Abstract
BackgroundPeriodontal disease is the most common oral disease of dogs and has been associated with systemic disease. The purpose of the present study was to determine the extent of periodontal disease in a population of Yorkshire terrier dogs with and without a tooth brushing regimen. Each dog was assessed under general anaesthesia two to five times between 37 and 78 weeks of age. The extent of gingivitis and periodontitis was ascertained for every tooth in the mouth. Gingivitis was measured using time to bleeding on probing, and periodontitis was based on extent of clinical attachment loss (probing depth, gingival recession and furcation exposure).ResultsOf the 49 dogs assessed at 37 weeks of age, 98% had at least one tooth or aspect with early periodontitis (PD2, < 25% attachment loss). The average percentage of teeth with periodontitis in the mouth was 29.6% with 95% confidence interval (23.6, 36.4). The odds of early periodontitis was 2.74 (2.23, 3.37) times higher at 78 weeks of age compared to 37 weeks of age. The canine teeth had a significantly higher probability of periodontitis compared to all other tooth types at both 37 and 78 weeks of age (p < 0.001). In addition, at the same time points, the incisors had a significantly higher probability of periodontitis compared to the molars and premolars (p < 0.001).ConclusionsBreeds of dog that are susceptible to developing periodontitis, such as Yorkshire terriers, require effective treatments for the prevention of periodontal disease from a young age. Although tooth brushing is one of the most effective methods when it comes to preventative homecare, this is not always realistic, as was found in this study. Therefore alternative ways to retard or prevent plaque accumulation that are practical for both dogs and their owners are required.
Highlights
Periodontal disease is the most common oral disease of dogs and has been associated with systemic disease
Of the 50 Yorkshire terriers that were recruited onto the study, 22 dogs (44%) came off trial at their first dental assessment at 37 weeks of age due to the presence of periodontitis in 12 or more teeth (Additional file 1: Table S1)
From the first two litters recruited to the study, were not removed from trial when they had met the study criteria of developing periodontitis in 12 or more teeth because initially it was not clear if the probing depths measured were due to partial eruption of their permanent dentition
Summary
Periodontal disease is the most common oral disease of dogs and has been associated with systemic disease. The incidence and severity of the disease has been shown to increase with age [3,4,5]. It is a progressive disease and the initial stage gingivitis is reversible and this may progress to periodontitis, which is irreversible but often controllable. Smaller dogs have been reported to have more calculus, gingival inflammation, furcation exposure and attachment loss, and an earlier onset of disease, than larger dogs [2, 4, 5, 10, 11]. Some of the least affected breeds include border collies, German shepherd dogs, Labrador retrievers and Staffordshire bull terriers [11]
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