Extended Temperature Range Research Articles

The role of processing temperature for achieving superplastic properties in an Al-3Mg-0.2Sc alloy processed by high-pressure torsion

Experiments were conducted to systematically assess the superplastic properties and the microstructural changes of an Al-3Mg-0.2Sc alloy processed by 10 HPT revolutions at room temperature (RT ≈ 300 K) or at 450 K after subsequent tensile testing at temperatures from 473 to 723 K over a wide range of strain rates. The HPT processing at RT led to the development of elongated grains with an average size of ∼140 nm whereas the grain structures were equiaxed and slightly larger (∼150 nm) after HPT at 450 K. After HPT processing at RT, the Al-Mg-Sc alloy exhibited true superplastic flow at low homologous temperatures and attained a maximum elongation of ∼850 % at 523 K. Nevertheless, the elongations decreased at temperatures T ≥ 623 K and an elongation higher than 400 % was only achieved at 673 K for a strain rate of ε˙ = 4.5 × 10−3 s−1. The material processed by HPT at 450 K displayed superior microstructural stability and substantially higher superplastic ductilities. Elongations of >1100 % were attained at 673 K for strain rates from 3.3 × 10−4 to 1.0 × 10−1 s−1 and a record elongation of ∼1880 % for an HPT-processed metal was achieved at 1.5 × 10−2 s−1 at 673 K. High strain rate superplasticity was also reached for an extended range of temperatures and strain rates. Analysis of the data confirms a stress exponent of ∼2 which is consistent with superplastic flow by grain boundary sliding accommodated by dislocation glide and climb.

Hierarchical Porous Bi2Te3@C for Wide-Temperature-Range Aqueous Zn-Based Batteries with Air-Recharging Capability.

Air-rechargeable batteries integrating energy harvesting, conversion, and storage provide the most portable and popular approach to self-charging power systems. However, air-rechargeable batteries are currently mostly aqueous Zn-based battery systems in which it has remained a significant challenge to solve the low discharge capacities and poor cycling stability of chemical self-charging due to continuous insertion/extraction of large-size hydrated Zn2+. Herein, efficient Bi2Te3@C cathodes with an active carbon paper substrate are developed. Further ex situ characterization analysis confirms the energy storage mechanism regarding the coexistence of H+/Zn2+ coinsertion and conversion reaction in the aqueous Zn||Bi2Te3@C battery. Benefiting from the fast dynamics process attributed to the unique mechanism, a reliable energy supply is provided even in an extended temperature range from -10 to 45 °C. More importantly, Bi2Te3@C cathodes boost the superior and repeatable air-rechargeability. A discharge capacity of up to 264.20 mA h g-1 at 0.30 A g-1 is manifested after self-charging for 11.00 h. In addition, two quasi-solid-state battery devices are connected in series to continuously power a timer. After the device is discharged and then air self-charged for just a few seconds, an LED is lit.

Optimized magnetic properties of a Terfenol-D alloy in an extended temperature range using a high magnetic field

Tb–Dy–Fe alloys are among the most suitable magnetostrictive materials for high-power transducers. Optimizing magnetic properties in an extended temperature range could ensure the stable operation of transducers. In this work, a high magnetic field is applied to the directional solidification of Tb–Dy–Fe alloys. We study the microstructure, crystallographic orientation, magnetic susceptibility, crystal structure, and magnetic domain of samples. When the content and alignment of the magnetic phase along with crystallographic orientation remain basically invariant, the magnetic susceptibility of samples increases with the magnetic flux density of the high magnetic field throughout the temperature range from 273 K to Curie temperature (T C). At 4 T, the maximum magnetic susceptibility is increased by ∼ 40% compared with the sample without a high magnetic field applied, and the advantage is maintained in the range ∼ 300 K. Analysis shows that the enhancement of magnetic susceptibility is not due to the change in crystal structure, as commonly believed, but to the highly ordered alignment of magnetic domains. This research provides a new method for improving the temperature properties of magnetic materials using a high magnetic field.

Fast and low power SiPM amplifier operating in a wide temperature range

The next generation of Ring Imaging CHerenkov detectors in high energy physics experiments may use SiPMs as photon sensing elements. This upgrade is necessary to achieve greater detector granularity and speed, however SiPMs need to be cooled down to cryogenic temperatures to detect single photons in high-radiation environments and avoid being overwhelmed by the presence of “dark signals”. It is therefore necessary to study and characterize SiPM models in dedicated campaigns, using a custom-built amplifying chain that can also operate in an extended temperature range, between 80 K and 300 K, for detector characterization purposes. The proposed amplifier configuration consists of two amplifying stages and achieves low jitter values (<10−20psRMS) thanks to the low electronic noise and the high amplifier bandwidth. The circuit achieves a signal bandwidth of 500MHz<BW<1GHz, a phase margin of approximately 45° and a power consumption of about 65−135mW. The amplifier prototype unit can be adjusted to cover the considered temperature range and still achieve low jitter values.

Arylazo-3,5-diphenylpyrazole Derivatives: Molecular Probes Exhibiting Reversible Light-induced Phase Transitions for Energy Storage and Direct Photolithographic Patterning.

We report azopyrazole photoswitches decorated with variable N-alkyl and alkoxy chains (for hydrophobic interactions) and phenyl substituents on the pyrazoles (enabling π-π stacking), showing efficient bidirectional photoswitching and reversible light-induced phase transition (LIPT). Extensive spectroscopic, microscopic, and diffraction studies and computations confirmed the manifestation of molecular-level interactions and photoisomerization into macroscopic changes leading to the LIPT phenomena. Using differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies, the energetics associated with those accompanying processes were estimated. The long half-lives of Z isomers, high energy contents for isomerization and phase transitions, and the stability of phases over an extended temperature range (-60 to 80 °C) make them excellent candidates for energy storage and release applications. Remarkably, the difference in the solubility of the distinct phases in one of the derivatives allowed us to utilize it as a photoresist in photolithography applications on diverse substrates.

The anchoring effect and cooperative interactions in 5CB/CNC molecular films

ABSTRACT The advances in nanotechnology allow for the creation of hybrid materials (HMs) composed of LCs (LC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Cellulose is a natural polymer whose structural properties are used for designing new LC composite materials. The properties of CNC strongly depend on the origin and technological processes used. The LCs are materials displaying different structural properties in function of temperature or concentration that find applications mainly in electronics. The combination of LC and CNC results in enhanced properties, like an extended temperature range of mesophases, higher stability and mechanical strength of LC films. The CNC obtained through transition metal catalysed oxidative process allows obtaining hydroxyl groups active for interactions with LC molecules. By synergic combination and cooperative interaction between components, we have stabilised the 5CB molecules at the air-water interface by the anchoring effect, creating stable and compressible 5CB/CNC molecular films. The π-A isotherms, compressibility modules, Gibbs free energy of spreading, lift-of area, collapse pressure and surface pressure increment for investigated systems at different stages of the formation process are determined. We have demonstrated that creating a hybrid 5CB/CNC Langmuir film is a two-stage process. Obtained films display enhanced stability, strength and ability to form multilayers.

Electrically‐Triggered Oblique Helicoidal Cholesterics with a Single‐Layer Architecture for Next‐Generation Full‐Color Reflective Displays

AbstractElectrically‐induced oblique helicoidal cholesterics (ChOH) are attractive for use in reflective displays due to tunable photonic band gap (PBG) in a broad spectral range and natural eye‐friendly feature. However, the lack of a stable liquid crystal (LC) material system with a wide temperature range and unknown driver architecture hinder the implementation of the ChOH‐based reflective displays. Here, a prototype for a full‐color reflective display device based on electrically‐tunable ChOH‐LC is demonstrated. In the comparison of ChOH‐S1, S2 and S3 samples, the electric‐field‐induced ChOH in the ChOH‐S3 exhibits intense Bragg reflection and a tunable PBG in the extended temperature range from 19.5 °C to 30 °C. Particularly, the resulting device exhibits a lower driving voltage and a relatively larger color gamut for the full‐color reflective displays. On this basis, the display patterns with variable colors are demonstrated via the direct addressing mode. Furthermore, a proof‐of‐concept of the full‐color reflective display is demonstrated with red‐green‐blue pixeled images serving as the active panels. Ultimately, by regulating the electric field strength dependent on the ambient temperature, a stable and vivid effect of the ChOH device on the actual environment is shown. This work provides valuable insight for the development of ChOH‐based reflective displays.

Analysis of a film-forming amine response in impedance spectra

In this study, a detailed analysis of the dielectric response of a film-forming amine (1,3 N-oleyl propanediamine (OLDA)) in impedance spectra is presented, addressing both “bulk” OLDA and adsorbed OLDA layer on a carbon steel surface. The dielectric response of the “bulk” OLDA in the absence of electrolyte over an extensive temperature range (-150 °C to 50 °C) was explored by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS). Subsequently, the response of the OLDA adsorbed layer on the steel surface was analysed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), for various immersion times (2 min to100 min) and temperatures (25 °C to 75 °C) in an aqueous NaCl solution.Impedance spectra (BDS and EIS), interpreted through the complex conductivity formalism, showed a resistive behaviour in the mid-frequency range and a capacitive behaviour at higher frequencies. The high frequency capacitive response in EIS spectra was shown to contain contributions from the OLDA layer and from the electrochemical double layer, as well. The temperature dependency of the OLDA conductivity was found to be similar to the temperature dependency of the electrolyte resistance, suggesting that the electrolyte (water and ions) crossed the OLDA layer to reach the steel surface. The presence of gauche defects in the OLDA alkyl chain, revealed by polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) analyses, may be a contributing factor to the disorder in the adsorbed layer, facilitating electrolyte infiltration.

Mechanically strong and room-temperature magnetocaloric monolayer VSi2N4 semiconductor

In the realm of emerging two-dimensional MoSi2N4 family, the majority of research endeavors gravitate toward their versatile physical properties, while their magnetocaloric effect (MCE) for the potential refrigeration application remains uncharted. Here, we comprehensively explore the magnetic, electronic, mechanical, and magnetocaloric properties of monolayer VA2Z4 (A = Si, Ge; Z = N, P, As) family by multiscale simulations, revealing that monolayer VSi2N4 semiconductor is mechanically strong and exhibits room-temperature MCE. The nonlinear elastic response of VSi2N4 unveils strong mechanical properties, featuring a substantial in-plane Young's modulus (E2D∼ 350 N/m) and a high strength of 40.8 N/m, comparable to that of graphene. Monolayer VSi2N4 exhibits a room-temperature MCE with an extensive refrigeration temperature range up to 20 K. Furthermore, applying biaxial strain can significantly improve the maximum magnetic entropy change (−ΔSMmax) and maximum adiabatic temperature change (ΔTadmax) by 80.9% and 197.3%, respectively. Room-temperature MCE with wide working temperature and mechanical robustness make monolayer VSi2N4 an appealing candidate for magnetic refrigeration applications over large temperature range. These findings offer fresh insights for advancing the development of magnetic cooling in small-sized systems.

Exceptionally Slow, Long-Range, and Non-Gaussian Critical Fluctuations Dominate the Charge Density Wave Transition.

(TaSe_{4})_{2}I is a well-studied quasi-one-dimensional compound long-known to have a charge-density wave (CDW) transition around 263K. We argue that the critical fluctuations of the pinned CDW order parameter near the transition can be inferred from the resistance noise on account of their coupling to the dissipative normal carriers. Remarkably, the critical fluctuations of the CDW order parameter are slow enough to survive the thermodynamic limit and dominate the low-frequency resistance noise. The noise variance and relaxation time show rapid growth (critical opalescence and critical slowing down) within a temperature window of ϵ≈±0.1, where ϵ is the reduced temperature. This is very wide but consistent with the Ginzburg criterion. We further show that this resistance noise can be quantitatively used to extract the associated critical exponents. Below |ϵ|≲0.02, we observe a crossover from mean-field to a fluctuation-dominated regime with the critical exponents taking anomalously low values. The distribution of fluctuations in the critical transition region is skewed and strongly non-Gaussian. This non-Gaussianity is interpreted as the breakdown of the validity of the central limit theorem as the diverging coherence volume becomes comparable to the macroscopic sample size. The large magnitude critical fluctuations observed over an extended temperature range, as well as the crossover from the mean-field to the fluctuation-dominated regime highlight the role of the quasi-one-dimensional character in controlling the phase transition.

Reactions dynamics for X + H2 insertion reactions (X = C(1D), N(2D), O(1D), S(1D)) with Cayley propagator ring-polymer molecular dynamics.

In this work, rate coefficients of four prototypical insertion reactions, X + H2 → H + XH (X = C(1D), N(2D), O(1D), S(1D)), and associated isotope reactions are calculated based on ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) with Cayley propagator (Cayley-RPMD). The associated kinetic isotope effects are systematically studied too. The Cayley propagator used in this work increases the stability of numerical integration in RPMD calculations and also supports a larger evolution time interval, allowing us to reach both high accuracy and efficiency. So, our results do not only provide chemical kinetic data for the title reactions in an extended temperature range but also consist of experimental results, standard RPMD, and other theoretical methods. The results in this work also reflect that Cayley-RPMD has strong consistency and high reliability in its investigations of chemical dynamics for insertion reactions.

Fano resonance in one-dimensional quasiperiodic topological phononic crystals towards a stable and high-performance sensing tool

Phononic crystals (PnCs) emerge as an innovative sensor technology, especially for high-performance sensing applications. This study strives to advance this field by developing new designs of PnC structures that exhibit stability in the face of construction imperfections and deformations, focusing on the evolution of topological PnCs (TPnCs). These designs could be promising to overcome the problem of instability involved in most of the theoretical PnC sensors when they emerge in experimental verification. In particular, the fabrication process of any design could collide with some fluctuations in controlling the size of each component. Thus, Fano resonance is introduced through a one-dimensional (1D) quasiperiodic TPnC. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first to observe Fano modes in liquid cavities through 1D PnCs. Various quasiperiodic PnC designs are employed to detect the temperature of alcohols (specifically propanol) across an extensive temperature range (160–240 °C). The effects of many geometrical parameters on the sensor stability, such as material thicknesses, are studied. Numerical findings demonstrated that the designed quasiperiodic topological PnCs based on Fibonacci sequence of the second order proved superior performance. This sensing tool provides sensitivity, quality factor and figure-of-merit values of 104,533.33 Hz/°C, 223.69 and 0.5221 (/°C), respectively, through temperature detection of propanol in the range of 160–240 °C.

Study of quasi-static tensile and compressive behaviors of laminated bamboo under service temperature

Laminated bamboo presents significant potential for applications in the construction industry. The stress-strain relationship and failure mechanism of laminated bamboo across the service temperature range, spanning from low to high temperatures, remain incompletely elucidated. Addressing this research gap, this paper conducts experiments on tension and compression of laminated bamboo in both parallel to grain direction and perpendicular to grain direction across an extensive temperature range of −40 to 80 °C. Temperature reduction factors according to Eurocode 5 are established, followed by adjustments based on RO constitutive model. Subsequently, a two-section constitutive model for laminated bamboo materials under service temperature is developed. This model is designed to accurately describe the stress-strain relationship of laminated bamboo in various temperature environments. The constitutive model proposed in this paper adeptly predicts the strain hardening behavior of laminated bamboo during compression, demonstrating high accuracy post-yield stress and addressing the non-convergence issue prevalent in most existing models. Additionally, the influence of temperature on fracture mechanism was explored using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The study delves deeply into the fundamental reasons behind temperature's effect on the mechanical properties of laminated bamboo, examining it from a chemical composition standpoint. This study not only offers significant insights for the application of laminated bamboo in construction projects but also serves as a valuable resource for advancing the understanding of laminated bamboo's mechanical behavior under various temperature conditions. The findings are crucial for architects, engineers, and material scientists, guiding them in optimizing the use of laminated bamboo in sustainable building practices and enhancing the structural integrity of bamboo-based construction.

Energy-information trade-off induces continuous and discontinuous phase transitions in lateral predictive coding

Lateral predictive coding is a recurrent neural network that creates energy-efficient internal representations by exploiting statistical regularity in sensory inputs. Here, we analytically investigate the trade-off between information robustness and energy in a linear model of lateral predictive coding and numerically minimize a free energy quantity. We observed several phase transitions in the synaptic weight matrix, particularly a continuous transition that breaks reciprocity and permutation symmetry and builds cyclic dominance and a discontinuous transition with the associated sudden emergence of tight balance between excitatory and inhibitory interactions. The optimal network follows an ideal gas law over an extended temperature range and saturates the efficiency upper bound of energy use. These results provide theoretical insights into the emergence and evolution of complex internal models in predictive processing systems.

Controlling magnetically induced shape memory behavior through volume proportions in Heusler-type Fe47-xMn24+xGa29 structures

Here we demonstrate that a ferromagnetic shape memory can be tuned conveniently by volume proportions within Heusler-type Fe47-xMn24+xGa29 (x = 8, 6, 4, 2, and 0 at%) alloys over an extended temperature range. Preliminary X-ray diffraction experiments indicate that the Fe47-xMn24+xGa29 alloys crystallize into a B2 cubic structure with space group Pm3¯m for all compositions. Samples with compositions of x = 0–4 at% show the co-existence of two cubic structures (B2 and L21). The temperature dependence of magnetization M(T) measurements on Fe47-xMn24+xGa29 alloys under cooling-heating processes showed a moderate to an exceptionally large temperature hysteresis in a wider temperature range of 70–340 K, corresponding to the first-order diffusionless martensitic-to-austenite phase transformations. The M(T) curves obtained at various magnetic fields demonstrated that the magnitude and direction of temperature hysteresis is modified by volume proportions of Fe-Mn constituents. At 5, 150 and 300 K, hysteresis loop shows ferromagnetic (FM) behavior and the coercivity and remanence values vary with temperature and Mn content due to large exchange bias effects. Further ac magnetic susceptibility of Fe47-xMn24+xGa29 measurements show a cusp with a maximum below 70 K corresponding to an antiferromagnetic (AFM) transition. Thermal shift of the AFM transition is attributed to the dominant AFM-FM interactions pertaining to the pinning efficiency at the interface between Fe and Mn. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of AFM spin structure and ferromagnetic shape memory behavior in Fe47-xMn24+xGa29 across cryogenic to 350 K temperatures.

Extended Temperature Range of the Ice-Binding Protein Activity.

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) are expressed in various organisms for several functions, such as protecting them from freezing and freeze injuries. Via adsorption on ice surfaces, IBPs depress ice growth and recrystallization and affect nucleation and ice shaping. IBPs have shown promise in mitigating ice growth under moderate supercooling conditions, but their functionality under cryogenic conditions has been less explored. In this study, we investigate the impact of two types of antifreeze proteins (AFPs): type III AFP from fish and a hyperactive AFP from an insect, the Tenebrio molitor AFP, in vitrified dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solutions. We report that these AFPs depress devitrification at -80 °C. Furthermore, in cases where devitrification does occur, AFPs depress ice recrystallization during the warming stage. The data directly demonstrate that AFPs are active at temperatures below the regime of homogeneous nucleation. This research paves the way for exploring AFPs as potential enhancers of cryopreservation techniques, minimizing ice-growth-related damage, and promoting advancements in this vital field.

The low-cycle fatigue behavior and an entropy-based life prediction model for Nickel-based single crystal superalloy across an extensive temperature range

Nickel-based single-crystal superalloys (Ni-SX) are prominently utilized in the fabrication of turbine blade materials for advanced aero-engines, owing to their commendable material characteristics. This paper delves into the low cycle fatigue (LCF) characteristics of a second-generation Nickel-based single-crystal superalloy across a temperature spectrum ranging from room temperature to 1000 °C. During this procedure, there is an escalation in the trend towards deformation homogenization, leading to a transition in fracture mode from shear fracture to normal fracture. A novel approach is introduced in the form of an entropy-based fatigue life prediction model, grounded in the correlation between cumulative plastic strain and entropy increase rate. Through a comparative examination with experimental data, the model demonstrates proficiency in precisely forecasting the fatigue life of Ni-SX under diverse strain amplitudes and temperature conditions.

Electropolymerized Bipolar Poly(2,3-diaminophenazine) Cathode for High-Performance Aqueous Al-Ion Batteries with An Extended Temperature Range of -20 to 45°C.

Achieving reversible insertion/extraction in most cathodes for aqueous aluminum ion batteries (AAIBs) is a significant challenge due to the high charge density of Al3+ and strong electrostatic interactions. Organic materials facilitate the hosting of multivalent carriers and rapid ions diffusion through the rearrangement of chemical bonds. Here, a bipolar conjugated poly(2,3-diaminophenazine) (PDAP) on carbon substrates prepared via a straightforward electropolymerization method is introduced as cathode for AAIBs. The integration of n-type and p-type active units endow PDAP with an increased number of sites for ions interaction. The long-range conjugated skeleton enhances electron delocalization and collaborates with carbon to ensure high conductivity. Moreover, the strong intermolecular interactions including π-π interaction and hydrogen bonding significantly enhance its stability. Consequently, the Al//PDAP battery exhibits a large capacity of 338 mAh g-1 with long lifespan and high-rate capability. It consistently demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performances even under extreme conditions with capacities of 155 and 348 mAh g-1 at -20 and 45°C, respectively. In/ex situ spectroscopy comprehensively elucidates its cation/anion (Al3+/H3O+ and ClO4 -) storage with 3-electron transfer in dual electroactive centers (C═N and -NH-). This study presents a promising strategy for constructing high-performance organic cathode for AAIBs over a wide temperature range.

Proton pathways via free volumes: A positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) investigation of proton conductivity in SPEEK-PEG-TMOS composites

This study investigates the ionic conductivity and dielectric properties of SPEEK-PEG-TMOS solid-state polymer electrolytes across a broad frequency spectrum (0.1–1000 kHz). Proton transport mechanisms were explored over an extensive temperature range, and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) was employed to elucidate the roles of free volumes in the transport mechanism. At elevated temperatures, sulfonic acid groups and free volume defects predominantly govern the conductivity in all polymer electrolytes. PEG incorporation significantly improved proton conductivity at low temperatures, while the presence of TMOS and higher PEG content have elevated conductivity at higher temperatures. Proton conductivity mechanisms at elevated temperatures are influenced by SPEEK's intrinsic proton conductivity, PEG's plasticizing effect, acid-base interactions, and the presence of free volumes. PALS analysis reveals temperature-dependent trends in the o-Ps lifetime, intensity, and free volume fraction, increasing linearly with temperature due to thermal expansion. PEG content modulated this trend, with lower PEG content samples displaying lower thermal expansion slopes, and higher PEG content samples exhibiting more substantial increases in hole-free volume. The o-Ps intensity displayed a temperature-dependent change attributed to PEG's thermal expansion limitations. These insights contributed to a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between PEG content, thermal expansion, and free volume in SPEEK-PEG-TMOS composites. The study has implications for material science applications, particularly in the development of high-temperature, anhydrous proton-conductive systems.

Ionic organohydrogel with long-term environmental stability and multifunctionality based on PAM and sodium alginate

Hydrogels possess several advantageous characteristics, including transparency, biocompatibility, and ionic conductivity, making them promising for applications in flexible electronics, drug delivery, ionic skin, and electrolytes. Nevertheless, creating a robust conductive and antifreezing hydrogel with enduring environmental stability remains a significant challenge. This study, based on the salt-out effect of alkali metal ion salts and binary solvent systems, employs a straightforward one-pot solvent exchange method to introduce dynamic and reversible non-covalent bonds (hydrophobic association and hydrogen bonds) into a polyacrylamide-sodium alginate (PAM-SA) dual-network hydrogel with excellent flexibility and biocompatibility. By adjusting the types of ions and cryoprotective agents (CPA), a series of ion-conductive organic hydrogels with anti-freezing properties were successfully prepared. The resulting PAM/SA-Gly-KCl1M hydrogel exhibits commendable mechanical properties (with a tensile strain of up to 1465 %, a tensile strength of 166 kPa, and toughness of 1354 kJ m3), high ionic conductivity (0.59 S/m), outstanding frost resistance (–100 °C), and sustained long-term stability (maintaining 70 % of its weight for over one month in an open environment). Therefore, sensors based on organic hydrogels exhibit exceptional characteristics, including high strength, superior transparency, and dependable operation in low-temperature conditions. Its remarkable sensing sensitivity and stability and antifreeze properties facilitate operation across an extensive temperature range and contribute to an extended operational lifespan. Overall, this sensor proves conducive to developing enduring flexible electronic products in challenging environments, thereby unveiling novel prospects for the realms of smart wearable technology and health monitoring.