Extension Of Theory Research Articles

Virtual lesions in MEG reveal increasing vulnerability of the language network from early childhood through adolescence

In childhood, language outcomes following brain injury are inversely related to age. Neuroimaging findings suggest that extensive representation and/or topological redundancy may confer the pediatric advantage. Here, we assess whole brain and language network resilience using in silico attacks, for 85 children participating in a magnetoencephalography (MEG) study. Nodes are targeted based on eigenvector centrality, betweenness centrality, or at random. The size of each connected component is assessed after iterated node removal; the percolation point, or moment of dis-integration, is defined as the first instance where the second largest component peaks in size. To overcome known effects of fixed thresholding on subsequent graph and resilience analyses, we study percolation across all possible network densities, within a Functional Data Analysis (FDA) framework. We observe age-related increases in vulnerability for random and betweenness centrality-based attacks for whole-brain and stories networks (adjusted-p < 0.05). Here we show that changes in topology underlie increasing language network vulnerability in development.

An Intelligent Controller Based on Extension Theory for Batteries Charging and Discharging Control

The main purpose of this paper is to develop an intelligent controller for the DC-link voltage of bidirectional soft-switching converters used in the batteries with equalizing charge and discharge control. To accelerate the equalizing charge and discharge speed of batteries, the DC-link voltage controller of the bidirectional converters is designed based on extension theory. Firstly, the photovoltaic module arrays (PVMAs) are used with the intelligent maximum power point tracker (MPPT) for supplying the power to the load side. Through the bidirectional soft-switching converters, the PVMAs will be allowed to carry out the uniform charging and discharging for the storage battery in order to achieve the intended energy storage and auxiliary power supply functions. In terms of the controller design, the quantitative design techniques are utilized, by which the P-I controller parameters will be designed for the converter when attempting to achieve the same control performance at different working points. As a next step, the aforesaid parameters are used together with the extenics theory. Based on the variation in the output power of the bidirectional converter and that in the voltage of the storage battery, it allows the system to find out the intended P-I controller parameters that will be approximate to the prescribed control performance when operating under different working conditions. As a result, the P-I controller will be provided with more efficient control flexibility and control performances. Finally, actual test results demonstrated that the response time of the proposed intelligent extension controller is shortened by 3% compared to the quantitative design of the proportional–integral (P-I) controller. Based on the proposed quantitative design of an intelligent controller for uniform charging and discharging management of batteries, the sustainable utilization of renewable sources of energy can be improved. At the same time, the better economic benefit of the energy preservation system is obtained. In addition, it also prolongs the life cycle of batteries, and then enhances the reliability of the batteries.

II. Murâd ve Mevlânâ Tutkusu: İdrîs-i Bitlisî’nin Heşt Bihişt İsimli Eserinin VI. Kitabından Bir Bölüm

Born in Balkh, sufi poet Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī presents one of the most extensive and vigorous Islamic theories of toleration. This brief note examines the impact of Rūmī’s theory on Murād II by placing it in its fifteenth century Ottoman historical context. It also provides a critical edition of a portion of Idrīs Bidlīsī’s unpublished Hasht Bihisht VI, a sixteenth century Ottoman chronicle which is dedicated to the reign of Murād II.

On polylinear differential realization of the determined dynamic chaos in the class of higher order equations with delay

The investigation has defined the characteristic criterion (and its modification) of solvability of the problem of differential realization of the bundle of controlled trajectory curves of determined chaotic dynamic processes in the class of bilinear non-autonomous ordinary second- and higher-order differential equations (with and without delay) in the separable Hilbert space. The problem statement under consideration belongs to the type of converse problems for the additive combination of nonstationary linear and bilinear operators of the evolution equation in the Hilbert space. The constructions of tensor products of the Hilbert spaces, structures of lattices with an orthocomplement, the theory of extension of M2 -operators and the functional apparatus of the entropy Relay Ritz operator represent the basis of this theory. It has been shown that in the case of the finite bundle of the controlled trajectory curves the existence of the property of sub-linearity of the given operator allows one to obtain sufficient conditions of existence of such realizations. Side by side with solving the main problems, grounded are topological-group conditions of continuity of projectivization of the Relay Ritz operator with computing the fundamental group (Poincare group) of its compact image. The results obtained give incentives for the development of the quantitative theory of converse problems of higher-order multilinear evolution equations with the operators of generalized delay describing, for example, differential modeling of nonlinear Van der Pol oscillators or Lorentz strange attractors.

On the role of cationic defects over the surface reactivity of manganite-based perovskites for low temperature catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde

Defect engineering in catalytic materials is a versatile strategy to fine-tune their performance towards oxidation reactions, and break the related bottlenecks. Herein, a series of La1−xMnO3 perovskite-based materials was designedly synthesized to investigate the effect of cation defects on their physico-chemical properties. Based on extensive characterizations and density function theory (DFT) calculations, it is demonstrated that La-deficiency could orderly induce oxygen vacancies and electronic structure regulation on perovskite, which prominently promotes the catalytic activity towards formaldehyde oxidation. The leading material (La0.6MnO3) could retain high activity for 63 h, either under dry or humid air. In brief, this work unveils the feasibility of modulating the surface reactivity by modifying the electronic structure properties of lanthanum manganite perovskites following simple adjustment of the A-site cationic vacancies, and also highlights A-site deficient perovskite as a potentially efficient catalyst for environmental remediation.

Leisure and Human Rights … or Social Justice?

This paper notes the recent increased interest of leisure researchers in the concepts of human rights and social justice, with social justice being particularly favored by North America researchers. Since both concepts concern the just treatment and well-being of individuals and social groups in contemporary society, the paper aims to establish whether they represent distinctly different approaches to analysis or are overlapping in meaning and possibly complementary. It is found that, while some proponents of social justice down-play the significance of human rights, it is widely accepted that human rights are a component of social justice and that broad inclusive definitions of human rights encompass most of the concerns of social justice. It is therefore concluded that the two approaches to leisure analysis are complementary and each would benefit from incorporation of elements of the other in its conceptual framework and from more extensive engagement key generic social theory and policy frameworks.

A novel intelligent identification approach based on modified hierarchical diversity entropy and extension theory for diagnosis of rotating machinery faults

Aiming at the troubles of difficult extraction of fault features and low fault recognition rate in rotating equipment fault detection approach, a new technique for intelligent diagnosis based on modified hierarchical diversity entropy (MHDE) and extension theory (ET) is proposed in the thesis. Firstly, MHDE employs to comprehensively describe the fault information of the given signals. Secondly, the MHDE feature sets are regarded as the characteristic parameters of the extension matter element model, and the matter element model in various states is established. Finally, the testing datasets are fed into the matter element model for each operating conditions, and the correlation function is used to compute the comprehensive correlation between the testing datasets and the various conditions of the rotating machinery, so as to realize the qualitative and quantitative identification of the testing datasets. The reliability and superiority of the proposed new approach is validated by real experimental datasets on various rotating machinery types. The analysis results show that the proposed novel technology can effectively excavate the feature information and accurately identify various fault conditions of rotating machinery. In addition, compared with other combined model technology in the paper, the proposed intelligent fault diagnosis technology has better classification performance.

Quantum chemical investigation of predominant conformation of the antibiotic azithromycin in water and DMSO solutions: thermodynamic and NMR analysis.

Azithromycin (AZM) is a macrolide-type antibiotic used to prevent and treat serious infections (mycobacteria or MAC) that significantly inhibit bacterial growth. Knowledge of the predominant conformation in solution is of fundamental importance for advancing our understanding of the intermolecular interactions of AZM with biological targets. We report an extensive density functional theory (DFT) study of plausible AZM structures in solution considering implicit and explicit solvent effects. The best match between the experimental and theoretical nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) profiles was used to assign the preferred conformer in solution, which was supported by the thermodynamic analysis. Among the 15 distinct AZM structures, conformer M14, having a short intramolecular C6-OH … N H-bond, is predicted to be dominant in water and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions. The results indicated that the X-ray structure backbone is mostly conserved in solution, showing that large flexible molecules with several possible conformations may assume a preferential spatial orientation in solution, which is the molecular structure that ultimately interacts with biological targets.

Model predictive control of multi-objective adaptive cruise system based on extension theory

Under certain working conditions, the car-following performance and longitudinal ride comfort of adaptive cruise control (ACC) vehicles are contradictory. Therefore, the extension coordinated control is introduced into the weighted design of each performance index under the model predictive control (MPC) framework to optimize the overall vehicle driving performance. In this article, the dynamic model of the ACC vehicle and the variable time headway model are established, and then the predictive model and its corresponding cost function under the MPC framework are designed. By using the co-simulation platform of CarSim and Matlab/Simulink, three different simulation conditions are established and compared with the traditional ACC operating results. It was determined that the tracking speed error in the acceleration stage can be reduced by approximately 40% and the acceleration amplitude can be reduced by between 8%–17%. Therefore, there is an optimization effect under this control method. This study provides a foundation for curving ACC under an extension coordinated control theory.

Investigating drivers of service extension success for a super app

The rise of super apps has attracted scholarly attention across different disciplines. Integrating the theories of service extension and status quo bias into a three-component model under the S–O-R framework, this study attempts to build a model accounting for mobile payment adoption among super apps users. Taking LINE and LINE Pay as our research context, our data analysis consisting of 358 LINE users revealed that from a core app perspective, trust toward the core app, inertia and habit of using the core app are all positively related to attitudes toward the service extension. For the service extension itself, the relative advantage compared with other apps is found to be positively related to attitudes. Finally, the synergy and fit of the core app and the service extension seem to play the most prominent role in determining attitudes, while privacy concerns are negatively related to attitudes.

Computational design of bimetallic TM2@g-C9N4 electrocatalysts for enhanced CO reduction toward C2 products

Electrochemical CO reduction (ECOR) as a potential strategy for producing valuable chemicals and fuels has captured substantial attention. However, the currently available electrocatalysts suffer from poor selectivity and low Faradaic efficiency, limiting their industrial application. Herein, we systematically investigate the potential of homonuclear bimetallic electrocatalysts, TM2@C9N4 (TM = Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu), for the ECOR through extensive density functional theory calculations. Our findings suggest that all four proposed monolayers exhibit exceptional stability, making them highly suitable for experimental synthesis and practical applications. Interestingly, these transition-metal dual atoms anchored on C9N4 monolayers show great potential in facilitating the production of high-value C2 products, such as C2H5OH and C2H4, due to the significantly low limiting potentials (-0.06∼-0.46 V) and small kinetic energy barriers (0.54–1.08 eV) for the CO coupling process. Moreover, with the exception of Ni2@C9N4, these bimetallic catalysts demonstrate the impressive suppression of the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), leading to a high selectivity for C2 products in ECOR. Our predictions would accelerate the development of high-performance C9N4-based dual-atom catalysts for the ECOR.

Engineering Ferroelectricity and Large Piezoelectricity in h-BN.

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a well-known layered van der Waals (vdW) material that exhibits no spontaneous electric polarization due to its centrosymmetric structure. Extensive density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to demonstrate that doping through the substitution of B by isovalent Al and Ga breaks the inversion symmetry and induces local dipole moments along the c-axis, which promotes a ferroelectric (FE) alignment over antiferroelectric. For doping concentrations below 25%, a "protruded layered" structure in which the dopant atoms protrude out of the planar h-BN layers is energetically more stable than the flat layered structure of pristine h-BN or a wurtzite structure similar to w-AlN. The computed polarization, between 7.227 and 21.117 μC/cm2, depending on dopant concentration and the switching barrier (16.684 and 45.838 meV/atom) for the FE polarization reversal are comparable to that of other well-known FEs. Interestingly, doping of h-BN also induces a large negative piezoelectric response in otherwise nonpiezoelectric h-BN. For example, we compute d33 of -24.214 pC/N for Ga0.125B0.875N, which is about 5 times larger than that of pure w-AlN (5 pC/N), although the computed e33 (-1.164 C/m2) is about 1.6 times lower than that of pure w-AlN (1.462 C/m2). Because of the layered structure, the rather small elastic constant C33 provides the origin of the large d33. Moreover, doping makes h-BN an electric auxetic piezoelectric. We also show that ferroelectricity in doped h-BN may persist down to its trilayer, which indicates high potential for applications in FE nonvolatile memories.

Matrices of simple spectrum in irreducible representations of cyclic extensions of simple algebraic groups

Matrices of simple spectrum in irreducible representations of cyclic extensions of simple algebraic groups

A three-dimensional extension control for the dynamic boundary entrance of congested road networks

The dynamics and randomness of traffic demand require changes in the scope and boundary flow of congested traffic areas in a timely manner. Because of this, existing control methods have difficulty accurately detecting the boundary flow and executing an effective control strategy. Combined with the characteristics of extension theory, this paper transforms the boundary flow of congested traffic regions into a fuzzy variable and proposes a variable structure three-dimensional extension control method. Variable structure control consists of two parts. The first part is based on the matter-element model, and the correlation function of extension theory, boundary selection and entrance metering (BSEM) is proposed to evaluate the link density data in the periphery of the congested area and determine its dynamic boundary. According to the results of boundary selection, a proportion integration (PI) controller is designed to regulate the input flow of the congested area. Then, considering the measurement error of road network outflow, an extension lifting feedback (ELF) control is proposed. ELF takes the difference between the actual outflow rate of the road network and the expected outflow rate of the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) curve of the congested region as the characteristic variable, divides the road network data, and adopts different control strategies to improve the input flow adjustment accuracy in the congested area. Finally, a case analysis is performed, and the results show that compared with Bang-Bang control, PI control and BSEM for congested regions without considering outflow fluctuation control, the proposed BSEM-ELF cooperative control can effectively reduce the total delay and average fuel consumption of the road network.

Restricted intramolecular vibrations assisted enhanced fluorescence emission response of probe: A new experimental and theoretical approach for the detection of hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a harmful chemical used as a signature compound in forming easily synthesizable peroxide-based explosives. Therefore, detecting H2O2 vapors and solutions is imperative to avoid terroristic activities. Aggregation induced emission enhancement (AIEE) active probe PATdetected H2O2 based on geometry-dependent hydrogen bonding. Unlike frequently reported fluorescent probes, probePATexhibited a strong fluorescence emission enhancement response for H2O2 due to restrictions in intramolecular vibrations of probe. This unique sensing phenomenon enhances our probe's versatility and potential applications in the selective and sensitive detection of H2O2. 1H NMR titration experiments and extensive density functional theory (DFT) calculations explained the distinct sensing mechanism. As a result of efficient interaction, probe could detect H2O2 with critical features of excellent selectivity, nanoscale level detection (LOD; 10 nM), fast response (20 sec.), and distinguished photostability. Conveniently, probePAT-embedded fluorescent strips were successfully employed as a portable sensing tool for rapidly recognizing H2O2 vapors. Moreover, probePATwas also capable of H2O2 determination in industrial water, orange juice, milk samples and commercially available products. Therefore, our probe holds promising features for trace detection of H2O2 in vapor and solution phase that make it highly useful.

Multipliers and covers of perfect diassociative algebras

The paper concerns perfect diassociative algebras and their implications to the theory of central extensions. It is first established that perfect diassociative algebras have strong ties with universal central extensions. Then, using a known characterization of the multiplier in terms of a free presentation, we obtain a special cover for perfect diassociative algebras, as well as some of its properties. The subsequent results connect and build on the previous topics. For the final theorem, we invoke an extended Hochschild–Serre-type spectral sequence to show that, for a perfect diassociative algebra, its cover is perfect and has trivial multiplier. As an important consequence, we obtain the entire theory for associative algebras as a special case of diassociative algebras. We conclude with a concrete example.

Health State Assessment of Road Tunnel Based on Improved Extension Cloud Model

A scientifically accurate assessment of tunnel health is the prerequisite for the safe maintenance and sustainability of the in-service road tunnel. The changing trend of tunnel health is not considered in existing research. Most evaluation indicators are static and the ambiguities or randomness at the boundary of the health level intervals is neglected in most evaluation methods. In this paper, the evaluation index system combined with dynamic, and static is set to solve these problems. The changing trend of the health state of tunnels is analyzed through the cubic b-spline function. The weights of evaluation indicators are calculated based on the AHP-improved entropy method. The health evaluation method is proposed based on combing the extension theory and the cloud model improved by the cloud entropy optimization algorithm. Finally, the evaluation results of the proposed method are compared with the detection data of the Beilongmen Tunnel of Zhangzhuo Expressway. The results demonstrate that 80% of the evaluation results in the sample tunnel data are consistent with the standard results, and the remaining 20% show a lower level of health than the standard results. This reflects the evaluation results are impacted by the trend of tunnel health status changes. The health state can be more accurately evaluated by dynamic indicators. The improved extension cloud model is feasible and applicable in the health assessment of tunnels. This work provides innovative ideas for the evaluation of the health state of tunnels and theoretical support for the formulation of reasonable maintenance measures.

Ternary XBe4H5- (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) Clusters: Planar Tetracoordinate Si/Ge/Sn/Pb Species with 18 Valence Electrons.

As one of the important probes of chemical bonding, planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) compounds have been receiving much attention. Compared with ptC clusters, the heavier planar tetracoordinate silicon, germanium, tin, lead (ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb) systems are scarcer and more exotic. The 18-valence-electron (ve)-counting is one important guide, though not the only rule, for the design of planar tetra-, penta-coordinate carbon and silicon clusters. The 18ve ptSi/Ge system is very scarce and needs to be expanded. Based on the isoelectronic principle and bonding similarity between the Al atom and the BeH unit, inspired by the previously reported ptSi global minimum (GM) SiAl42-, a series of ternary 18 ve XBe4H5- (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) clusters were predicted with the ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb centers. Extensive density functional theory (DFT) global minimum searches and high-level CCSD(T) calculations performed herein indicated that these ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb XBe4H5- (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) clusters were all true GMs on their potential energy surfaces. These GMs of XBe4H5- (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) species possessed the beautiful fan-shaped structures: XBe4 unit can be stabilized by three peripheries bridging H and two terminal H atoms. It should be noted that XBe4H5- (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) were the first ternary 18 ve ptSi/Ge/Sn/Pb species. The natural bond orbital (NBO), canonical molecular orbitals (CMOs) and adaptive natural densitpartitioning (AdNDP) analyses indicated that 18ve are ideal for these ptX clusters: delocalized one π and three σ bonds for the XBe4 core, three Be-H-Be 3c-2e and two Be-H σ bonds for the periphery. Additionally, 2π plus 6σ double aromaticity was found to be crucial for the stability of the ptX XBe4H5- (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) clusters. The simulated photoelectron spectra of XBe4H5- (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) clusters will provide theoretical basis for further experimental characterization.

Big Data Analytics Implications on Central Banking Green Technological Progress

This paper examines big data analytics implications on the central banking financial system’s technological progress. A digital technological progress framework and model is established to analyze the economy’s aggregate supply via covering the monetary policy, big data analytics, pollutants emissions as independent variables and the economy’s aggregate demand as a moderating variable in a modified extensive growth theory framework and model to compute the productivity indicators and the total factor productivity (TFP) as the central banking technological progress that combined the mentioned variables qualities contribution. Besides, data analytics positive and negative externalities that include data analytics shortcomings as unpriced undesirable output in the form of cybersecurity and pollutants’ emissions among other proxies are internalized in the framework and the model to integrate the digital technology innovation with digital technology shortcomings and climate change. This revised extensive theory framework and model is a remarkable technique comprehensive of the technological progress matters and sustainable economic development and is considered one of the most important sustainable development and long-run economic growth proportions in the central banking financial system functions to manage the economy’s aggregate supply and demand that unnoticed by previous studies.

Discrete-to-Continuous Extensions: Lovász Extension and Morse Theory

This is the first of a series of papers that develop a systematic bridge between constructions in discrete mathematics and the corresponding continuous analogs. In this paper, we establish an equivalence between Forman’s discrete Morse theory on a simplicial complex and the continuous Morse theory (in the sense of any known non-smooth Morse theory) on the associated order complex via the Lovász extension. Furthermore, we propose a new version of the Lusternik–Schnirelman category on abstract simplicial complexes to bridge the classical Lusternik–Schnirelman theorem and its discrete analog on finite complexes. More generally, we can suggest a discrete Morse theory on hypergraphs by employing piecewise-linear (PL) Morse theory and Lovász extension, hoping to provide new tools for exploring the structure of hypergraphs.