Extension Mechanism Research Articles

Stressors and Coping Mechanisms of College Scholarship Grantees: A Quantitative Case Study of an Island Higher Education Institution

The literature is rich with studies on stressors and coping mechanisms. However, studies specifically focusing on stressors and coping mechanisms of college scholarship grantees are scarce. Scholarship grantees seem to have a different case as compared to regular college students in terms of maintaining their grade weighted average. Geographical seclusion, as a case, was not fully considered as a variable in existing studies about stressors. This study addressed this gap by hypothesizing the relationship between stressors and coping mechanisms used by college scholarship grantees in an island state college. It used a quantitative, non-experimental case study design of 262 college scholars from various courses. Using a three-part reliable questionnaire, this study found out that when faced with a certain stressor, the college scholars tend to use specific coping mechanism. Hence, a significant relationship exists between exposure to a stressor and the extent of using coping strategies. Moreover, college scholars have the greatest extent of exposure to personal social and academic stressors, as they are obliged to maintain their good academic standing to sustain their scholarship grants. Religiosity emerged to have been the most extensive coping mechanism. Results have ramifications to Guidance and Counseling, stress management program among college scholars, and future researchers along this field.

Arthrodesis with Retrograde Intramedullary Nail for Recurrent Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty with Patellar Tendon Rupture: A Case Report and Literature Review

Patellar tendon rupture after total knee arthroplasty is a rare, but often catastrophic complication. In addition, infection is also a dreaded complication after total knee arthroplasty. We report an 84-year-old female that has late infected total knee arthroplasty with patellar tendon rupture treated with resection arthroplasty and then subsequent arthrodesis with retrograde intramedullary nail.Case Presentation:The 84-year-old female underwent left total knee arthroplasty 2 years ago and revision arthroplasty last year after trauma. She presented to the emergency department with painful disability of left knee. The septic arthritis of left knee was confirmed by bacterial culture through arthrocentesis which yielded methicillinsensitive staphylococcus aureus. Patellar tendon rupture was also noted by loss of extension mechanism and patella alta in plain films. Despite attempts on open debridement and parenteral antibiotics, the infection did not settle. Resection arthroplasty with vancomycin- impregnated cement spacer implantation was performed following by 4-week parenteral antibiotics therapy. The ESR and CRP level of serum improved gradually. Arthrodesis of left knee with retrograde locking intramedullary femoral nail through single incision of the knee was performed. Protected weight bearing was allowed in one week after arthrodesis. The patient discharged 2 weeks later without recurrent infection, but leg length discrepancy about 2cm was noted.Discussion:Patellar tendon rupture after total knee arthroplasty is a rare but disabling complication whose management is often difficult. It was reported that incidence of patellar tendon rupture in literature varies between 0.3- 12.4% for primary total knee arthroplasty and between 1-15% for revision total knee arthroplasty. Contributing factors are excessive dissection and knee manipulation, and trauma. In the literature, various different operative techniques and rehabilitation programs have been described indicating the lack of a golden standard treatment protocol. However, in patients with a total knee arthroplasty, the results have been discouraging. Reconstruction of the patellar tendon can be utilized semitendinosus-gracilis graft with an interference screw and a staple fixation in treating acute ruptures, whereas allografts and synthetic mesh are indicated for chronic cases. Nevertheless, treatment outcomes for ruptured patellar tendon are not good. Gold standard treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty was resection arthroplasty with antibiotic-impregnated bone cement spacer and parenteral antibiotics therapy and then second stage revision total knee arthroplasty until the infection is eradicated. The patella tendon repair and second revision arthroplasty were not suggested by Jake et al. Patellar tendon rupture is best treated with primary repair, but infected prosthetic knee with patellar tendon rupture seemed to be more difficult to manage. Arthrodesis but not revision arthroplasty may be the best choice after infection control to improve the patient’s level of function.

A new modular implementation for stateful traits

Abstract The term traits is overloaded in the literature. In this work we refer to traits as the stateless model and implementation described in Schaerli et al. articles. Traits provide a flexible way to support multiple inheritance code reuse in the context of a single inheritance language. The Pharo programming language includes the second implementation of stateless traits based on the original version of Schaerli's one. Even if it is the second iteration of such an implementation, it presents several limitations. First, it does not support state in traits. Second, its implementation is monolithic i.e., it is deeply coupled with the rest of the language kernel: it cannot be loaded nor unloaded. Furthermore, trait support impacts all classes, even classes not using traits. In addition, while the development tools include full support to work with classes, trait support is more limited because classes and traits do not present the same Metaobject Protocol (MOP). Finally, being monolithic and integrated in the language kernel, it is difficult to extend this current implementation. This article describes a new modular and extensible implementation of traits: it is easily loadable and unloadable as any other package. In addition, classes not using traits are not impacted. Finally, this new implementation includes a new and carefully designed Metaobject Protocol (MOP) that is compatible with both classes and traits. This allows one to reuse existing tools as they do not require special support for traits. Then, following the semantics proposed for stateful traits in [6] , we present a new implementation of stateful traits. This implementation is an extension of our new modular implementation. We implemented modular traits using specialized metaclasses as our main language extension mechanism. By replacing the implementation we reduced the Pharo Language Kernel size by 15%. This model and implementation are used in production since Pharo7.0 (January 2019).

A New Safety Control Method of Blasting Excavation in High Rock Slope with Joints

In this paper, a new safety control method of the jointed slope under blasting excavation is presented. The spatial distribution of blasting damage and time-history characteristic of dynamic stability around the joint were investigated carefully based on the secondary development of the explicit FE code, LS-DYNA. Results clearly indicated that the evolution law of damage and stability are opposite with the change of joint angle, and the dual-controlled mechanism of damage extension and stability fluctuation exists in the safety control of the high rock slope with joints. Then a new safety control method is proposed by implementing the equivalent Blasting Safety Control Standard (BSCS) which includes coupled effects of damage and stability. Results reveal that a critical joint angle exists, and if the inclination is larger than the threshold value, the BSCS depends on damage extension, otherwise it was determined by stability fluctuation. Finally, site experiments are implemented carefully based on the blasting excavation of the famous Baihetan high rock slope with columnar joint in China to verify the rationality of the new control approach. Sonic wave test, displacement measurement and blasting vibration test are implemented for nearly two years to track the evolution process of damage and stability of the jointed slope. Experimental results demonstrate that the new approach could improve the accuracy rate of control by 40%.

Cytoskeletal-based mechanisms differently regulate in vivo and in vitro proplatelet formation.

Platelets are produced by bone marrow megakaryocytes through cytoplasmic protrusions, named native proplatelets (nPPT), into blood vessels. Proplatelets also refer to protrusions observed in megakaryocyte culture (cultured proplatelets [cPPT]) which are morphologically different. Contrary to cPPT, the mechanisms of nPPT formation are poorly understood. We show here in living mice that nPPT elongation is in equilibrium between protrusion and retraction forces mediated by myosin-IIA. We also found, using wild-type and b1-tubulin-deficient mice, that microtubule behavior differs between cPPT and nPPT, being absolutely required in vitro, while less critical in vivo. Remarkably, microtubule depolymerization in myosin-deficient mice did not affect nPPT elongation. We then calculated that blood Stokes’ forces may be sufficient to promote nPPT extension, independently of myosin and microtubules. Together, we propose a new mechanism for nPPT extension that might explain contradictions between severely affected cPPT production and moderate platelet count defects in some patients and animal models.

Nonuniform Ionic and Electronic Transport of Ceramic and Polymer/Ceramic Hybrid Electrolyte by Nanometer‐Scale Operando Imaging for Solid‐State Battery

AbstractReplacing the liquid electrolyte in lithium batteries with solid‐state ion conductor is promising for next‐generation energy storage that is safe and has high energy density. Here, nanometer‐resolution ionic and electronic transport imaging of Li3PS4 (LPS), a solid‐state electrolyte (SSE), is reported. This nm resolution is achieved by using a logarithm‐scale current amplifier that enhances the current sensitivity to the fA range. Large fluctuations of ion current—one to two orders of magnitude on the LPS and on the LPS region of a polymer/LPS bulk hybrid SSE—that must be mitigated to eliminate Li dendrite formation and growth, are found. This ion current fluctuation is understood in terms of highly anisotropic transport kinetic barriers along the different crystalline axes due to different grain orientations in the polycrystalline and glass ceramic materials. The results on the bulk hybrid SSE show a sharp transition of ionic and electronic transport at the LPS/polymer boundary and decreases in average ionic current with decreasing polyimine particle size and with extensive cycling. The results elucidate the mechanism of polyimine extension into interparticles to prevent Li dendrite growth. This work opens up novel characterization of charge transport, which relates to Li plating and stripping for solid‐state‐batteries.

Three variations on a theme by Fibonacci

Several variants of the classic Fibonacci inflation tiling are considered in an illustrative fashion, in one and in two dimensions, with an eye on changes or robustness of diffraction and dynamical spectra. In one dimension, we consider extension mechanisms of deterministic and of stochastic nature, while we look at direct product variations in a planar extension. For the pure point part, we systematically employ a cocycle approach that is based on the underlying renormalization structure. It allows explicit calculations, particularly in cases where one meets regular model sets with Rauzy fractals as windows.

Mechanism of action of policy networks on the performance of university-based agricultural extensions

ABSTRACT Purpose: As a new channel for agricultural extension, university-based agricultural extension is changing the traditional pattern of agricultural extension in China. This study reveals the mechanism through which policy affects the performance of university-based agricultural extension. Design/methodology/approach: Based on Rhodes’ policy network analysis, this study analyses the interactive relationships between the stakeholders in university-based agricultural extension. Taking 12 institutes of new rural development at agricultural universities in China as its sample, the study uses grounded theory to model the mechanism by which policies and policy changes influence the performance of university-based agricultural extension with a view to providing a new theoretical perspective and paradigm for research on university-based agricultural extension policies. Findings: The study reveals a self-reinforcement mechanism in the changes in university-based agricultural extension policies, and shows that path dependence has a normative effect on policy changes. Practical implications: University-based agricultural extension is of great significance to promoting reform and innovation in China’s agricultural extension system, which features ‘one core with multiple supplements’. Theoretical implications: The study reveals the influence of a more complex policy network composed of three levels of policy – state, provincial, local – on university-based agricultural extension, and expands the application of the policy network theory. Originality/value: The findings will guide the Chinese government in achieving its vision of creating the perfect mechanism for university-based agricultural extension.

License Plate Recognition

Automatic recognition of license plate has turned very important in our day by day life as a result of the significant rise in the traffic and vehicles on road and the extensive transportation mechanism makes it impossible to be totally noticeable and monitor-able by humans. Examples are such a significant number of like traffic checking, following stolen automobiles, overseeing stopping toll, red-light infringement authorization, outskirt and tradition checkpoints. However, it's an exceptional testing issue, because of the decent variety of license plate groups, various scales, turns and nonuniform brightening conditions during picture procurement. This paper essentially presents an Automatically Recognizing License Plates (ANPR) which having a trained system for detecting a number plate if any, and then optically recognize the text, that is number written on the plate after pre-processing the image with certain thresholding techniques.

Origin of enhanced piezoelectric properties revealed through electric field driven studies in 0.94(Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3)−0.06(Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3) ceramics

A single phase 0.94(Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3)–0.06(Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3) solid solution (i.e., BCZT-0.06) is prepared using a conventional solid-state sintering route with enhanced piezo and ferroelectric properties as compared to Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT). In the context of understanding the origin of enhanced piezoelectric properties in a BCZT-0.06 specimen, electric field driven studies on different length scales, viz., global, local, and electronic structure, are carried out using x-ray/neutron diffraction, Raman scattering, and UV–Vis spectroscopic techniques. An analysis on different length scales of the electric field-driven BCZT-0.06 specimen displays minimum rhombohedral lattice distortion (δr), reduced homogeneous lattice strain (δ), octahedral strain (ζ), and pronounced Ti-cation displacement along the polar [111] direction as compared to parent NBT. The enhanced ferro and piezoelectric responses observed in the BCZT-0.06 specimen have been attributed to the ease of non-180° domain re-orientation, domain switching, and domain wall motion due to reduced strain coupled with a polarization extension mechanism.

Regular Immunological Evaluations for Progression of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy

The methods for detection of post-transplant rejection, especially antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) have been developed for the past three decades and contributed the elucidation of the cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) progression from AMR. However, variation in individual cases is found and it is important to a prediction of the clinical CAV extension to know how various technique is involved on a true clinic. The contribution of alloimmune factors has been increasingly recognized, and thus it is useful to evaluate antibody patterns to prevent CAV. Subjects consisted of 43 patients (10 women; average age at heart transplantation (HTX), 26.1±17.5 years; observation period, 12.1±7.9 years after HTX) who underwent HTX at least 2 years earlier, as well as regular immunological testing, such as panel reactive antibody testing. Clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. (1) Twelve patients showed significant progression of CAV (more than ISHLT CAV2) during follow-up after transplantation, and eight patients demonstrated positive for HLA Class 1 or Class 2 antibodies. Five of these eight patients showed positive donor-specific antibodies and negative for Class 1 C1q antibodies, but four of these five showed positive for Class 2 C1q antibodies. These four patients demonstrated rapid progression of CAV. (2) Four of the 43 patients had a history of C4d-positive antibody-related rejection (AMR), and two of these four patients showed persistent positive Class 2 C1q antibodies. (3) Nine of 12 patients who showed significant progression of CAV demonstrated positive for Class 1 or Class 2 antibodies, or positive for Class 2 C1q antibodies, or had a history of AMR. Alloimmune response is greatly involved in CAV progression, but a difference is found in the extension mechanism in individual cases. Regular immunological evaluations for not only HLA IgG antibodies but also C1q antibodies are useful to better characterize CAV progression.

Rules and mechanism for the oxidation of lignin-based aromatic aldehyde under alkaline wet oxygen

To explore the extensive oxidative mechanism of syringaldehyde, vanillin, and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde during the alkaline wet oxidation process (AWOP), the yield of these aromatic aldehydes from AWOP at various temperatures and reaction times was studied. The results showed that the aromatic aldehydes could not be converted into the corresponding aromatic acids during the AWOP, and that the aromatic aldehyde was stable when subjected to the oxygen-free AWOP. However, as the reaction temperature increased or the number of methoxyl groups on the aromatic ring increased, the yield of aromatic aldehyde sharply decreased during the AWOP. The reason for the decreased yield was that the aromatic aldehyde underwent ring-opening reactions. The possible mechanism of the degradation indicated that the number of methoxyl groups on the phenolic ring determined the stability of the key intermediate of this reaction. The conversion of isoeugenol to vanillin during the AWOP at 60 ºC was > 99%, and the vanillin yield and selectivity were both 69.8%, indicating that the decrease in yield of the product from this degradation of lignin substrate and the product can be reduced or avoided in the AWOP at suitable temperature.

Characterization of the impact of GMP/GDP synthesis inhibition on replicative lifespan extension in yeast.

Slowing down aging-associated accumulation of molecular damage or its prevention represents a promising therapeutic paradigm to combat aging-related disease and death. While several chemical compounds extend lifespan in model organisms, their mechanism of action is often unknown, reducing their therapeutic potential. Using a systematic approach, here we characterize the impact of the GMP pathway on yeast lifespan and elucidate GMP synthesis inhibition as a lifespan extension mechanism. We further discover that proteasome activation extends lifespan in part through the GMP pathway. GMP synthesis inhibition exerts its lifespan extension effect independently of the canonical nutrient-sensing pathway regulating lifespan. Exposing longitudinally aging yeast cells to GMP pathway inhibition in an age-dependent manner, we demonstrate that the lifespan extension is facilitated by slowing, rather than reversing, the aging process in cells. Using a GUK1 mutant with lower GMP-to-GDP conversion activity, we observe lifespan extension, suggesting that reduced GDP level by itself can also extend yeast lifespan. These findings elucidate the involvement of nucleotide metabolism in the aging process. The existence of clinically-approved GMP pathway inhibitors elicits the potential of a new class of therapeutics for aging-related disorders.

Telomere length heterogeneity in ALT cells is maintained by PML-dependent localization of the BTR complex to telomeres.

Telomeres consist of TTAGGG repeats bound by protein complexes that serve to protect the natural end of linear chromosomes. Most cells maintain telomere repeat lengths by using the enzyme telomerase, although there are some cancer cells that use a telomerase-independent mechanism of telomere extension, termed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Cells that use ALT are characterized, in part, by the presence of specialized PML nuclear bodies called ALT-associated PML bodies (APBs). APBs localize to and cluster telomeric ends together with telomeric and DNA damage factors, which led to the proposal that these bodies act as a platform on which ALT can occur. However, the necessity of APBs and their function in the ALT pathway has remained unclear. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to delete PML and APB components from ALT-positive cells to cleanly define the function of APBs in ALT. We found that PML is required for the ALT mechanism, and that this necessity stems from APBs' role in localizing the BLM-TOP3A-RMI (BTR) complex to ALT telomere ends. Strikingly, recruitment of the BTR complex to telomeres in a PML-independent manner bypasses the need for PML in the ALT pathway, suggesting that BTR localization to telomeres is sufficient to sustain ALT activity.

Privacy Preserving Sensitive Data Publishing using (k,n,m) Anonymity Approach

Open Science movement has enabled extensive knowledge sharing by making research publications, software, data and samples available to the society and researchers. The demand for data sharing is increasing day by day due to the tremendous knowledge hidden in the digital data that is generated by humans and machines. However, data cannot be published as such due to the information leaks that can occur by linking the published data with other publically available datasets or with the help of some background knowledge. Various anonymization techniques have been proposed by researchers for privacy preserving sensitive data publishing. This paper proposes a (k,n,m) anonymity approach for sensitive data publishing by making use of the traditional k-anonymity technique. The selection of quasi identifiers is automated in this approach using graph theoretic algorithms and is further enhanced by choosing similar quasi identifiers based on the derived and composite attributes. The usual method of choosing a single value of ‘k’ is modified in this technique by selecting different values of ‘k’ for the same dataset based on the risk of exposure and sensitivity rank of the sensitive attributes. The proposed anonymity approach can be used for sensitive big data publishing after applying few extension mechanisms. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is practical and can be implemented efficiently on a plethora of datasets.

Geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic constraints on the origin and petrogenesis of Paleozoic lamproites in the southern Yangtze Block, South China

Lamproites and kimberlites are natural probes of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle providing insights into the Earth’s continental lithosphere. Whole-rock major-, trace-element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of the Paleozoic (~ 253 Ma) lamproite dikes from the Baifen zone of the Zhenyuan area in southeastern Guizhou Province (in the southern Yangtze Block, South China) are presented. The Baifen lamproites are characterized by high MgO (7.84–14.1 wt%), K2O (3.94–5.07 wt%) and TiO2 (2.69–3.23 wt%) contents, low SiO2 (41.3–45.7 wt%), Na2O (0.21–0.28 wt%) and Al2O3 (6.10–7.20 wt%) contents. All lamproites have elevated Cr (452–599 ppm) and Ni (485–549 ppm) abundances, as well as high Ba (1884–3589 ppm), La (160–186 ppm), Sr (898–1152 ppm) and Zr (532–632 ppm) concentrations. They show uniform REE distribution patterns that are strongly enriched in light REEs relative to heavy REEs [(La/Yb)N = 71.1–87.6], and exhibit OIB-like geochemical features with obvious enrichment of both LILEs and HFSEs in the primitive mantle-normalized multi-element distribution diagram. Moderately radiogenic Sr (87Sr/86Sri = 0.706336–0.707439), unradiogenic Nd (143Nd/144Ndi = 0.511687–0.511704 and eNd(t) = − 12.2 to − 11.9), and low initial Pb (206Pb/204Pbi = 16.80–16.90, 207Pb/204Pbi = 15.34–15.35 and 208Pb/204Pbi = 37.43–37.70) isotopic compositions are obtained from the rocks. They yield old model ages of TDM(Nd) = 1.48–1.54 Ga. These signatures suggest that the Baifen lamproite magmas are alkaline, ultrapotassic and ultramafic in character and mainly represent mantle-derived primary melts, which have undergone insignificant crustal contamination and negligible fractional crystallization. The Baifen lamproites originated from a veined metasomatized lithospheric mantle source. We envisage that they were derived by partial melting of old, mineralogically complex metasomatic vein assemblages in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the southern Yangtze Block. The source region experienced ancient mantle metasomatism with complex modification by enriched fluids and melts. The metasomatic agents are most likely to originate from pre-existing slab subduction beneath the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block. Tectonically, the Baifen lamproites were emplaced at the southern margin of the Yangtze Block, and they formed in an intraplate extensional setting, showing an anorogenic affinity. In terms of time and space, the genesis of Baifen lamproites is presumably related to the Emeishan large igneous province. The Emeishan mantle plume is suggested as an effective mechanism for rapid extension and thinning of the lithosphere, followed by decompression melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Combined with the thermal perturbation from asthenospheric upwelling induced by the Emeishan mantle plume, the lamproite magmas, representing small volume and limited partial melts of ancient enriched mantle lithosphere, arose. We propose that the generation of the Baifen lamproite dikes probably was a consequence of the far-field effects of the Emeishan mantle plume.

Advances in Research on Anticancer Properties of Salidroside.

Salidroside is a phenolic secondary metabolite present in plants of the genus Rhodiola, and studies investigating its extensive pharmacological activities and mechanisms have recently attracted increasing attention. This review summarizes the progress of recent research on the antiproliferative activities of salidroside and its effects on breast, ovarian, cervical, colorectal, lung, liver, gastric, bladder, renal, and skin cancer as well as gliomas and fibrosarcomas. Thus, it provides a reference for the further development and utilization of salidroside.

Distributed Multiagent Coordinated Learning for Autonomous Driving in Highways Based on Dynamic Coordination Graphs

Autonomous driving is one of the most important AI applications and has attracted extensive interest in recent years. A large number of studies have successfully applied reinforcement learning techniques in various aspects of autonomous driving, ranging from low-level control of driving maneuvers to higher level of strategic decision-making. However, comparatively less progress has been made in investigating how co-existing autonomous vehicles would interact with each other in a common environment and how reinforcement learning can be helpful in such situations by applying multiagent reinforcement learning techniques in the high-level strategic decision-making of the following or overtaking for a group of autonomous vehicles in highway scenarios. Learning to achieve coordination among vehicles in such situations is challenging due to the unique feature of vehicular mobility, which renders it infeasible to directly apply the existing coordinated learning approaches. To solve this problem, we propose using dynamic coordination graph to model the continuously changing topology during vehicles’ interactions and come up with two basic learning approaches to coordinate the driving maneuvers for a group of vehicles. Several extension mechanisms are then presented to make these approaches workable in a more complex and realistic setting with any number of vehicles. The experimental evaluation has verified the benefits of the proposed coordinated learning approaches, compared with other approaches that learn without coordination or rely on some traditional mobility models based on some expert driving rules.

Unmet needs and behaviour during the Ebola response in Sierra Leone: a retrospective, mixed-methods analysis of community feedback from the Social Mobilization Action Consortium

SummaryBackgroundThe west African Ebola epidemic (2014–15) necessitated behaviour change in settings with prevalent and pre-existing unmet needs as well as extensive mechanisms for local community action. We aimed to assess spatial and temporal trends in community-reported needs and associations with behaviour change, community engagement, and the overall outbreak situation in Sierra Leone.MethodsWe did a retrospective, mixed-methods study. Post-hoc analyses of data from 12 096 mobiliser visits as part of the Social Mobilization Action Consortium were used to describe the evolution of satisfied and unsatisfied needs (basic, security, autonomy, respect, and social support) between Nov 12, 2014, and Dec 18, 2015, and across 14 districts. Via Bayesian hierarchical regression modelling, we investigated associations between needs categories and behaviours (numbers of individuals referred to treatment within 24 h of symptom onset or deaths responded to with safe and dignified burials) and the role of community engagement programme status (initial vs follow-up visit) in the association between satisfied versus unsatisfied needs and behaviours.FindingsIn general, significant associations were observed between unsatisfied needs categories and both prompt referrals to treatment and safe burials. Most notably, communities expressing unsatisfied capacity needs reported fewer safe burials (relative risk [RR] 0·86, 95% credible interval [CrI] 0·82–0·91) and fewer prompt referrals to treatment (RR 0·76, 0·70–0·83) than did those without unsatisfied capacity needs. The exception was expression of unsatisfied basic needs, which was associated with significantly fewer prompt referrals only (RR 0·86, 95% CrI 0·79–0·93). Compared with triggering visits by community mobilisers, follow-up visits were associated with higher numbers of prompt referrals (RR 1·40, 95% CrI 1·30–1·50) and safe burials (RR 1·08, 1·02–1·14).InterpretationCommunity-based development of locally feasible, locally owned action plans, with the support of community mobilisers, has potential to address unmet needs for more sustained behaviour change in outbreak settings.FundingBill & Melinda Gates, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and National Institutes of Health.

Extending the IFLA Library Reference Model for a Brazilian popular music digital library

Brazil is recognized as a musical country, with a diverse collection of musical resources served by many digital repositories and music libraries. Historically, those systems are supported by cataloging schemes that are insufficient because they follow standards more focused on the catalog record than on the structure of cataloged works. On the other hand, it is perceived the popularization of multi-entity bibliographic conceptual models, such as IFLA LRM, which seem to be an interesting solution because they (i) have a better capacity to represent the internal architecture of musical objects; (ii) support the creation of cataloging codes and international standards that enable interoperability between collections; and (iii) can be adapted through extension mechanisms. The purpose of this paper is to present an experiment of extending the IFLA LRM in the context of a Brazilian popular music digital library application in order to identify its power of expressivity for attending this specific domain. Instead of making direct use of the entities, attributes and relationships of IFLA LRM, the adopted method was to map concepts of a specific conceptual model (adherent to the digital library in question) that represents aspects of Brazilian popular music on IFLA LRM elements. The resulting extended model demonstrated to be aligned with users’ information needs and proved the efficiency of IFLA LRM to adapt to specific domains. In addition, the strategy of extending IFLA LRM from a specific model seemed appropriate for dealing with its level of generality.