Extensive Television Research Articles

The Royal Treatment

The Royal Treatment

A Critical Political Economy Perspective on Indian Television: STAR, Hotstar, and Live Sports Streaming

The Indian television industry is transforming via an increasing number of Over-the-Top (OTT) platforms. This shift from broadcast to OTT has given rise to research assessing the impact on the television ecosystem. With the case of Star Network, this study examines how the emergence of live sports streaming has affected the power dynamics in the sports broadcasting ecosphere. This study employs the Critical Political Economy framework to address the following question: How do television-based media conglomerates – and by extension television itself – negotiate the challenge of Internet-based digital media in India? Keeping the focus on sports live-streaming services, we study the transition from Star television network to Disney+ Hotstar, its corresponding OTT platform. We however argue that the Political Economy of Communication holds its ground despite the apparently disruptive promise of web-based platforms. Despite the Internet posing new challenges in terms of distribution networks, media conglomerates find a way to convert their dominance of the television industry into the OTT space.

See You On TV: A Phenomenology of Careers on Extension Television in Oklahoma

Extension specialists are under increasing pressure to interact with audiences through emerging digital media including video. In an effort to understand how such interactions affect the careers of engaged specialists, this study seeks to explore the career effects on Extension subject-matter specialists that resulted from long-term, regular participation in an Extension television effort. Using Cultivation theory and source credibility as a lens, a qualitative phenomenology was conducted by interviewing individuals who have contributed to one such program on a weekly or bi-weekly program for multiple decades. Participants reported improved career effectiveness via increased credibility in face to face communications as well as enhanced communication when broadcast messages were seen as a continuation of in-person communications. Early career advancement was said to have resulted in spite of broadcast participation rather than as a result of participation, however, administrative attitudes toward broadcast have shifted in favor of such efforts.

Birth of the Binge: Serial TV and the End of Leisure by Dennis Broe

Reviewed by: Birth of the Binge: Serial TV and the End of Leisure by Dennis Broe Suryansu Guha Birth of the Binge: Serial TV and the End of Leisure Dennis Broe Wayne State UP, 2019. 312 pages. $34.99 paperback. Dennis Broe's book is a new historicist reading of the ubiquitous cultural phenomenon of 'binge watching' or instantaneous consumption of television shows. Broe portrays this phenomenon as an inevitable result of the serialization of television shows. The rise of seriality in television series like Lost or Walking Dead, the book argues, is different from the kind of seriality that television shows used to have in the age of broadcast television. Although the book argues that the narrative archetypes of television shows remain the same, it claims that the shows themselves no longer are created for a fluctuating audience. As a result, episodes do not have to be as self-contained as they used to be. Thus, what Broe is doing in this book, by and large, is looking at how more macro political, economic and lifestyle changes in the world shape and influence what was being produced for screen. Drawing heavily from Bernard Stiegler's work, on the one hand, and Adorno's on the other, the book tries to understand how from the 80s onwards and with the rise of neoliberal economic policies certain processes were set in motion and how the "products of the culture industry bore the imprint of [those] process[es]" (28). By conducting a rigorous close textual analysis of a wide range of shows, the book reinterprets them (and sometimes movies like The Avengers) in light of neoliberal policies, growing wealth inequality, and the precarity of work conditions. The first part of the book shows how television consumerism has been very quick to adapt and appropriate the new platform to propagate its hyperindustrial modes of leisure. The first four chapters show how neoliberal ideologies are coded deep into the structures of these shows and how they are constantly trying to produce a neoliberal subject by producing in him "autism and addiction, the psychological conditions par excellence of hyperindustrial capital" (97). The second part of the book, consisting of the fifth and the sixth chapters, delves deeply into philosophical deliberations over seriality, offering a reconsideration of this term itself and what it entails as far as contemporary television is concerned. Chapter five starts with a Nietzschean understanding of the world and by extension television shows, as an eternal process of recurrence where time does not "evolve or advance but just circulates" (139). The counterpoint to this is posed via Hegel, Marx, and Lukacs who understand repetition through dialectics or returning with an understanding of "capitalist relations as a whole" (142). These two conceptions of time, the Hegelian and Marxist totality as opposed to the Nietzschian eternal return, are explored in the rest of the chapter through literature, comic books, radio, and, in the sixth chapter, film. The third and the final part of the book explores the emancipatory potential and possibilities of resistance that can come from within these hyperindustrial conventions and modes of consumption. Broe locates the site of this emancipation or resistance in the showrunner and the storyteller who can "carve out an autonomous space," "build engagement with social discourse," and "actualize the power of the medium" (211). The book locates fragments of subversive possibilities in a range of television shows like Dollhouse, Firefly, and Buffy. In sum, the book makes an Althusserian argument about how seriality and binge watching is a part of the hyperindustrialist, neoliberal mode of interpellation and subject formation, but also how the possibilities of counter-discursive formation that can upend the status quo are present within these modes. Though it at times threatens to subsume all of contemporary television narratives into the larger socio-political macro-narrative that Broe proposes, Broe's book offers a fascinating reading of how hyperindustriality informs not just the patterns of production of screen industries but also those of viewership. [End Page 48] While one can agree wholeheartedly with the overall argument of this book, it invites questions about a more concrete historical periodization and trajectory of seriality that might underpin the titular...

A Review on Sleep-disorders in Children and Adolescents

Introduction: A considerable amount of knowledge has accumulated in recent years regarding the pediatric aspects of sleep with its associated disorders being understood.
 Health education for parents and prospective-parents frequently pay little attention to sleep.
 In addition medical students and specialist-trainers receive little instruction about sleep disorders despite the fact that many of them have contact with children and adolescents who have sleep disturbances.
 The ICSD-2 describes nearly 100 sleep-disorders many of which are seen among children and adolescents.
 Aim: The aim of this Article is to review sleep-disorders in children and adolescents, in the clinical-aspect beside epidemiology and disease-burden.
 Methodology: Literature retrieved through Google Scholar, EMBASE, Medline and PubMed were reviewed independently by the authors towards a consensus.
 Results: Sleep-disorders treatable, yet a large proportion remains of cases remain undiagnosed. Sleep-disorders are not uncommon among children and adolescents. Factors which contribute to sleep-disorders include extensive television viewing increased social recreational activities as well as academic demands all of which may contribute to sleep deprivation and sleep problems.
 Patterns of sleep behaviours and disorders differ between children and adults.
 Additionally some sleep-disorders previously thought to be seen mainly or exclusively in adults are now being recognized in children.
 Explanations of the causes of sleep-problems at any age, both physical and psychological possibilities should be considered whilst at the same acknowledging that parenting practices play a major role part in children's sleep-problems.
 This is important because persistent sleep disturbance can have harmful outcomes which can impact on mood, behavior, performance, social-function and physical health.
 The treatment of most sleep disorders in children is, in principle, straight-forward and is more likely to be effective if it is appropriate and carefully implemented.
 Medication should not be the first line treatment for a sleep disorder but instead should be used as a last resort. Behavioual methods such as sleep hygiene and counselling is preferable.
 There is evidence to suggest that insufficient sleep might impair motor skills and reaction time as well as decision making and general concentration levels leading to an impact on academic achievement.
 Persistent sleep-loss is becoming increasingly associated with an adult’s physical health
 The authors mainly discuss:
 
 Insomnia of childhood
 Obstructive sleep apnea
 Parasomnias
 Sleep-related movement disorders: Restless legs syndrome/periodic limb movement
 
 disorder and rhythmic movements
 
 Narcolepsy
 Delayed sleep phase disorder
 
 Conclusion and Recommendations: In view of the morbidity, mortality, loss of Quality of Life, and the disease burden including the economic cost of sleep-disorders, cost-effective Prevention Programs are needed. Such Programs should educate parents, parents-to-be, teachers and healthcare professionals.

Phew – What a blizzard! Black metal and the UK popular press

Abstract The second wave of black metal, with its most notorious moments emanating from the Oslo-centred scene of the early 1990s, was somewhat inevitably a media phenomenon in its native Norway, as the extensive television and newspaper coverage of the time demonstrates. This article will focus on one particular nation’s coverage, however – that of the United Kingdom, and how it covered and responded to the antics of the Norwegian black metal scene up to and including the trial of ‘Varg’ Vikernes in 1994. An initial study provides a disparate picture. The niche media of the United Kingdom (such as Kerrang!, Terrorizer and other extreme metal publications) could certainly be trusted to provide coverage of this provocative and indeed often dangerous fringe musical movement. How it was covered by the politically influential UK popular press, however, is another matter. If the discourse of early 1990’s black metal with its aggressively transgressive and aesthetically rigid approach made good tabloid fodder, the UK popular press with its own traditions, hobbyhorses, aesthetics and vitriolic right wing politics might at first seem a good combination. What, then, did UK press coverage reveal not just about black metal at this time, but also its own mores and attitudes? Was black metal seized upon by the UK press or ignored, and why? Finally, what does this reveal about UK journalism and black metal itself?

Television News and the Making of the Boston Busing Crisis

People outside of Boston came to know and care about the city’s “busing crisis” because television news featured the story regularly and this essay examines how television news framed this story for national audiences. This essay illuminates the production techniques of a medium that framed the “busing crisis” in Boston for millions of national viewers. First, I examine how the television coverage of Boston busing in the mid-1970s focused on reports, analysis, and predictions regarding antibusing protests and violence. This day-to-day focus on current and emergent scenes of crisis ignored the history of desegregation efforts since the 1960s, including those that received television coverage in earlier years, like the community-funded Operation Exodus program to bus black children to schools in other neighborhoods and the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare’s suspension of federal school aid to Boston for violating the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Second, I consider how television news framed the use of force in the Boston busing story. Much of the footage from Boston focused on confrontations between antibusing protestors and authorities from the Boston Police and other law enforcement. Third, I look at how television news offered viewers background reports on two of the places at the center of the busing story, South Boston and Charlestown. Finally, I analyze how local television news programs in other cities presented busing in Boston as a failed policy and regularly replayed the archived footage from Boston to underscore efforts to educate viewers on the importance of upholding the law and avoiding violence. Boston was neither the first nor the last city to witness violent resistance to school desegregation, but extensive television news coverage fixed Boston as the emblematic busing crisis and shaped popular conceptions of the history of busing for school desegregation.

Coerced Internalized False Confessions and Police Interrogations: The Power of Coercion

This paper examines false confessions, and in particular the misunderstood typology of “coerced internalized” false confessions. These confessions are made by individuals who falsely confess, but truly believe in their guilt despite objective evidence to the contrary. The paper will begin with an examination of false confessions and police interrogation in general, and then will focus on coerced internalized confessions in particular. Various case examples will be examined in brief, but the case example of Billy Wayne Cope will be discussed at length including the reported South Carolina Court of Appeal case, the transcripts of experts and the accused from trial, as well as an discussion of the extensive television documentary highlighting the possibility that Cope was wrongfully convicted. By looking at the specific words and reasoning of Billy Wayne Cope, this paper attempts to examine the impact of one of the most unique and misunderstood forms of false confessions, and to suggest what needs to be done differently in the future to prevent further miscarriages of justice.

From Parachutes to Partnerships: An “Integrated” Natural History Museum Expedition in the Philippines

AbstractThe 2011 Hearst Philippine Biodiversity Expedition was the largest ever launched by the California Academy of Sciences, and was also the largest and most diverse expedition to ever take place in the Philippines. Filipino collaboration and participation were vitally important from the outset. Scientists of both nations documented biodiversity in a variety of habitats and across multiple biological disciplines, identifying more than 500 species new to science. The expedition also modeled a new way of embedding substantial educational outreach and media coverage, and promoting conservation actions. More than 900 people attended educational events in the Philippines. Extensive television, radio, online, and print media coverage occurred both in the Philippines and in the U.S. during the expedition and after. A conference at the end shared preliminary results among scientists, educators, policy makers, and media, before the Academy team even left the country.

An automatic television stream structuring system for television archives holders

Holders of extensive television archives have to describe television streams which are composed of various telecasts. The first step to this description is to break the stream into small logical units like telecasts or advertisements in order to describe each of them separately. In this article we focus on the television stream structuring which consists in finding automatically the beginning and end of the various telecasts. Since program guides do not include the real content of television streams, we propose an approach based on the modeling of television schedules. We aim for predicting all the possible television schedules for a particular day, so that the automatic system then needs only a few detections to obtain the accurate boundaries of each part of the stream.

Gene–environment interaction is now hype

A number of genes have been identified leading to attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). Nearly 80% of ADHD seems to be heritable, according to the interesting review by Stephen Faraone et al. in this issue. Some of these genes encode for dopamine and serotonin transporters and receptors. However, many of these genes are not expressed in the phenotype, if not triggered by environmental factors. Nicotine and alcohol are two such factors that also interact with the dopaminergic and serotoninergic system. Another environmental factor that has been much discussed is extensive television viewing. Whereas there are at least 10 studies indicating a relationship between maternal smoking and ADHD, there are only a couple of studies suggesting that TV-viewing can increase ADHD. Environmental factors can interact with genes by epigenetic mechanisms, that is methylation or desmethylation of the genome. This mechanism may also be of great importance to explain the increase of childhood obesity. Children of obese parents, particularly if they are also suffering of Type 2 diabetes, are at increased risk of becoming obese. Environmental factors more common in poor families increase the risk. Prevention must start in the first year and not later than the third year according to Karina Huus et al. in this issue. Oestrogen is the most known female hormone we know and assumed to be of less interest for men until they get their prostate cancer. However, oestrogen is very important also for young males. In 1994, a man was diagnosed with an inactivating oestrogen receptor alpha. This patient had a bone age of only 14 years at the chronological age of 28 years. He was still growing and suffered from osteoporosis. Read more about oestrogen receptors and linear bone growth in this issue in a review by Andrei Chagin and Lars Sävendahl. Why has France still one of the lowest breastfeeding rates in Europe? Is it due to that the French promote culture more than nature? See the report from the French National Perinatal Survey by Mercedes Bonet et al. in this issue. Treatment of childhood cancer is one of the best success stories of modern paediatrics. However, the quality of life after curing cancer is not always optimal. Reinfjell et al. report that some of these children develop neurocognitive sequelae. See also Commentary by Krister Boman. British Medical Journal (BMJ) has a poll whether a boycott of Israeli academic institutions should be considered. It is disgraceful even to arrange a poll like this. Michael Baum (BMJ 2007;335:125) is strongly against a boycott and believes ‘passionately that we can all do our bit for peace by building bridges between British, Israeli and Palestinian academics and physicians’. His brother, the late David Baum former president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health did that by establishing a sick children's clinic in Gaza. This is a much more constructive approach than a boycott. If BMJ or Archives of Disease in Childhood, which is published by the BMJ group, start to reject papers from Israel after a ‘yes’ vote for boycott, Israeli paediatricians are welcome to submit their articles to Acta Paediatrica.

Investigation of an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease: Hereford, UK 2003

This report describes the investigation and control of a community outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Hereford, UK, in November 2003. Outbreak investigation consisted of epidemiological survey, identification and environmental investigation of potential sources, microbiological analysis of clinical and environmental samples and mapping the location of potential sources and the movement and residence of cases. Each identified source was allocated a 'composite score' based on different zones of exposure and wind direction. Altogether, 28 cases were identified, with an overall case fatality rate of 7%. All cases had epidemiological links to Hereford city centre. The 'composite score' identified a cluster of cooling towers as being the most likely source of the outbreak. Environmental samples from one of the cooling towers in the cluster and clinical samples from two patients were positive for Legionella pneumophilia serogroup 1 and were indistinguishable by molecular sub-typing. In this outbreak, the use of microbiological, environmental and epidemiological techniques facilitated the rapid identification of a cooling tower as the source of this outbreak. This study illustrates the continuing importance of cooling towers as a source of Legionnaires' disease and the utility of obtaining and comparing both clinical and environmental samples.

Extensive Television Viewing and the Development of Attention and Learning Difficulties During Adolescence

To investigate the association of television viewing with educational and intellectual outcomes during adolescence and early adulthood. Prospective epidemiological study. Families participating in the Children in the Community Study, a prospective longitudinal investigation, were interviewed at mean offspring ages 14, 16, and 22 years. A community-based sample of 678 families from upstate New York. Television viewing, attention difficulties, learning difficulties, and educational achievement during adolescence and early adulthood. The Disorganizing Poverty Interview and age-appropriate versions of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Frequent television viewing during adolescence was associated with elevated risk for subsequent attention and learning difficulties after family characteristics and prior cognitive difficulties were controlled. Youths who watched 1 or more hours of television per day at mean age 14 years were at elevated risk for poor homework completion, negative attitudes toward school, poor grades, and long-term academic failure. Youths who watched 3 or more hours of television per day were the most likely to experience these outcomes. In addition, youths who watched 3 or more hours of television per day were at elevated risk for subsequent attention problems and were the least likely to receive postsecondary education. There was little evidence of bidirectionality in the association of television viewing with attention and learning difficulties. Frequent television viewing during adolescence may be associated with risk for development of attention problems, learning difficulties, and adverse long-term educational outcomes.

Strong Association Between Time Watching Television and Blood Glucose Control in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

To examine the relationship between blood glucose control and the time spent watching television in Norwegian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in a population-based study. A total of 538 children and adolescents from 9 hospitals in the eastern part of Norway participated in the study; 70% of eligible subjects participated. The time spent watching television and time using a computer was recorded separately by interview together with clinical data. Mean (+/-SD) age was 13.1 +/- 3.7 years, mean diabetes duration was 5.4 +/- 3.4 years, and mean A1C was 8.6 +/- 1.3% (reference range 4.1-6.4). Sixty-two patients (11%) watched television <1 h daily (mean A1C 8.2 +/- 0.9%), 189 patients (35%) watched television between 1 and 2 h daily (8.4 +/- 1.2%), 166 patients (31%) watched television 2-3 h daily (8.7 +/- 1.4%), 75 patients (14%) watched television 3-4 h daily (8.8 +/- 1.2%), and 46 patients (9%) watched television > or =4 h daily (9.5 +/- 1.6%). This trend was highly significant (P < 0.001). The association between television viewing and A1C remained significant, even after adjusting for age and BMI and insulin dose. No correlation between A1C and the use of a personal computer was observed. Extensive television watching is associated with poor blood glucose control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Carnival Cruise Lines

Carnival Cruise Lines is the market leader in the low-price cruise market. Carnival achieved this position by emphasizing onboard activities, targeting a relatively young cruiser, using extensive television advertising, and focusing on the travel agent as its channel of distribution. As a result of industry growth, new companies have entered the business and existing lines have added ships. Currently, Carnival controls 24 percent of the berth space in the North American market. This commentary on Professor Robert Kwortnik’s case offers nearly a dozen opportunities for Carnival management to strengthen its position—notably, paying attention to the market’s changing demographics and considering expanded marketing opportunities, including operating land-based resorts.

Martin Scorsese Presents The Blues: A Musical Journey (review)

Reviewed by: Martin Scorsese Presents The Blues: A Musical Journey Edward Komara Martin Scorsese Presents The Blues: A Musical Journey. Edited by Peter Guralnick, Robert Santelli, Holly George-Warren, and Christopher John Farley . New York: Amistad/ HarperCollins, 2003. [ 288p. ISBN 0-06-052544-4. $27.95.] Illustrations. One of the highlights of the fall 2003 Public Broadcasting Service television season was Martin Scorsese Presents The Blues (henceforth The Blues), a series of seven films broadcast on consecutive nights in late September. There had never been such an extensive television presentation of the blues, so the series was notable even to viewers familiar with this music. The group of films did not attempt to give a chronological account of the blues, perhaps partly due to the scarcity of film footage of blues shot before 1960, and perhaps also due to criticism of the 2000 Ken Burns series Jazz (see for example Steven F. Pond, "Jamming the Reception: Ken Burns, Jazz, and the Problem of 'America's Music'," Notes 60, no. 1 [September 2003]: 11-45). Rather, the director of each of The Blues films concentrated on one aspect of the music: Martin Scorsese on African antecedents of the blues; Charles Burnett on blues and its associations with social concepts of sin; Richard Pearce on the chitlin circuit blues in Memphis and north Mississippi; Wim Wenders on Blind Willie Johnson, Skip James, and J. B. Lenoir; Marc Levin on Chicago and Chess Records; Mike Figgis on the British blues scene of the 1960s; and Clint Eastwood on piano blues. Celebration, not documentation, appeared to be the mission, and on assuming that, I found each film at least watchable, a few enjoyable, and the Pearce, Wenders, and Figgis offerings the best. The occasion for producing the film series, its companion book, and other related materials is the Year of the Blues (YOTB) 2003, marking the centennial of the estimated year when "Father of the Blues" W. C. Handy heard a blues slide guitarist for the first time at a Tutwiler, Mississippi, railroad station. The Year of the Blues was declared by the 107th United States Congress on 1 August 2002, promoted by periodicals such as Living Blues and Blues Revue, and monitored by the Experience Music Project, Seattle, and the Blues Foundation, Memphis. Since its initial television broadcast, The Blues series has been available on DVD in longer edits than those originally aired (Sony Music Video 55808). The Experience Music Project (EMP) coordinated an educational outreach campaign with the series and prepared a teacher's guide with an illustrative compact disc, of which twenty-five thousand hard copies were distributed to American high schools; these materials are accessible electronically through the Web site http://www.pbs.org/theblues/classroom.html (accessed 20 May 2004). A set of soundtrack compact discs was issued by Universal Musical Enterprises and Sony/Columbia/Legacy, along with a historical compilation on five compact discs and a series of twelve compact discs, each presenting individual artists from Bessie Smith to Keb' Mo'. (For a complete bibliography and discography, see also http://www.theyearoftheblues.org [accessed 20 May 2004].) The companion book reflects the films. It is a sumptuously prepared volume that crisply reproduces vintage and contemporary photographs laid out on variously colored pages. When the closed square volume is opened, the resulting rectangle represents the letterbox-shaped format of the films, and the structure is based on the seven episodes, accompanied by a thirty-seven [End Page 104] page essay "A Century of the Blues" by Robert Santelli. The prose texts, some newly written for this volume, others selected, edited, and reprinted from classic writings, are broadly grouped according to the types of blues styles featured in each film. Like the film series as a whole, the book does not aim to give a chronological account of the blues; as the series editor Alex Gibney writes in the book's foreword (p. 9), "Neither [the films nor the book] intends to be the last word on the subject. Rather, they are 'first words,' agents provocateurs meant to stir audiences and readers to explore the emotional territory of the blues on their own." To give a variety of "first words...

Editors' Introduction: Assessing the Impact of September 11th, 2001, on Children, Youth, and Parents: Methodological Challenges to Research on Terrorism and Other Nonnormative Events

It is difficult to overstate the magnitude of the tragedy of the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001. Attacks on civilians at a national symbol and center of commerce, the World Trade Center as well as on noncombat military personnel at the nation's defense headquarters, the Pentagon were viewed by citizens across the country as broad attacks on the United States. Extensive television, radio, print, and Internet coverage of the attacks, both as they unfolded in real time and in the weeks and months following, meant that individuals throughout the country were exposed at some level to the attacks. Therefore, although direct exposure to the attacks was restricted to New York City, Washington, DC, and Somerset County, Pennsylvania, individuals throughout the United States were, and in many cases still are, profoundly affected by the events of that day. Because of the attacks on September 11th, 2001, the United States has experienced many changes in the intervening 3 years, including the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and the implementation of increased security measures and surveillance. The implications of each of these changes on public safety, civil liberties, and international relations are widespread and far reaching. The article focuses on the difficulties associated with doing research on terrorism.

Association between television viewing and sleep problems during adolescence and early adulthood.

Although research has suggested that extensive television viewing may be associated with sleep problems, the direction of this association has not yet been determined. To investigate directional hypotheses regarding the association between television viewing and sleep problems during adolescence and early adulthood. The Children in the Community Study, a prospective longitudinal investigation. A community-based sample of 759 mothers from upstate New York and their offspring were interviewed during the early adolescence (mean age, 14 years), middle adolescence (mean age, 16 years), and early adulthood of the offspring (mean age, 22 years). Television viewing and sleep problems during adolescence and early adulthood measured using the Disorganizing Poverty Interview and the age-appropriate versions of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Adolescents who watched 3 or more hours of television per day during adolescence were at a significantly elevated risk for frequent sleep problems by early adulthood. This elevation in risk remained significant after offspring age, sex, previous sleep problems, offspring psychiatric disorders, offspring neglect, parental educational level, parental annual income, and parental psychiatric symptoms were controlled statistically. Adolescents who reduced their television viewing from 1 hour or longer to less than 1 hour per day experienced a significant reduction in risk for subsequent sleep problems. Sleep problems during adolescence were not independently associated with subsequent television viewing when prior television viewing was controlled. Extensive television viewing during adolescence may contribute to the development of sleep problems by early adulthood.

A Quality Assurance Vehicle for Radio and Television Broadcasting

In 1975, the Canadian Broadcasting Corp. began to perform off-air audits of picture and sound quality of its extensive television and radio services with the aim of discovering how well it was serving its public. The success of an initial feasibility study has led to the regular use of a Quality Assurance Vehicle (QAV) equipped with home receivers and test equipment. This vehicle tours the country making subjective and objective assessments of CBC services. Use of the vehicle has resulted in increased awareness of technical quality by CBC staff and improved quality subsequent to QAV visits. The paper describes the QAV, considers its methods of operation, and discusses some typical test results. It also introduces the concept of standards for the subjective quality of broadcast services, coupled with technical performance specifications for complete delivery systems.

CBS Mobile Color Broadcasting Facilities for 1968 Political Conventions

The extensive television coverage traditionally accorded to the national political conventions in this country requires field-type broadcasting facilities just as elaborate and sophisticated as the permanent facilities available in the best-equipped television network broadcast centers. The mobile color broadcasting system used by the CBS Television Network to cover the 1968 political conventions is described.