Extent Of Adhesion Research Articles

A Study into the Potential for Safe Application of Single-Incision Thoracoscopic Surgery in Various Thoracic Diseases

Objective: Single-incision thoracoscopic surgery (SITS) is being applied to various thoracic diseases because it produces a smaller surgical scar, and is associated with less pain and loss of sensation compared to the traditional 3-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). In our previous study, we showed that SITS can be used as a first-line surgical method to treat primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Therefore in this study, we looked into whether SITS can be safely and conveniently applied to other various thoracic diseases. Methods: The subjects for this study those patients who underwent SITS at this hospital for thoracic diseases, who were admitted to this hospital between December 2013 and February 2015. Results: In this study, SITS was attempted in 50 patients with various thoracic diseases. In 46 cases, SITS was successfully performed. However, in the remaining 4 cases were converted to 2-port or 3-port VATS (8%, 4/50). The reasons for conversion to VATS was due to difficulty in approaching the lesion (n = 3) and severe pleural adhesion (n = 1). Conclusion: We found that SITS is a relatively easy and safe procedure that can be applied to various thoracic diseases. However, the operation may be difficult to perform depending on the location of the lesions or the extent of pleural adhesions. Therefore we recommend SITS in conditions where the lesion is mainly in the upper lobe, such as spontaneous pneumothorax, and in patients with minimal level of pleural adhesions.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Thrombotic Effects of the Fungal Metabolite Galiellalactone in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice.

Patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases have an increased mortality risk resulting from cardiovascular disorders due to enhanced atherosclerotic and thrombotic events. Until now, it is not completely understood in which way an abnormal expression of pro-inflammatory mediators contributes to this elevated cardiovascular risk, but there is a need for new drugs that on the one hand suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and on the other hand inhibit arterial platelet adhesion. Thus, we analyzed the anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic capacity of the fungal metabolite Galiellalactone in atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Treatment of the mice with Galiellalactone lowered the inflammatory expression profile and improved blood clotting times, as well as platelet adhesion to the injured common carotid artery. The results indicate that administration of Galiellalactone is able to reduce the extent of inflammation and arterial platelet adhesion in this mouse model.

Structural, Surface, in vitro Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation Analysis of Three Dental Restorative Composites

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between dental materials and bacterial adhesion on the grounds of their chemical composition and physical properties. Three commercially available dental restorative materials (Filtek™Z350, Filtek™P90 and Spectrum®TPH®) were structurally analyzed and their wettability and surface roughness were evaluated by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Contact Angle Measurement and Atomic Force Microscopy, respectively. These materials were molded into discs and tested with three bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia) for microbial attachment. The bacterial adhesion was observed at different time intervals, i.e., 0 h, 8 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, along with Colony Forming Unit Count and Optical Density measurement of the media. It was found that all materials showed a degree of conversion with time intervals, i.e., 0 h, 8 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, which led to the availability of functional groups (N–H and C–H) that might promote adhesion. The trend in difference in the extent of bacterial adhesion can be related to particle size, chemical composition and surface wettability of the dental materials.

Effect of particle size in fluidization of polyethylene particle mixtures on the extent of bed electrification and wall coating

Abstract In this work the effects of polyethylene fluidizing particle size (smaller than 400 μm) on the degree of fluidized bed electrification and wall coating formation was studied. Experiments were conducted in a stainless steel, 0.15 m diameter column, under ambient conditions. Polyethylene resin as received (20–1500 μm) as well as mono-sized and binary mixture of large (600–710 μm) and small (212–300 & 300–425 μm) polyethylene particles were fluidized while their mass, net specific charge and size distribution in the bulk of the bed and the wall coating were measured. For the binary mixture the fraction of the small particles examined were 5%–10% and 20%. The extent of wall coating varied between different cases tested with the mono-sized large particles resulting in the most amount coating. It was found that as the fraction of the small particles in the binary mixture was increased, these particles formed majority of the wall coating. At the mass fraction of 20%, the extent of wall coating and its net specific charge were similar to that of resin as received. Overall results implied that the magnitude of the smaller sized particles within the resin played an important role in the degree of particles electrostatic charging and the extent of the particles adhesion to the column wall. Small particles were found to generate a much larger net specific charge which although resulted in them coating the column wall but prevented the coating layer growth.

Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) prevents postoperative adhesion formation by inactivating the nuclear factor kappa B pathway: a randomized experimental study

BackgroundPostoperative peritoneal adhesions are major complications of abdomino-pelvic surgeries. We aim to investigate the preventive and therapeutic effects of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) supplementation on postoperative peritoneal adhesion (PPA) in a rat model. Materials and methodsThis randomized, controlled, single blinded animal study was performed in university laboratory. Thirty-two female Wistar albino rats were randomly separated into four equal groups as, group 1: (21-d vitamin-D treatment group), group 2: (21-d corn oil group), group 3: (14-d vitamin-D treatment group), and group 4: (control group). Uterine horns were traumatized with bipolar cautery for adhesion formation process. On postoperative day 14, all the animals were sacrificed and evaluated for adhesions. Adhesion extent, severity, degree, and total adhesion scores were evaluated macroscopically. Histopathologically, adhesions were evaluated for inflammation, fibrosis, and NFκB (nuclear factor kappa b) staining. ResultsOn postoperative day 14, we found lesser peritoneal adhesion severity, degree, extent, and total adhesion scores with vitamin-D administration compared with control and corn oil-treated groups; the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Histopathologic adhesion scores of inflammation and fibrosis were statistically different among the four groups (P < 0.001). NFκB staining was markedly increased in control and vehicle groups. The NFκB staining scores were statistically different between the groups (P < 0.001). The intensity of NFκB staining was lower in both vitamin 14 and 21-d vitamin-D groups. ConclusionsVitamin D as a supplement and as a therapeutic medicine decreases the formation of PPA in an animal model. In future studies, the association of vitamin D deficiency and PPA should be studied. In addition, vitamin D should be investigated in future clinical studies for the prevention of PPAs.

Chronic transvenous pacemaker/implantable cardioverter defibrillator leads implantation induced pathological changes

Widely pacemaker/implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation is also related to an increasing need for transvenous lead extraction. Understanding the location and extent of pathological changes, including adhesions and fibrous tissue formation along the course of chronic pacemaker/ICD leads, are essential for operators performing lead extraction operations in order to reduce the potential life threatening complications. Three parts are included in the research, pathological examination on 83 extracted pacemaker/ICD leads using excimer laser technique from March 2008 to March 2011, autopsy examination of one died patient during lead extraction for lead-related infective endocarditis, and anatomical analysis on pacemaker/ICD leads from 10 patients died of other non-cardiac causes. Extensive encapsulated fibrous tissue around the leads and extensive adhesion/fibrosis along the course of the leads from venous entry site to the lead/myocardial interface could be detected on transvenous pacemaker/ICD leads. Since the tissue at the junction between superior vena cava (SVC) and right atrium (RA) is very thin, free of pericardium, thus, this is a common place for extensive adhesion/fibrosis and myocardial perforation/tear during lead extraction, which accounted for one death during extraction in our cohort. Extensive adhesion and fibrosis were also observed at the tricuspid valve and subvalvular structures. Leads implanted to the right ventricular apex were close to the epicardial surface and prone to perforation through myocardium. It is common to observe thrombus on the leads or at the interface between leads and myocardial tissue, especially at right atrial appendage (RAA) at the site of lead insertion. Extensive adhesions and fibrosis can be commonly seen along the course of pacemaker/ICD leads, and at SVC to RA junction, the tricuspid valve/subvalvular structures, and RA/RV lead interface. The tissue at SVC to RA junction is very thin, making it vulnerable for myocardial perforation/tear during lead extraction. Thrombus is commonly seen along the leads or at the lead-tissue interface.

Food processing: The use of non-fouling food grade heat transfer fluids

It is reported that there are some 4000 companies operating high temperature thermal fluid systems in the UK and Ireland. This excludes steam or water based systems. The heat transfer fluids (HTFs) used in food processing are highly refined mineral HTFs that are non-toxic, non-irritating and lack an odour. If an HTF has been certified for use in food processing it carries an HT-1 certificate. HTFs suitable for use in food processing are commonly referred to as ‘non-fouling’ which means as they thermally degrade they produce small carbon particles that are suspended in the HTF. Moreover, the carbon formations are less sticky and this reduces the extent of adhesion to the internal surfaces of an HTF system. The current paper analysed the test reports from 1223 HTF systems and showed that, on average, the carbon residue for food grade HTF was lower than non-food grade HTF. This clearly demonstrates what the non-fouling nature of a food grade HTF. This paper then explored the regulatory, legal and environmental landscape for food grade HTFs. In this area of manufacturing, it is critical that the HTFs used are suitable for incidental contact with food. Other measures put consumer safety at the heart of all operations (i.e., internal company procedures such as hazard analysis and critical control points [HACCP]) and that food is safe for consumer consumption (e.g., external controls such as auditing manufacturers to ensure good quality and distribution practice). The authors introduce the idea that safety could be further enhanced through independent HTF sampling and chemical analysis of HTFs to ensure they are food grade and should be done without any interruption to a manufacturer's production.

The influence of the location and extent of intrauterine adhesions on recurrence after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis.

To investigate the recurrence potential of intrauterine adhesions after hysteroscopic adhesiolysis. Retrospective observational study. Tertiary university hospital. This study included 115 women who had intrauterine adhesions completely separated during hysteroscopic surgery. The treated adhesions were classified into four groups according to their location and extent: Group 1, central type (i.e. intervening space between the adhesions and both lateral uterine sidewalls) at the middle area of uterine cavity; Group 2, central type at uterine cornua; Group 3, cervico-isthmic; and Group 4, extensive if the adhesions were dense with occlusion of part of the uterine cavity other than cervico-isthmic region. Postoperative outpatient hysteroscopic adhesiolysis was scheduled 10-14days after the initial hysteroscopic surgery and procedures were repeated every 10-14days until no reformed adhesions were detected. Multivariate logistic regression models were built to examine initial adhesion characteristics and other factors associated with adhesion reformation and need for subsequent outpatient adhesiolysis. Categorical data were compared using Fisher's exact test. Number of postoperative outpatient hysteroscopic adhesiolysis procedures. The location and extent of adhesions according to the allocated group was the only parameter independently related to the number of postoperative outpatient adhesiolysis procedures (P=0.0004). Women with Group 1 adhesions underwent a lower number of postoperative interventions compared with those with Group 2, 3 and 4 adhesions (P=0.0355, P=0.0004 and P=0.0087, respectively). There is an increased likelihood of intrauterine adhesion recurrence when successfully divided adhesions were originally located at the uterine cornua, the cervico-isthmic region or involved a large portion of the uterine cavity.

Effects of crystallinity of polypropylene (PP) on the mechanical properties of PP/styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene-g-maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA)/teak wood flour (TWF) composites

Tensile and impact properties of PP/SEBS-g-MA/WF composites up to wood flour volume fraction 0.31 are evaluated. Tensile modulus and strength increased while elongation-at-break and Izod impact strength decreased with increase in volume fraction of the filler (Φf). The crystallinity of PP enhanced with Φf. The tensile properties were compared with predictive theories. SEM studies indicated formation of stress concentration points around WF particles with only limited extent of adhesion which led to large decrease in elongation-at-break and Izod impact strength of PP.

Опыт ведения пациентов со спаечной кишечной непроходимостью

The article discusses the most common causes and strategies for treatment of adhesive bowel obstruction and its timely diagnostics (which consists in the need for X-ray, ultrasound and endoscopy). It is shown that laparoscopic adhesiolysis in conjunction with anti-adhesion therapy not only minimizes complications in the postoperative period, reduces the time of hospital stay and ensures a good cosmetic result, but also helps verify the nature and extent of adhesions, as well as exclude the presence of other abdominal cavity diseases.

Evaluating adhesion reduction efficacy of type I/III collagen membrane and collagen-GAG resorbable matrix in primary flexor tendon repair in a chicken model.

Reduction of peritendinous adhesions after injury and repair has been the subject of extensive prior investigation. The application of a circumferential barrier at the repair site may limit the quantity of peritendinous adhesions while preserving the tendon's innate ability to heal. The authors compare the effectiveness of a type I/III collagen membrane and a collagen-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) resorbable matrix in reducing tendon adhesions in an experimental chicken model of a "zone II" tendon laceration and repair. In Leghorn chickens, flexor tendons were sharply divided using a scalpel and underwent repair in a standard fashion (54 total repairs). The sites were treated with a type I/III collagen membrane, collagen-GAG resorbable matrix, or saline in a randomized fashion. After 3weeks, qualitative and semiquantitative histological analysis was performed to evaluate the "extent of peritendinous adhesions" and "nature of tendon healing." The data was evaluated with chi-square analysis and unpaired Student's t test. For both collagen materials, there was a statistically significant improvement in the degree of both extent of peritendinous adhesions and nature of tendon healing relative to the control group. There was no significant difference seen between the two materials. There was one tendon rupture observed in each treatment group. Surgical handling characteristics were subjectively favored for type I/III collagen membrane over the collagen-GAG resorbable matrix. The ideal method of reducing clinically significant tendon adhesions after injury remains elusive. Both materials in this study demonstrate promise in reducing tendon adhesions after flexor tendon repair without impeding tendon healing in this model.

Hemostatic sponge effect on adhesion prevention in a porcine model

BackgroundIn this work, we aimed to assess the preventive effect of an absorbable hemostatic collagen sponge (HCS) on the reduction of postsurgical gynecological adhesions in a porcine model. Materials and methodsForty female pigs were subjected to a right uterine horn myotomy and left uterine horn deserosation. They were randomly divided into two groups, HCS application and control, which were rearranged into laparotomy and laparoscopy groups. Resulting adhesions were macroscopically and microscopically semiquantitatively analyzed after a 5 mo follow-up. ResultsThe incidence of adhesion-free animals did not significantly differ between groups, although it increased when the HCS was placed in both laparotomy (from 10%–12.5%) and laparoscopy groups (from 20%–50%). On the contrary, a significant reduction was observed in adhesion severity when the HCS was applied in the laparotomy groups (P < 0.01). Regarding microscopic study, hemostatic sponge application significantly reduced the inflammation score in the laparoscopic approach (P < 0.01). Fibrosis, unlike inflammation, differs between both approaches. In the laparoscopic group, fibrosis was reduced with application of the HCS, whereas in the laparotomy group greater fibrosis was observed within the HCS group. ConclusionsHCS has shown to be safe for gynecological use. Although number and extent of adhesions did not decrease with HCS, inflammation and adhesions' severity were reduced in the laparoscopic and laparotomy approaches, respectively.

Adhesion of Pseudomonas putida onto kaolinite at different growth phases

Bacterial adhesion to minerals in soils and sediments is of fundamental importance in mineral weathering and formation, soil aggregate stability, organic matter degradation and the fate of pollutants. Bacterial surface properties are considered to govern adhesion, and these properties likely change as a function of bacterial growth phase. However, the effect of growth stage on bacterial adhesion to clay minerals remains unclear. This work examined the influence of growth phase on the adhesion of Pseudomonas putida to kaolinite-coated coverslips. Fluorescence microscopy, together with a bacterial viability stain, was used to directly quantify surface cell density and viability of adhered P. putida. In situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was applied to yield molecular information about the characteristics of the bacteria, and the adsorption and desorption kinetics. Stationary-phase cells exhibited a higher adsorption density on kaolinite surfaces than mid-exponential-phase cells under static deposition conditions. Compared with the mid-exponential-phase cells, the stationary-phase cells displayed higher saturation coverage, and we fitted the results using a pseudo-first-order kinetics equation. The greater extent of adhesion of the stationary-phase cells was probably due to their smaller cell size and less negative surface charges compared with the cells from other growth stages, which resulted in deeper secondary energy minima and lower energy barriers for adhesion. The results from this study suggest that growth phase may strongly influence cell mobility and biofilm formation in aqueous geochemical environments.

Regression of experimental endometriotic implants in a rat model with the angiotensin II receptor blocker losartan.

Endometriosis is a common disease in women of reproductive age, and many different treatments have been developed, although none has provided a cure. In this study, the efficacy of losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker and an antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory agent, on regression of experimental endometriotic implants in a rat model was investigated. Peritoneal endometriosis was surgically induced in 16 mature female Sprague-Dawley rats. The peritoneal endometriotic implant was confirmed after 28 days, and the animals were divided randomly into two groups. The control group (n = 8) was given 4 mL/day tap water by oral gavage, and the losartan group (n = 8) was given 20 mg/kg per day losartan p.o. We compared endometriotic implant size, extent and severity of adhesion, as well as plasma and peritoneal lavage fluid cytokine levels including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, plasma inflammatory factor pentraxin-3 (PTX-3) and C-reactive protein (CRP) between the treatment groups. Mean surface endometriotic area, histological score of implants, adhesion formation, plasma VEGF, TNF, PTX-3 and CRP levels were significantly lower in the losartan group compared with control (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the peritoneal VEGF level was lower in the losartan group than in the control group (P < 0.001), but peritoneal TNF-α was similar in both groups (P > 0.05). Losartan suppressed the implant surface area of experimental endometriosis in rats and reduced the levels of plasma VEGF, TNF-α, PTX-3 and CRP.

Strategies in the prevention of the formation of postoperative adhesions in digestive surgery: a systematic review of the literature.

Postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions after GI surgery constitute a major burden for health care provision globally, causing chronic abdominal symptoms and necessitating repeated surgical intervention. This systematic review examines safety and efficacy data for current anti-adhesion strategies after GI surgery. PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases were searched for randomized control trials and nonrandomized clinical studies of anti-adhesion products from January 1980 to October 2013. A list of predefined search terms was combined with the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy to identify studies. The use of an anti-adhesion strategy was investigated. The primary outcome was the safety profile of anti-adhesion products. Secondary outcomes included the analysis of the reduction in the incidence, extent, and severity of adhesions; incidence of bowel obstruction; quality-of-life data; and oncological outcomes. In total, 24 articles were included in the qualitative analysis: 17 randomized controlled trials and 7 nonrandomized studies, reporting on 5 anti-adhesion products. Data suggest that anti-adhesive products may be used safely; however, hyaluronic acid-based products should not be placed in contact with an anastomosis. The most studied product, a hyaluronic acid/carboxymethylcellulose membrane, reduces the incidence, extent, and severity of adhesions but without strong evidence of prevention of bowel obstruction. The size and quality of available studies varied greatly, reflected by the Jadad and MINORS scores. The majority of studies reported the use of a single product, hyaluronic acid/carboxymethylcellulose membrane. Limiting adhesion formation after GI surgery is feasible. More evidence is needed regarding the efficacy in reducing chronic abdominal symptoms, repeated operative intervention, and improving quality of life.

Abstract 4951: Platelet cloaking of CTCs is a universal phenomenon, which drives metastasis

Abstract Disseminated malignancy is responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths and circulating tumour cells (CTCs) play a central role in metastasis. We and others have described the phenomenon of platelet cloaking of CTCs, where there is a potent dynamic interaction between cancer cells and platelets, resulting in pro-survival, pro-angiogenic and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) signals in the cancer cells. In this study we sought to further our understanding of this phenomenon by examining the universal nature of it and its contribution to the metastatic process. The interaction between platelets and 14 in vitro human cancer cell lines of different origin and metastatic potential was assessed by flow cytometry. This work demonstrated that platelet cloaking of cancer cells is a universal phenomenon occurring across all tumour types examined (breast, cervix, lung, melanoma, ovary, prostate &amp; thyroid). However, the process is heterogeneous with the extent of platelet adhesion varying both across and within tumour types, ranging from 34% (C33a, primary cervical carcinoma) to 83% (SK-MES-1, metastatic lung squamous cell carcinoma). We next examined whether EMT changes previously attributed to the interaction were a constant result across all cancer types. This was achieved by morphology and RT-PCR analysis of an EMT marker panel. The effect of platelets on the epithelial phenotype of the cancer cells again showed the universal but heterogeneous nature of the interaction, with morphology changes akin to EMT observed at varying degrees across all cancer types. Analysis of the EMT markers supported these results, with all cell lines having EMT-like changes but with no consistent pattern to the alterations. One exception was plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) where a significant and consistent increase was observed. As cellular invasion is essential for metastasis and EMT and invasion are interlinked, we investigated the invasive capacity of cancer cells cloaked with platelets or platelets pre-treated with an anti-platelet agent (aspirin). This was done using the metastatic ovarian cancer cell lines, 59M and SKOV3, and matrigel invasion assays. The invasion of SKOV3 cells incubated with platelets was significantly greater (p≤0.0001) than SKOV3 cells alone. In contrast, platelets did not enhance invasion of the already highly invasive 59M cells. Aspirin pre-treatment of platelets significantly abrogated the platelet-mediated enhancement of invasion in SKOV3 cells (p&amp;lt;0.05). For the first time we describe the universal nature of the platelet cloaking phenomenon and the role it plays in driving metastasis, through induction of EMT and invasion. We also show for the first time that aspirin can attenuate the invasion induced by this interaction. Ultimately these studies could allow the establishment of therapies tailored to inhibiting metastasis, thus significantly reducing cancer mortality and morbidity rates. Citation Format: Cathy D. Spillane, Niamh M. Cooke, Karl Egan, Sharon O'Toole, Stephen Finn, Dermot Kenny, Orla Sheils, John J. O'Leary. Platelet cloaking of CTCs is a universal phenomenon, which drives metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4951. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4951

Ultrapure alginate gel reduces adhesion reformation after adhesiolysis.

Adhesiolysis at repeat surgery induces adhesion reformation which seems more virulent than development of de novo adhesions. We studied the effect of a new ultrapure alginate gel on adhesion reformation. In 46 male Wistar rats, adhesion formation was induced using the cecal abrasion and peritoneal sidewall excision procedure. Two weeks later, a second laparotomy was performed, adhesions were graded, and surgical adhesiolysis was performed. The animals were then allocated to one of two equal groups, a control group without further intervention and a group receiving 1-ml ultrapure alginate gel to the two opposing and damaged surfaces. Two weeks after the second surgery, rats were sacrificed. Primary endpoint was the incidence of adhesion reformation at areas of injury. Secondary endpoints were adhesion scores, extent of adhesions, and tissue histology. Ultrapure alginate gel significantly (p = 0.046) reduced the incidence of adhesion reformation from 100 % in controls to 78 % in experimental rats. Both the adhesion score (p = 0.009) and the extent of adhesions (p = 0.001) were significantly lower in the alginate group. Tissue healing histology was similar in both groups. Ultrapure alginate gel reduces adhesion reformation following adhesiolysis.

Corneal cell adhesion to contact lens hydrogel materials enhanced via tear film protein deposition.

Tear film protein deposition on contact lens hydrogels has been well characterized from the perspective of bacterial adhesion and viability. However, the effect of protein deposition on lens interactions with the corneal epithelium remains largely unexplored. The current study employs a live cell rheometer to quantify human corneal epithelial cell adhesion to soft contact lenses fouled with the tear film protein lysozyme. PureVision balafilcon A and AirOptix lotrafilcon B lenses were soaked for five days in either phosphate buffered saline (PBS), borate buffered saline (BBS), or Sensitive Eyes Plus Saline Solution (Sensitive Eyes), either pure or in the presence of lysozyme. Treated contact lenses were then contacted to a live monolayer of corneal epithelial cells for two hours, after which the contact lens was sheared laterally. The apparent cell monolayer relaxation modulus was then used to quantify the extent of cell adhesion to the contact lens surface. For both lens types, lysozyme increased corneal cell adhesion to the contact lens, with the apparent cell monolayer relaxation modulus increasing up to an order of magnitude in the presence of protein. The magnitude of this increase depended on the identity of the soaking solution: lenses soaked in borate-buffered solutions (BBS, Sensitive Eyes) exhibited a much greater increase in cell attachment upon protein addition than those soaked in PBS. Significantly, all measurements were conducted while subjecting the cells to moderate surface pressures and shear rates, similar to those experienced by corneal cells in vivo.

The effect of tanshinone II A in preventing tendon adhesion: an experimental study

Objective To study the mechanism of tanshinone Ⅱ A in preventing tendon adhesion.Methods The Achilles tendon adhesion model was created in SD rats which were randomly divided into experimental group and control group.Local injection of tanshinone Ⅱ A in the Achilles tendon was carried out in the experimental group,while saline was injected in the control group.The degree of Achilles tendon adhesion was compared between the two groups through histologic observation and statistical analysis.Results Gross observation revealed less adhesion of Achilles tendon in the tanshinone [Ⅱ A group than in the control group.The extent of adhesion between the two groups was significantly different (P ＜ 0.05).Histological evaluation showed increase in the number of collagen fibers and fibroblasts in tanshinone Ⅱ A treated tendons compared to normal tendon tissue.The orientation of the fibers and cells was relatively regular.In the control group,collagen fibers and fibroblasts were significantly increased and disoriented.Conclusion Tanshinone Ⅱ A can effectively prevent and treat tendon adhesion in a rat Achilles tendon model. Key words: Tanshinone; Rats; Tendon adhesion

The effects of sunitinib on endometriosis

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of sunitinib on endometriotic implants and adhesions in a rat endometriosis model. An experimental endometriosis model was created in 21 rats. These rats were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 (control group, 7 rats) was given no medication; Group 2 (sunitinib group, 7 rats) was given 3 mg/kg per day of oral sunitinib; and Group 3 (danazol group, 7 rats) was given 7.2 mg/kg per day of oral danazol. The volume of endometriotic implants was calculated. The extent and severity of adhesions were evaluated. The groups were compared by the Student's t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Mann–Whitney U test. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean volume of endometriotic implants before medication between three groups. The volume of implants and extent, severity, total score of adhesions were significantly decreased after medication in Group 2 and Group 3. We noted that the volume of the endometriotic implants and adhesion formation were decreased both after sunitinib and danazol treatment. As a result, sunitinib seems to be effective for endometriotic peritoneal lesions. The effects of sunitinib in rat models give hope for improving the treatment of human endometriosis and prevention of pain symptoms.