Extension Property Research Articles

Breakdown Voltage Prediction by Utilizing the Behavior of Natural Ester for Transformer Applications

This research investigates the dielectric performance of Natural Ester (NE) using the Partial Differential Equation (PDE) tool and analyzes dielectric performance using fuzzy logic. NE nowadays is found to replace Mineral Oil (MO) due to its extensive dielectric properties. Here, the heat-tolerant Natural Esters Olive oil (NE1), Sunflower oil (NE2), and Ricebran oil (NE3) are subjected to High Voltage AC (HVAC) under different electrodes configurations. The breakdown voltage and leakage current of NE1, NE2, and NE3 under Point-Point (P-P), Sphere-Sphere (S-S), Plane-Plane (PL-PL), and Rod-Rod (R-R) are measured, and survival probability is presented. The electric field distribution is analyzed using the Partial Differential Equation (PDE) tool. NE shows better HVAC with stand capacity under all the electrodes configuration, especially in the S-S shape geometry. The exponential function is developed for the oils under different electrode geometry; NE shows a higher survival probability. Likewise, the most influential dielectric properties such as breakdown voltage, kinematic viscosity, and water content are used to develop a Mamdani-based control system model that combines two variables to produce the surface model. The surface model indicates that the NE subjected for investigation is less susceptible to moisture effect and higher kinematic viscosity. Based on the surface models of PDE and fuzzy, it is concluded that NE possesses a high survival rate since its breakdown voltage does not react to changes in water content. Hence the application of NE in the transformer application is highly safe and possesses extended life.

Generic extensions of ergodic systems

The paper is devoted to problems concerning the generic properties of extensions of dynamical systems with invariant measures. It is proved that generic extensions preserve the singularity of the spectrum, the mixing property and some other asymptotic properties. It is discovered that the preservation of algebraic properties generally depends on statistical properties of the base. It is established that the $P$-entropy of a generic extension is infinite. This fact yields a new proof of the result due to Weiss, Glasner, Austin and Thouvenot on the nondominance of deterministic actions. Generic measurable families of automorphisms of a probability space are considered. It is shown that the asymptotic behaviour of representatives of a generic family is characterized by a combination of dynamic conformism and dynamic individualism. Bibliography: 15 titles.

On Neutrosophic filter and fantastic filter of BL-algebras

The main aim of this paper is to present a few characteristics of the neutrosophic filter of BL-algebras. Also, we introduce the notion of the neutrosophic fantastic filter of BL-algebras with an illustration and discuss a few of its properties. Moreover, we prove every neutrosophic fantastic filter is a neutrosophic filter in BL-algebras. Finally, we acquire an extension property and equivalent condition of the neurosophic fantastic filter of BL-algebras.

Forensic Engineering Investigation of Factors Contributing to the Explosion of an International Natural Gas Pipeline

Following the explosion of a natural gas pipeline that resulted in extensive property damage, personal injury, and loss of life, a forensic engineering investigation was performed to determine factors that signifi-cantly contributed to the failure. Metallurgical analysis of the failure region resulted in the conclusion that the pipeline rupture was caused by hydrogen embrittlement acting on hard spots created during manufactur-ing. The next phase of this investigation involved root cause analysis of factors contributing to the pipeline rupture as well as evaluation of missed risk-reduction opportunities of the nondestructive analyses employed. It was ultimately determined that hydrogen embrittlement, caused by improper operation and maintenance procedures, resulted in an overabundance of hydrogen from excessive cathodic protection. Additionally, excessive operating pressure exceeded the resulting degraded ultimate capacity of the pipeline, which then manifested in the rupture of the natural gas pipeline and the ensuing explosion. It is recommended that op-erators exercise due diligence by considering the age of a pipeline when determining appropriate operating, monitoring, and maintenance procedures.

Fire risks in electrical installations: the review

In India, fire poses a significant risk to a variety of industries. Media outlets across the nation report on fires virtually every day. Not only these fires result in the loss of numerous lives and injury to a large number of people, but they also caused extensive property damage. During the past two decades, India's construction industry has flourished, notably for highrise structures. As a result of their special character, fires in residential structures, particularly high-rise buildings, become more complicated and salvaging activities more difficult, sometimes resulting in a large number of fatalities and substantial property losses. The scenario has become more complex due to the fast modernization of Indian industry. A fire is a mishap may at times result in loss of life and property. We have strong regulatory measures, standards, good material specifications and national building construction codes. However, we are facing fire accidents on regular basis. After the investigation fire authorities are concluded that 80% of fire accidents happened due to electric short-circuits. Fire safety norms mandated by National Building code (Ref Indian National Building code 2016 part 4) is not given any significance of fire loads related to electrical installation and its components. More over National building code given lesser importance to the quality aspects of materials and components which can play a significance role of origination of fire accidents. The National building code considering only fire load related to cable and insulation failures. During my recent survey and analysis of few fire accidents pointing out that the failure in the electrical components and equipment’s are related to the appliances are the major cause of fire. This review intends to understand the gap in the existing system and extend to further studies to find out a proper solution.

Homotopy extension property for multi-valued functions

In this study, we introduce some well-known definitions and properties for multi-valued functions. We present new definitions such as, m-retraction, m-section, m-homeomorphism, m-HEP and reducible function. We give a new result on the relation between multi-homotopy groups and m-homeomorphism. We also deal with some properties of m-HEP.

Liquid metal catalyzed chemical vapor deposition towards morphology engineering of 2D epitaxial heterostructures.

The past decades have witnessed significant advancements in the growth of two-dimensional (2D) materials, offering a wide range of potential applications in the fields of electronics, optoelectronics, energy storage, sensors, catalysis, and biomedical treatments. Epitaxial heterostructures based on 2D materials, including vertical heterostructures, lateral structures, and superlattices, have emerged as novel material systems to manipulate the intrinsic properties and unlock new functionalities. Therefore, the development of controllable preparation methods for tailored epitaxial heterostructures serves as a fundamental basis for extensive property investigation and further application exploration. However, this pursuit presents formidable challenges due to the incomplete understanding of growth mechanisms and limited designable strategies. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is deemed as a promising and versatile platform for the controlled synthesis of 2D materials, especially with regard to achieving lattice matching, a critical factor in epitaxial growth. Consequently, CVD holds potential to overcome these hurdles. In this Feature Article, we present our recent breakthroughs in the controllable preparation of 2D epitaxial heterostructures using CVD. Our focus revolves around the processes of morphology engineering, interface engineering, size and density engineering, and striking the delicate balance between growth and etching. Using molten metals or alloys as primary catalysts, we have achieved remarkable control over the fabrication of graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) super-ordered arrays, enabled multistage etching of graphene/hBN heterostructures, and successfully realized the construction of graphene/MXene heterostructures. Furthermore, our research endeavors encompass both bottom-up and top-down fabrication methods, offering a novel perspective on the synthesis of 2D epitaxial heterostructures. The resulting products hold immense potential for enhancing the efficiency of critical reactions such as oxygen reduction, CO2 reduction, and hydrogen evolution reactions. By presenting our methodologies for obtaining 2D epitaxial heterostructures through CVD, we aspire to inspire fellow researchers in this field to devise more feasible and controllable fabrication techniques while also fostering the exploration of diverse heterostructure configurations. Together, these advancements will undoubtedly pave the way for further breakthroughs in atomic manufacturing and novel applications.

Anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murray Inhibit HepG2 Cells Growth, Metastasis and Promote Apoptosis and G2/M Phase Cycle Arrest by Activating the AMPK/mTOR Autophagy Pathway.

Among the most common malignancies in humans, liver cancer ranks third in terms of mortality in the world. Seeking new anticancer drugs or adjuvant chemotherapy drugs from natural products has attracted the attention of many researchers. Lycium ruthenicum Murray (LR), a health food and traditional Chinese medicine, exerts extensive pharmacological properties, of which anthocyanins are one of the key active components. In this research, we explored the antitumor activity and autophagy regulation mechanism of anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murray (ALR) in HepG2 cells. Our results found that ALR profoundly reduced the cell viability, clone formation, migration, and invasion and promoted apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent pattern. Further studies confirmed that ALR treatment significantly increased the number of autophagic vacuoles and autophagosomes, upregulated the expression of Beclin-1, p62, LC3-II/LC3-I, and p-AMPK, and concomitantly downregulated the expression of p-mTOR. When autophagy was inhibited by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), ALR-induced proliferation inhibition, invasion, and migration capabilities, as well as apoptosis rate and G2/M phase arrest, were all reversed, and the activities of key proteins in the AMPK/mTOR pathway were all constrained. In summary, the results presented here indicate that ALR may be effective as a natural antitumor agent by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR autophagy pathway in HepG2 cells.

Hodge modules and singular hermitian metrics

The purpose of this paper is to study certain notions of metric positivity called “minimal extension property” for the lowest nonzero piece in the Hodge filtration of a Hodge module. Let X be a complex manifold and let \(\mathcal {M}\) be a polarized pure Hodge module on X with strict support X. Let \(F_p\mathcal {M}\) be the smallest nonzero piece in the Hodge filtration. Assume that \(\mathcal {M}\) is smooth outside a closed analytic subset Z and let \(j:X\setminus Z \hookrightarrow X\) be the open embedding. Let h be the smooth hermitian metric on \(F_p\mathcal {M}|_{X\setminus Z}\) induced by the polarization. We show that the canonical morphism of \(\mathcal {O}_X\)-modules $$\begin{aligned} F_p\mathcal {M}\rightarrow j_{*}(F_p\mathcal {M}|_{X\setminus Z}) \end{aligned}$$induces an isomorphism between \(F_p\mathcal {M}\) and the subsheaf of \(j_{*}(F_p\mathcal {M}|_{X\setminus Z})\) consisting of sections which are locally \(L^2\) near Z with respect to h and the standard Lebesgue measure on X. In particular, h extends to a singular hermitian metric on \(F_p\mathcal {M}\) with minimal extension property.

Tensor products of weak hyperrigid sets

In this article, we show that concerning the spatial tensor product of W∗-algebras, the tensor product of two weak hyperrigid operator systems is weak hyperrigid. We prove this result by demonstrating unital completely positive maps have unique extension property for operator systems if and only if the tensor product of two unital completely positive maps has unique extension property for the tensor product of operator systems. Consequently, we prove as a corollary that the tensor product of two boundary representations for operator systems is boundary representation for the tensor product of operator systems. The corollary is an analogue result of Hopenwasser’s [9] in the setting of W∗-algebras.

Spectral Extension Property of Perturbed Triple Product on Semisimple Commutative Banach Algebras

Under a perturbed triple product defined on three semisimple commutative Banach algebras with the influence of two homomorphisms defined on two of them and that carry certain characteristics, we proved that the spectral extension property is stable.

In vivo investigation of Lcr35® anti-candidiasis properties in Caenorhabditis elegans reveals the involvement of highly conserved immune pathways.

Lactic acid bacteria, including the microorganisms formerly designated as Lactobacillus, are the major representatives of Live Biotherapeutic Microorganisms (LBM) when used for therapeutic purposes. However, in most cases, the mechanisms of action remain unknown. The antifungal potential of LBM has already been demonstrated using preclinical models (cell cultures, laboratory animals). Understanding their mechanisms of action is strategic for the development of new therapeutics for humans. Here, Caenorhabditis elegans was used as an in vivo model to analyze pro-longevity, anti-aging and anti-candidiasis effects of the LBM Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (formerly Lactobacillus rhamnosus) Lcr35®. A high-throughput transcriptomic analysis revealed a specific response of C. elegans depending on whether it is in the presence of the LBM L. rhamnosus Lcr35® (structural response), the yeast Candida albicans (metabolic response) or both (structural and metabolic responses) in a preventive and a curative conditions. Studies on C. elegans mutants demonstrated that the p38 MAPK (sek-1, skn-1) and the insulin-like (daf-2, daf-16) signaling pathways were involved in the extended lifespan provided by L. rhamnosus Lcr35® strain whereas the JNK pathway was not involved (jnk-1). In addition, the anti C. albicans effect of the bacterium requires the daf-16 and sek-1 genes while it is independent of daf-2 and skn-1. Moreover, the anti-aging effect of Lcr35®, linked to the extension of longevity, is not due to protection against oxidative stress (H2O2). Taken together, these results formally show the involvement of the p38 MAP kinase and insulin-like signaling pathways for the longevity extension and anti-Candida albicans properties of Lcr35® with, however, differences in the genes involved. Overall, these findings provide new insight for understanding the mechanisms of action of a probiotic strain with antimicrobial potential.

Microstructural and Mechanical Behaviourial Properties of Cold Compacted Ultra-Fined Grained (UFG) Magnesium AZ31B Alloy Prepared by Ball Milling Process

The Magnesium and its alloys are majorly utilized in automotive, aerospace, and biomedical applications because of their extensive properties. The approach for the preparation of the Magnesium materials is done by modern powder metallurgy. This method allows us to study the structural, mechanical, and controlled corrosion resistance. In the present paper, the effect of cold compaction on magnesium AZ31B alloy are studied, were Ultra-Fined Grained (UFG) Magnesium AZ31B alloys of particle size 60 nm were obtained by 8hrs of Ball milling followed by cold compaction at the pressure of 40Mpa at laboratory temperatures. Sintering process for 8hrs were done for cold compacted specimens at temperatures of 425°C,450°C and 475°C in a Horizontal tubular vacuum furnace. Influence of compacting pressure and sintering were investigated for properties of microstructural, mechanical and corrosion resistance. It was observed that, during cold compaction process for Magnesium AZ31B alloys the product grains are distributed uniformly with less pores and particle boundaries. Homogenization were attended by sintering process and Microstructural, Mechanical properties strength, were shown extensive results of hardness and compressive strength of 516Mpa and 123Mpa, as the sintering temperatures were increased from 425°C to 475°C. The lowest corrosion resistance of 0.35 mm.y-1 is obtained for compacted AZ31B alloy as the temperature of sintering temperature raised to 475°C.

Thymoquinone-Loaded Essential Oil–Based Emulgel as an Armament for Anti-psoriatic Activity

Essential oils consist of oxygenated structures of secondary metabolites of aromatic plants with anti-psoriatic activities. Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil with good anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties, exhibiting reduced levels of IL-1, IL-8, and PGE 2. Thymoquinone (TMQ) is popular herb in traditional medicine with known therapeutic benefits in several diseases and ailments. The ternary phase diagram was prepared with the weight ratio of Smix (Tween® 80:Labrasol®): oil:water ratio for o/w emulsion preparation. The globule size was 16.54 ± 0.13nm, and PDI around 0.22 ± 0.01 of the TTO-TMQ emulsion and found thermodynamically stable. The percentage drug content was found in the range of 98.97 ± 0.62 to 99.45 ± 0.17% with uniformity of the ThymoGel using Carbopol®. The extensive physicochemical properties were studied using different analytical techniques, and in vitro drug release was performed using Franz-diffusion apparatus. Anti-psoriatic activity of the formulations was studied using Imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation model in male Balb/c mice and parameters like PASI score, ear thickness, and spleen to body weight index were determined as well as histological staining, ELISA, skin compliance, and safety evaluation of TTO were performed. The combination of essential oils with TMQ shows synergistic activity and efficiently reduces the psoriasis disease condition.

Relating soil physical properties to other soil properties and crop yields

Soil physical properties can be related to other soil properties and crop yields, but their evaluations as soil health indicators relating to extensive soil properties and long-term crop yields need further exploration. We evaluated the long-term (14 and 36 year) effect of cropping systems and N fertilizations on selected soil physical properties and related them to 66 soil physical, chemical, biological, and biochemical properties and mean crop yields across years at two dryland farming sites in the semiarid region of the northern Great Plains, USA. Treatments were rotations of no-tillage and conventional tillage spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and fallow with or without N fertilization. Soil samples collected in April 2019 were analyzed for physical, chemical, biological, and biochemical properties and mean crop yields were determined. The average slake aggregate (ASA), wet aggregate stability index (WASI), and intact core available water holding capacity (IAWHC) were associated with most soil physical, chemical, biological, and biochemical properties and clay concentration was associated with nutrient concentrations. These parameters were also better related to mean crop yields across years than other soil physical properties. Because of the enhanced relationship with soil properties and crop yields and simple and inexpensive measurement, ASA can be used as a potential soil health indicator in dryland cropping systems in semiarid regions.

Gender-focused analysis in rural agricultural producers in Los Rios, Ecuador

This article aims to explore the producers’ vision about gender in Los Rios rural communities and the access of women to equal resources, services, and products in the agriculture area. A survey was carried out using a simple probabilistic sample of 130 producers among men and women inside different agriculture associations. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study confirms that women and men do not work on similar conditions regarding access to resources, training and extension services, access and property of land and inputs, although there is not a gap between women and men on a socioeconomic level. We highly recommend promoting public policies that could benefit women and promote a gender-neutral policy where decision-makers need to move to address the structural causes of inequalities, starting at the intra-household and community level.

Symmetries of Non-Linear ODEs: Lambda Extensions of the Ising Correlations

This paper provides several illustrations of the numerous remarkable properties of the lambda extensions of the two-point correlation functions of the Ising model, shedding some light on the non-linear ODEs of the Painlevé type they satisfy. We first show that this concept also exists for the factors of the two-point correlation functions focusing, for pedagogical reasons, on two examples, namely C(0,5) and C(2,5) at ν=−k. We then display, in a learn-by-example approach, some of the puzzling properties and structures of these lambda extensions: for an infinite set of (algebraic) values of λ these power series become algebraic functions, and for a finite set of (rational) values of lambda they become D-finite functions, more precisely polynomials (of different degrees) in the complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind K and E. For generic values of λ these power series are not D-finite, they are differentially algebraic. For an infinite number of other (rational) values of λ these power series are globally bounded series, thus providing an example of an infinite number of globally bounded differentially algebraic series. Finally, taking the example of a product of two diagonal two-point correlation functions, we suggest that many more families of non-linear ODEs of the Painlevé type remain to be discovered on the two-dimensional Ising model, as well as their structures, and in particular their associated lambda extensions. The question of their possible reduction, after complicated transformations, to Okamoto sigma forms of Painlevé VI remains an extremely difficult challenge.

Multifunctional Thermally Conductive Composite Films Based on Fungal Tree‐like Heterostructured Silver Nanowires@Boron Nitride Nanosheets and Aramid Nanofibers

AbstractThermal conduction for electronic equipment has grown in importance in light of the burgeoning of 5G communication. It is imperatively desired to design highly thermally conductive fillers and polymer composite films with prominent Joule heating characteristics and extensive mechanical properties. In this work, “solvothermal & in situ growth” method is carried out to prepare “Fungal tree”‐like hetero‐structured silver nanowires@boron nitride nanosheet (AgNWs@BNNS) thermally conductive fillers. The thermally conductive AgNWs@BNNS/ANF composite films are obtained by the method of “suction filtration self‐assembly and hot‐pressing”. When the mass fraction of AgNWs@BNNS is 50 wt%, AgNWs@BNNS/ANF composite film presents the optimal thermal conductivity coefficient of 9.44 W/(m ⋅ K) and excellent tensile strength of 136.6 MPa, good temperature‐voltage response characteristics, superior electrical stability and reliability, which promise a wide application potential in 5G electronic devices.

Multifunctional Thermally Conductive Composite Films Based on Fungal Tree-like Heterostructured Silver Nanowires@Boron Nitride Nanosheets and Aramid Nanofibers.

Thermal conduction for electronic equipment has grown in importance in light of the burgeoning of 5G communication. It is imperatively desired to design highly thermally conductive fillers and polymer composite films with prominent Joule heating characteristics and extensive mechanical properties. In this work, "solvothermal & in situ growth" method is carried out to prepare "Fungal tree"-like hetero-structured silver nanowires@boron nitride nanosheet (AgNWs@BNNS) thermally conductive fillers. The thermally conductive AgNWs@BNNS/ANF composite films are obtained by the method of "suction filtration self-assembly and hot-pressing". When the mass fraction of AgNWs@BNNS is 50 wt%, AgNWs@BNNS/ANF composite film presents the optimal thermal conductivity coefficient of 9.44 W/(m ⋅ K) and excellent tensile strength of 136.6 MPa, good temperature-voltage response characteristics, superior electrical stability and reliability, which promise a wide application potential in 5G electronic devices.

Electrochemical Sensors Based on Flexible Laser-Induced Graphene for the Detection of Paraquat in Water

Paraquat (PQ) is known to be highly toxic among herbicides and harmful to human health upon exposure because it causes various kinds of organ failure and affects the nervous system. Nowadays, increasing concentration of PQ in water bodies is a growing concern among many countries. On-site-based detection is very needed along with selectivity and sensitivity, which can be achieved through an electrochemical-based sensor. In this paper, a flexible laser-induced graphene (LIG)-based electrode was developed for the effective detection of PQ by the electrochemical square-wave-voltammetry (SWV) method. LIG is a 3D porous material fabricated by patterning with the help of CO2 laser irradiation on polyimide (PI) films and has extensive properties such as high conductivity, biocompatibility, and high porosity. LIG was further treated in a phosphate buffer solution to obtain treated LIG (t-LIG). The surface morphology and carbon fingerprint of both LIG and t-LIG were then characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy, where SEM images have shown a more exposed porous structure in t-LIG. Electrochemical characterization was carried out using cyclic voltammetry and revealed a good current response and more surface activation of t-LIG over LIG. The detection of PQ carried out using t-LIG by the SWV method showed a high linear range of 0.5–35 μM with a sensitivity of 46.6 μA μM–1 cm–2 and a limit of detection of 0.54 μM. t-LIG has shown a very good average recovery rate of PQ when spiked in real water samples of 96.6%.