency of tooth brushing. All these items were categorized into different groups. The question on dental aesthetic had the response option “difficult to answer”. When that response was chosen (n = 2 questionnaires), this data was considered missing and the students were excluded from the analysis.
 The second part of the questionnaire included the OHIP-14 to measure OHRQoL. There were seven dimensions of negative impact on OHRQoL: functional limitation, physical pain, psychological discomfort, physical disability, psychological disability, social disability, and handicap. There were two items for each dimension, which added up to a total of 14 items. Participants rated the frequency with which they experienced each of these items in the last 12 months using a 5-point Likert scale (“never” = 0, “hardly ever” = 1, “occasionally” = 2, “fairly often” = 3, and “very often” = 4). In addition, each item had the response option “I do not know”. When a student missed one answer or chose the option “I do not know” (for at least one item), the data was considered missing, and the student was excluded from the analysis (n=2).
 A clinical dental examination was performed. All permanent teeth were taken into consideration to measure dental caries experience using the DMF index. The Green-Vermillion index was applied for oral hygiene estimation. To assess the extent of gingivitis, the PMA index was used. The chi-square test was applied to compare the percentage of students with low and high OHRQoL between categories of self-reported oral health characteristics, and oral health behaviour. When comparing data on clinically-assessed oral health (the DMF, Green-Vermillion, and PMA indices), the Mann–Whitney U test was used for the two independent groups (with low and high OHRQoL). p-values<0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
 A total of 97 students were included in the statistical analysis, 43 of which were males and 54 were females. The highest mean scores in OHIP-14 were observed for the dimensions of physical pain (39,17%). Students with poor self-assessed oral health, poor self-assessed dental aesthetic, and who reported dissatisfaction with mouth and teeth more frequently fell into the group with low OHRQoL (p<0,05). The mean DMF was 5,41, Green-Vermillion hygienic index was 0,54, and РМА – 4,48%. However, a higher DMF index score, high Green-Vermillion index, and high PMA in students were not associated with low OHRQoL (р>0,5).
 In this study, the self-reported assessment of oral health affects the dental students' quality of life, while the clinical characteristics do not. Physical pain was the most frequently reported OHIP-14 dimension with an impact on OHRQoL. Poor self-assessed dental aesthetic and dissatisfaction with mouth and teeth were the strongest factors associated with low OHRQoL.
 The line of research pertaining to other parameters of oral health in youth that impact dental aesthetic and oral health, and thus oral health-related quality of life, is considered promising.

A longitudinal assessment of periodontal disease in Yorkshire terriers

BackgroundPeriodontal disease is the most common oral disease of dogs and has been associated with systemic disease. The purpose of the present study was to determine the extent of periodontal disease in a population of Yorkshire terrier dogs with and without a tooth brushing regimen. Each dog was assessed under general anaesthesia two to five times between 37 and 78 weeks of age. The extent of gingivitis and periodontitis was ascertained for every tooth in the mouth. Gingivitis was measured using time to bleeding on probing, and periodontitis was based on extent of clinical attachment loss (probing depth, gingival recession and furcation exposure).ResultsOf the 49 dogs assessed at 37 weeks of age, 98% had at least one tooth or aspect with early periodontitis (PD2, < 25% attachment loss). The average percentage of teeth with periodontitis in the mouth was 29.6% with 95% confidence interval (23.6, 36.4). The odds of early periodontitis was 2.74 (2.23, 3.37) times higher at 78 weeks of age compared to 37 weeks of age. The canine teeth had a significantly higher probability of periodontitis compared to all other tooth types at both 37 and 78 weeks of age (p < 0.001). In addition, at the same time points, the incisors had a significantly higher probability of periodontitis compared to the molars and premolars (p < 0.001).ConclusionsBreeds of dog that are susceptible to developing periodontitis, such as Yorkshire terriers, require effective treatments for the prevention of periodontal disease from a young age. Although tooth brushing is one of the most effective methods when it comes to preventative homecare, this is not always realistic, as was found in this study. Therefore alternative ways to retard or prevent plaque accumulation that are practical for both dogs and their owners are required.

A longitudinal assessment of periodontal health status in 53 Labrador retrievers.

To determine the incidence and rates of progression of gingivitis and periodontitis in Labrador retrievers. Fifty-three dogs, aged 1·1 to 5·9 years, had their periodontal health assessed every 6 months for up to 2 years. The extent of gingivitis and periodontitis was measured around the whole gingival margin of every tooth under general anaesthesia. All dogs had gingivitis at the initial assessment. The majority (64·2%) of tooth aspects had very mild gingivitis. The palatal/lingual aspect of all tooth types was most likely to show bleeding when probed: 63·0% of these aspects had mild or moderate gingivitis. Over 2 years, 56·6% of dogs developed periodontitis and dogs as young as 1·9 years were affected. There was a significant positive correlation between the proportion of teeth with periodontitis and age. In total, 124 teeth (5·7%) developed periodontitis; 88 (71·0%) of these were incisors. The palatal/lingual aspect of the incisors developed the disease first (2·8% of incisor aspects). Periodontitis developed in regions that are difficult to see in conscious dogs implying that detection and treatment of disease requires periodic sedation or anaesthesia.

Investigations of the Oral Health Status of a Group of Libyan Children and Its Relation to Home Care

The aim: this study was aimed to investigate the oral health status of a group of Libyan children. Subjects and Methods: Two hundred and eight children were included in the study. The samples were subdivided into 3 age groups (6, 6-12 and &gt;12 years old). Both the extent and the degree of gingivitis severity were assessed in the incisor area of the maxilla and the incisor and canine area of the mandible in the anterior teeth by using extent of gingivitis (GE) and gingivitis severity (GS) indices. The individual gingival units: papillae (P), Margins (M) and attached gingivae (A) were assessed for the presence of inflammation based on visual examinations. The caries experience was assessed by using dmft for deciduous teeth and DMFT for permanent teeth.Results: EG &amp; GS were assessed and the majority (206 out of 208 i.e. 99%) of children suffered from different degrees of gingival inflammation. Untreated carious lesions were noticed in 194 (93%) of cases in this group. Conclusion: There has been more untreated caries and more pronounced gingival inflammations of various degrees in this sample due to the lack of proper dental care.

An Investigation of the Oral Health Status of a Group of Libyan Children with Congenital Heart Disease at Benghazi Children Hospital

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the oral health of a group of children with congenital heart disease in Benghazi children’s hospital attending (out-patient) or admitted (in-patient). Subjects and Methods: Seventy children with congenital heart disease (mean age of 7.2) were included in the study and subdivided into 3 age groups (29 children were 12 years old. Both extent and severity of gingivitis were assessed in the incisor area of the maxilla and the incisor and canine area of the mandible using extent of gingivitis (EG) and gingivitis severity (GS) indices. The individual gingival units: papillae (P); margins (M) and attached gingivae (A) were assessed for the presence of inflammation based on visual examinations. Extent of inflammation was measured by scoring the colour change of the most severe gingival unit in upper and lower index teeth. Caries experience was assessed using dmft for deciduous teeth and DMFT for permanent teeth. Results: Different degrees of gingival inflammation EG&GS were present in 94.3% of children, which was predominantly moderate gingivitis (GS2, 59%) and was not age related (p>0.05). Untreated dental caries were present in 49% children and was age related (p≤0.001). Total DMFT (mean ± Std.) was 0.271 ± 0.75 while dmft was 2.0 ± 3.4 and was significantly increased with age (p<0.001). Conclusion: There has been more untreated caries and pronounced gingival inflammation of various degrees due to lack of proper dental care that prompts the importance of eliminating the sources of infection from the oral cavity.

Epidemiology of gingivitis in schoolchildren in Bucharest, Romania: a cross-sectional study.

Gingivitis is the most prevalent oral disease in children, being strongly associated to social gradients. Many studies have reported different results concerning the extent and intra-oral distribution of gingivitis in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiologic parameters and socio-related risk factors of gingivitis in the 10-17-year-old Bucharest schoolchildren population and to analyze its intra-oral distribution. Cross-sectional data were obtained from 1595 schoolchildren, social condition being assigned using a simple questionnaire. Classes of students were used as clusters in a single-stage cluster sampling method. An intra-oral exam was performed for all the children included in this study. Silness and Löe scores, prevalence and the extent of gingivitis were calculated. The gingival scores showed a mild inflammation and the prevalence of gingivitis was 91%. Boys had a higher gingival (0.19 vs. 0.18; p < 0.05) and plaque scores (0.71 vs. 0.59; p < 0.01) than girls. Children who did not live in overcrowded households, whose parents had a better education and those who had direct access to school dental services displayed better gingival conditions (p < 0.05). Gingivitis was more severe on the upper teeth, with the maximum score being reached at the right upper lateral incisor (0.63 on distal surface). Gingival condition in Bucharest schoolchildren population was associated to social gradients. School dental services are also another factor that seems to be related with gingivitis.

The impacts of gingivitis and calculus on Thai children's quality of life

To assess associations of socio-demographic, behavioural and the extent of gingivitis and calculus with oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in nationally representative samples of 12- and 15-year-old Thai children. In the Thailand National Oral Health Survey, 1,063 twelve-year olds and 811 fifteen-year olds were clinically examined and interviewed for OHRQoL using the Child-OIDP and OIDP indices, respectively, and completed a behavioural questionnaire. We assessed associations of condition-specific impacts (CS-impacts) with gingivitis and calculus, adjusted for socio-demographic and behavioural factors. Gingivitis and calculus were highly prevalent: 79.3% in 12-year and 81.5% in 15-year olds. CS-impacts relating to calculus and/or gingivitis were reported by 26.0% of 12-year and 29.6% of 15-year olds. Except for calculus without gingivitis, calculus and/or gingivitis in any form was significantly related to any level of CS-impacts. At a moderate or higher level of CS-impacts, there were significant relationships with extensive calculus and/or gingivitis in 12-year olds and for extensive gingivitis and gingivitis without calculus in 15-year olds. Gingivitis was generally associated with any level of CS-impacts attributed to calculus and/or gingivitis. CS-impacts were related more to gingivitis than to calculus.

Beneficial Effect of a Cellulose-Containing Chew Treat on Canine Periodontal Disease in a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Problem statement: There are indications that appropriate chew treats can contribute to the control of canine periodontal disease. It was reaso ned that the incorporation of a cellulose fiber network into the treat may improve the efficacy, bu t for proof experimental data were required. Approach: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with priv ately owned dogs was carried out to assess the efficacy of a cellulose preparation (Arb ocel BWW40®) in the treatment of periodontal disease. With the use of a questionnaire, the clini cal signs were evaluated by the owners. There were 10 clinical signs: extent and severity of dental pl aque and calculus, extent of gingivitis, redness, swelling, bleeding and firmness of gingivae and hal itosis. For a period of 8 weeks, the test dogs dail y received a chew treat to which 4% of the cellulose preparation was added. The control dogs were given a chew treat with identical formula, but without ad ded cellulose. During the trial, all dogs were fed the same, complete dry food. There were 16 test dogs an d 15 control dogs. Results: When compared with the baseline values, the administration of the test chew significantly improved 8 out of the 10 clinic al signs. In the placebo group there was a significant improvement for 6 clinical signs. When the improvements over time for the two groups were compared, there were no statistically significant differences. When the score changes for all 10 clin ical signs were added up as an overall index of improvement of periodontal disease, the test group showed a 17% greater amelioration than did the control group. Conclusion: The addition of the cellulose preparation had furt her enhanced the efficacy of the treat, possibly through an increase in mecha nical cleansing and chewing time. This study indicates that a cellulose-containing treat is bene ficial for dogs with periodontal disease and it is suggested that it may also impair its development.

Gingivitis and Periodontitis as Antagonistic Modulators of Gingival Perfusion

We explore the possible association between the extent of gingivitis or periodontitis and an index of gingival microvascular perfusion response to compression of alveolar mucosa, called the gingival perfusion index (GIPI). A cross-sectional analytical study was done in a sample of 60 adults, including healthy and non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects of either gender, with teeth in the anteromandibular sextant with or without gingivitis and with or without periodontitis at the lower-left lateral incisor (LLLI). A sample was selected by convenience non-probability sampling. Gingival perfusion was evaluated at labial LLLI attached gingiva. Two perfusion recordings were done 5 minutes apart, each one consisting of a 40-second control phase, a 22-second compression phase, and a 40-second postcompression phase. LLLI alveolar mucosa was compressed with a wood-mounted cotton swab until reaching about one-fifth of the control perfusion value. GIPI was used as response dependent variable. The gingival index and probing depth were used as measures of the extent of gingivitis and periodontitis, respectively. By analysis of covariance and multiple regression analysis, it was found that only the probing depth (negatively) and gingival index (positively) predicted GIPI (R(2) adjusted = 0.5194, P <0.0001). The data strongly suggest that, at least in the studied sample, gingivitis and periodontitis operate as antagonistic modulators of gingival perfusion. The major practical implication of our findings is that an increase or decrease in this index (GIPI) at a given attached gingiva site could indicate, respectively, the clinical predominance of gingivitis or periodontitis in such a site.

Oral hygiene, gingivitis, and periodontitis in persons with Down syndrome.

This study was conducted to determine and compare the prevalence, severity, and extent of gingivitis and periodontitis in patients with Down syndrome and patients who did not have Down syndrome. The authors also assessed the relationship of these conditions and compared them to the age, gender, and oral hygiene profiles in both groups. Using a case-control study design, the authors examined 32 individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and matched each with a participant from the control group (CG) according to age and gender. Researchers determined the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, Gingival Index, and measured the level of gingival attachment for each participant. The authors found that the relationship between the presence of dental plaque and the severity of gingivitis was moderate among participants with DS. While the overall characteristics of the periodontal and gingival health status were not markedly different between the two groups, the extent and severity of gingivitis and the extent of periodontitis were greater in the group with DS than in the CG.

Prevalence of Porphyromonas and Prevotella species in the dental plaque of dogs

The prevalence and populations of Porphyromonas and Prevotella species were determined in three samples of dental plaque from each of 34 healthy dogs. Porphyromonas gingivalis was present in 68 per...

Considerations for the interpretation of findings from single and multiple studies of periodontal conditions.

This paper reviews considerations involved in the interpretation of results of individual periodontal clinical trials and the synthesis of findings of multiple studies. The purpose of each study must be considered, particularly whether it is an epidemiological investigation, prevention trial or therapeutic clinical trial. The definition of clear end-points, whether they be hygiene end-points associated with calculus and plaque or disease end-points that measure extent of gingivitis and periodontitis, is essential. Other statistical considerations include the following: adequate sample size, balanced design, use of covariates, issues of the appropriate sampling unit, and proper statistical analysis. Statistical issues that must be considered include the types of tests of hypotheses, use of multiple comparison procedures when more than two groups are involved, corrections for multiple testing and precise estimation of parameters with corresponding confidence intervals. When comparing across clinical trials, three sources of heterogeneity that must be considered are: treatments, diseases, and target populations. The technique of meta-analysis is described for the statistical interpretation of data arising from several trials. A meta-analysis is conducted for six dental clinical trials that evaluated a triclosan/copolymer formulation for the reduction of plaque, calculus or gingivitis. Results indicate that the first five studies, which were reported simultaneously, showed a common effect, i.e., that the formulation successfully reduced either plaque or calculus. When the sixth study, reported at a different time, was added to the analysis, the collection of studies did not satisfy the homogeneity assumption necessary for estimating a common effect size. This illustrates the importance of testing for homogeneity before pooling possibly dissimilar studies.

下顎の老化に関する病理組織学的研究

A pathohistological investigation of age chages of the jaw bone was conducted with 53 non-extracted mandibles, of 36 males and 17 females ranging from 17 to 84 in age. In order to prevent intervention of the general and local effects to the jaw bone other than of time, the materials for the investigation were carefully chosen. The undecalcified sections of all the tooth regions of half-mandible in each case were prepared. Microscopic observation revealed the following results. 1. Downgrowth of epithelial attachment was observed at an age as early as 17. The maximum age for epithelial attachment locating at cemento-enamel junction was 33. 2. Recession of the gingival margin and epithelial attachment did not necessarily show a parallel relation with the extent of gingivitis and was recognized as agechanges. The gingival margin and the location of epithelial attachment migrated yearly toward the root apex by 0.056 mm and 0.062 mm respectively. 3. The average depth of the gingival sulcus was 0.89 mm, the length of the epithelial attachment 0.88 mm and the length of the connective tissue attachment 1.05 mm. No significant difference of the gingival thickness was observed among all age cases without exudative change or fibrosis. 4. Normal alveolar bone was observed at a tooth region in two cases, one of 17 years old and the othe 24 years old. Horizontal or vertical resorption of the alveolar bone was observed in all tooth regions in the remaining cases. 5. Horizontal resorption of the alveolar bone did not necessarily show a parallel change with gingivitis. A yearly horizontal resoptrion, as age-changes, of 0.06 mm occurred in adults. 6. Resorption of the alveolar bone was mainly osteolysis. Osteoclasis accounted for 17 % of all the resolved lesions and the majority was observed in the areas adjacent to inflammations. 7. Osteoporosis of the mandible was not observed as age-changes. 8. Horizontal resorption of the alveolar bone was observed prior to downgrowth of the epithelial attachment. 9. Narrowing index of the main branches of the mandibular arteries was observed as a change with age. Narrowing index of the small branches showed a little correlation with age, when compared with that of the main branches, a correlation with horizontal resorption of the alveolar bone was observed. 10. Incidence frequency of periodontitis showed a tendency to increase with age and higher incidence was observed in the posterior teeth than in the anterior teeth, and in the lingual side than in the labial side. Based on the histological findings, the aging of the periodontium which plays an important role in pathogenesis of periodontal diseases has been discussed.