Extension Contact Research Articles

Adoption of Improved Sugarcane Cultivation Practices by the Farmers in Karnal District of Haryana, India

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is an important commercial crop of India. Sugarcane and sugar beet are used for large scale production of sugar in the world. The present study was conducted in purposively selected Karnal district of Haryana state. There are 8 blocks in Karnal district of Haryana, out of which Indri block were selected on the basis of maximum area under cultivation of sugarcane. From the list so prepared, 12 respondents were selected from 10 villages of the block which constitutes total number of 120 respondents. Majority of the respondents 55.83% fell in the medium adoption level group, whereas 25.00 per cent respondents were observed in the high adoption level group and remaining 19.17 per cent respondents formed low adoption level group. It is hereby concluded that majority of farmers were having medium level of adoption followed by high and low adoption level, respectively. Socio-economic characteristics like Annual income, Land holding, social participation and Extension contact were positively and significantly related with extent of adoption of farmers regarding recommended sugarcane cultivation practices. Whereas, positively and non-significant relationship between Age, Education, Family type and Family size and their level of adoption of recommended sugarcane cultivation practices.

A Study on Impact of Information and Communication Technology on Farmer's Knowledge and Adoption on Potato Production Technologies in Jaunpur District of Uttar Pradesh, India

The study was conducted in Jalalpur block of Jaunpur district (U.P.) selected purposively. A sample size of 120 farmers was selected through proportionate random sampling technique from five villages on the basis of land holding. The interview schedule was developed keeping in view the objective and variable sunder study and respondents were contacted personally for data collection. The mean, standard deviation, percentage, correlation were used for calculation and Drawing the inferences. The study depicted that a highest number of respondents (49.16%) was found middle age i.e. 40 to 60 year. The majority of the respondents (87.50%) were found as literate, (51.67%) of the respondents belonged to other backward class and dominance of family type was joint family system(67.50%), majority of the respondents had puccka houses (50.83%), (34.16%) of farmers were found having the size of land holding 2 to 4 ha. i.e. middle farmers. Most of the family (69.16%) reported agriculture (farming) as their main occupation and having annual income up to Rs. 2.0 lakh -3.0 lakh (40.00%). And social precipitation (45.83%) of the respondents had member of one organization. The extension contact was observed highest with Gram Pradhan under mass media information source, overall material possession of the respondents was found medium level material possession. Scientific orientation and economic motivation were found medium level with (42.50) and (48.33%) respectively. Most of the respondents had medium level of knowledge about ICTs tools (48.34%), adoption about potato production practices respondents had 40.0% fair knowledge Adoption extent of potato production practices in three categories viz .high ,medium and low. The variable like education and family annual income (lakh) were found positive and highly significant correlation with knowledge level of ICTs tools regarding potato production practices in agricultural development. The variables i.e. education and occupation were found positive and highly significant correlation with knowledge and utilization towards ICT stools. The major constraints faced by the farmers in getting knowledge about Information and Communication Technology were ‘Insufficient knowledge about ICT stools’ ‘Lack of commitment by officials for ICT stools’ ‘Lack of conviction’ ‘Perceived malpractices at different level ’and other constraints too.

Determinants of adaptation practices to climate change: insights from soybean growers in Central India

The study analyzed the determinants of adaptation practices of soybean growers toward climate change in Central India using primary data collected through household survey from 280 soybean growers. The influence ofa set of explanatory variables on each of the different adaptation strategies was simultaneously modeled using multivariate probit analysis. The most widely practiced adaptation measure was change in the variety (71%farmers) followed by the change in time of farm operations and crop change or crop diversification. To cope with the insect-pest and disease attack on the crops, farmers adopted resistant varieties to minimize the cost of chemicalspray. More than one-third of the sampled farmers practiced change in input application, while soil and water management practices were practiced by nearly 28% of the farmers. Analysis of results indicated that the changein varieties of crops is significantly more likely to be adopted by households with larger family size, higher involvement in extension activities, having a tractor, higher educated head of household. Households with higher family income, possessing mobile phones and other infrastructure are more likely to adopt the change in varieties, whereas farmers having highersocial participation, extension contact, larger land holding, and belonging to ethnicorigin other than scheduled caste or scheduled tribe do not necessarily do so. The government should frame out policiestowardsthe promotion oftechnological and institutional measuressuitable to various categories offarmers so that the adaptation strategies could be helpful in maintaining and/or increasing the sustainability of the production systems.

Relational Analysis between Profile of Farmers and Extent of Adoption of Cluster Frontline Demonstrations (CFLDS)

Krishi Vigyan Kendra's (KVKs) conducted Cluster Front Line Demonstrations (CFLDs) under the National Food Security Mission (NFSM) to showcase the productivity of newly released technologies on farmers' fields. These demonstrations aimed to disseminate various technologies and engage farmers and extension workers in farming and extension activities. The study focused on Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh. For CFLDs beneficiary farmers, the study found that variables such as education, training, mass media exposure, innovativeness, scientific orientation, management orientation, economic orientation, and risk orientation had a significant positive relationship with the extent of adoption. However, age and farming experience showed a significant negative relationship. Farm size, extension contact, social participation, and achievement motivation were not significantly related to changes in yield level.In the case of non-beneficiary farmers, education, social participation, scientific orientation, management orientation, economic orientation, and achievement motivation were negatively significant, while age, farm size, farming experience, training, extension contact, mass media exposure, and innovativeness were not significantly related to changes in yield level. When considering all 14 independent variables together, they explained approximately 73.60% of the variation in yield level changes among beneficiary farmers and 55.20% among non-beneficiary farmers participating in CFLDs.

The social profile of farmers in the village of S.A.S. Nagar district of Punjab

Agriculture education is crucial in ensuring the growth of agricultural profitability, efficacy, ecological responsibility, technology for agriculture, and environmental and ecological stability. The current study examines the socioeconomic factors that contribute to the importance of the farming community in Punjab, especially in the villages of Shakrullapur, Rora, Bibipur, Batta, and Fatehpur Theri all of which are located in the Kharar tehsil and SAS Nagar Mohali district. For this study, a questionnaire-based methodology was used. There are recordings of the 120 farmer interviews. The research aims to determine the living and working situations of the populace. A complete understanding of the socioeconomic condition was the aim of this investigation. While many people have improved their quality of life, some are still in the same predicament. Therefore, these locations Socioeconomic status must be investigated, particularly about the community as a whole, occupational framework, academic achievement, labour force income, residential characteristics, and government programs. Variables like Age, education, land holding, family composition, source of information, and extension contact were selected to assess the socio-profile of the farmers. The study showed that the average age of the respondents was 66%, 84% of respondents had access to mobile phones. The majority of the respondents were small farmers which is about 57% also, it is observed that about 34% of farmers have completed their middle school. And most of them i.e., about 86% get their source of information from input dealers (Private agencies), 59% of respondents have extension contact with cooperative societies.

The Determinants of Socio Economic Status of Farmers – A Systematic Literature Review

Socio-economic status (SES) is conceptualized as the social and economic standing or class of an individual or family. Socio-economic status of farmers is an important variable in agricultural social sciences studies. While it is often estimated with various indicators, however, these indicators are inconsistent and irrelevant. An attempt was made to extract the various variables used to measure the socio-economic construct and redefined it into a precise concept. A systematic review of the studies reporting the socio-economic conditions of farmers was performed by adopting the The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) best practices method and identified 235 studies. Vote counting was used to generate the determinants of SES in the selected studies. It was observed that the precise concept of SES in agricultural studies was not found. Literature Review identified 39 variables in measuring the socio-economic conditions of farmers. These variables were observed, redefined, and relevant indicators were classified into two groups: social and economic status. These include their education, occupation, income per capita, expenditure, savings, land ownership, livestock status, indebtedness, area under crops and material possession in house and farm, housing conditions, social participation, family size, caste, marital status, dependency ratio, extension contact, and mass media participation. The above-mentioned variables under the social and economic standing of farmers could be adopted by the researchers, and policymakers based on the areas of interest in studying the SES of farmers.

Determinants of arable crop farmers’ decisions to adapt to climate change risks in Nigeria

This study ascertained the influence of farmers’ perceptions of climate change effects and their household characteristics on the choice of adaptation technologies they adopt. The survey relied mainly on institutional and primary data for its analysis. Primary data was obtained from arable crop farmers using a set of structured questionnaires administered in a multi-stage, stratified random sampling manner. Sixty (60) farmers were selected from randomly selected states for the five agroclimatic zones in Nigeria, giving a total sample size of 300 farmers. The collected data was analysed using Heckman’s probit selectivity model. It was found that extension contact, gender of the head of household, temperature and rainfall levels determined the decision to adapt to climate change. The respective Z estimates of these aspects were 5.75 (p < 0.01), 5.30 (p < 0.01), 2.32 (p < 0.01) and -9.50 (p < 0.01). However, the farmers’ perceptions of climate change effects were determined by education and agricultural extension access. The Z values for these were 5.42 (p < 0.01) and 2.86 (p < 0.01) respectively. The researcher recommends urgent measures to help farmers adapt to climate change, such as the establishment of weather stations and building the capacities of farmers, especially women.

To Estimate the Resource of Productivity and Efficiency of Cotton in Mancherial Districts of Telangana, India

A present study entitled “A Study on Production of Cotton Cultivation in Mancherial District, of Telangana”. Was carried during the session 2021-2023.One hundred and twenty farmers were selected by using pre tested schedule and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. It was found that majority of respondents were having medium level of socio economic profile. Analyzing the production level highest level of respondents i.e.52.50 percent were having medium level of production fallowed by 25.50 percent, and low level fallowed by 22.50 percent. On analyzing the marketing strategy level, highest level of respondents 31.67 percent, were medium level allowed marketing strategies were fallowed by 50.00 percent, 18.33 having low level. Independent variables namely age, education, family type, caste, house type, occupation, landholding, mass media exposure, extension contact source of information, economic motivation. had positive and significant relationship with production and marketing respectively. The major constraints were faced by high cost of fertilizers, lack of knowledge about disease and pest, high cost of seeds, lack of transportation facilities, lack of knowledge about market, lack of storage facilities respectively.

Credit access and intensity of borrowing by irrigated rice farmers in Ghana: the role of extension services

PurposeCredit is essential in the farm business because it facilitates the adoption of productive technologies such as irrigation. However, access to credit remains a significant hurdle for sub-Saharan Africa, including Ghanaian farmers. Therefore, the authors assessed credit utilization and the intensity of borrowing by irrigated rice farmers in the Upper East region. In addition, how extension moderates the amount borrowed was analysed.Design/methodology/approachThe multistage sampling approach was used in the study. The Tono and Vea irrigation schemes were purposively selected. Proportionally, 318 rice farmers were sampled from the Tono irrigation scheme and 159 from the Vea irrigation scheme. Cragg's double hurdle and moderation analysis were used.FindingsIt was uncovered that gender, age, years of farming, total farm size, rice farm size, contract farming and off-farm employment explain farmers' decision to borrow. On the other hand, the intensity of borrowing was influenced by gender, age, years of farming, rice farm size, contract farming and the number of extension contact. The moderation analysis revealed that extension contact improves the amount borrowed by farmers.Research limitations/implicationsWhile there are irrigated rice farmers in other regions of Ghana, this study was limited to rice farmers under the Tono and Vea Irrigation schemes in the Upper East region.Originality/valueThis study investigated the moderating role of extension contact on amount borrowed in Ghana. This makes a modest addition to the limited literature on the moderating role of extension and credit access.

CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF TRIBAL FARMERS WITH KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF IMPROVED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF AJWAIN

The present study was conducted in Pratapgarh district of Rajasthan with the objective of correlational analysis of socio-demographic profile of tribal farmers with knowledge and adoption of improved production technology of Ajwain. 5 villages from Choti sadari tehsil of Pratapgarh were selected randomly. From each of these selected villages 13 tribal farmers were selected randomly and a sample total of 65 Tribal farmers were selected. The data from these tribal farmers was collected using a well-structured and pre tested interview schedule during the year 2022. The ex-post facto research design of social science was used for the present investigation. On correlation analysis of socio-demographic profile of tribal farmers with knowledge level, it was found that age, education, size of land holding, family type, annual income and social participation were found to be positive and highly significant relationship (p<0.01) and extension contacts was found positive significant (p<0.05) with knowledge. Findings regarding relationship between adoption of improved production technology of Ajwain shown that, education, family type, annual income and social participation positive and significant correlation coefficient (p<0.01) and age, size of land holding and extension contacts was found positive significant (p<0.05) with extent of adoption of improved production technology of Ajwain.

ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED GUAVA PRODUCTION PRACTICES

Present research was conducted in Kaurihar block of Prayagraj district of U.P. The purpose of the study was to assist the socio-economic profile of the guava growers and the adoption regarding the recommended guava production practices. Kaurihar block was purposely selected because of the maximum production. From the block total 20 villages were randomly selected for the study, 6 respondents were selected from each village thus the total respondents 120. The results show that majority 61.67 per cent of the respondents belongs to medium level of progressiveness, 66.67 percent belongs to medium level of risk bearing capacity and 49.17 per cent of the respondent belongs to medium level of socio-economic status. The respondents were having medium level of adoption in improved varieties, propagation methods, row-row and plant-plant distance, NPK ration, irrigation, pruning of plant and packaging. And low level of adoption in bahar treatment, intercropping, high density planting, control measures of diseases, insecticides application, mulching, training of plant and post-harvest. Majority 56.67 per cent of the respondent has medium level of adoption. Association between socio-economic profile and adoption of guava cultivation source of information 0.95, annual income 0.87, social participation 0.86 and extension contact 0.81 shows strong and positive correlation.

SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN THROUGH SELF HELP GROUPS

The relationship between women’s empowerment and social development has been a major theme in studies of any nation’s overall development. The United Nation (UN) claims that improving women’s status is not only beneficial to themselves but also for overall social and economic development of the nation. The present study was carried out in Amreli district of Gujarat state. Three talukas were purposively selected where SHGs formed under Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP). Two villages were selected purposively where SHGs are working from last three years. Nine SHG members were selected randomly in each of SHG and nine non SHG members were selected in same villages for comparative study. A total of 180 respondents were selected for the study. The Ex-post facto research design was adopted. Data were collected through personal interviews using the pre-tested structured interview schedule. The result revealed that the independent sample ‘Z’ test showed that there was highly significant difference in the mean values of SHG members and Non-SHG members in case of communication ability, mass media exposure, extension contact and social status.

KNOWLEDGE OF FARMER FIRST PROGRAMME BENEFICIARIES ABOUT DEMONSTRATED TECHNOLOGIES

The Farmer FIRST (Farm, Innovations, Resources, Science and Technology) Programme was initiated by ICAR in October 2016. The investigation tried to explore the knowledge level of beneficiaries about the demonstrated technologies under various modules of FFP and its association with a personal profile. The study was conducted in 2021 in the Jalalpore and Gandevi talukas of the Navsari District of South Gujarat as the project was implemented in this area only. The beneficiaries selected by random proportionate method from Crop, Horticulture, IFS, NRM, Livestock and Entrepreneurship, modules were 26, 34, 10, 25, 19 and 6, respectively. The study was confined to 120 small and marginal farmers. An ex-post facto research design was used. Twelve independent and one dependent variable were chosen. Results of the investigation showed that most of the beneficiaries had a medium level of knowledge regarding the livestock-based module (68.42%), IFS-based module (60.00%), crop-based module (57.69 %), and NRM-based module (56.00%). Half (50.00%) and less than half (47.06%) of the beneficiaries had a medium level of knowledge about the entrepreneurship-based module and horticulture-based module, respectively. The majority (62.50%) of the beneficiaries had a medium level of overall knowledge regarding demonstrated technologies under various modules of FFP. It was found that education, social participation, extension contact, innovativeness, economic motivation, and scientific orientation were found positive and highly significant. Whereas, occupation, annual income, and risk orientation were found to be positive and significant.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF JUTE HYV AND SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FARMERS

The Assam Agricultural University, in collaboration with RARS, Shillongani, has introduced high yielding varieties (HYV) of jute to farmers to double their incomes. So, this study was carried out to ascertain the relationship between extent of adoption of High Yielding Jute Verities and their associated practices with Social Economic and Psychological characteristics of the farmers of Nagaon District. Thus, Nagaon sub-division was purposively selected for the study with a dependent variable ‘Extent of Adoption’ and 16 independent variables categorized in different factors viz. socio-economic, personal, communication, and socio-psychological etc. 120 farmers were selected for the study. Interviews were conducted using a pretested schedule, and data was analysed by Chi-Square test, Karl Pearson’ Co-efficient of Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis. The study revealed that operational land holding, area under jute crop, annual income, extension contact, economic motivation and knowledge level on HYV jute cultivation were found positive and significant relationship with the extent of adoption and accordingly educational level, family type, farming experience, farm machinery and equipment’s, training exposure of the farmers had significant association with extent of adoption of HYV jute varieties. Together, the 16 variables contributed 54.20 % to variation in extent of adoption of high yielding jute varieties.

ADOPTION OF FARMER FIRST PROGRAMME BENEFICIARIES ABOUT DEMONSTRATED TECHNOLOGIES

Directorate of Extension Education has implemented Farmer FIRST Programme in the year 2017. The research was carried out to reveal the extent of adoption about the demonstrated technologies of various modules by FFP beneficiaries and its association with their profile. The research was carried out in 2021. Two talukas, namely Jalalpore and Gandevi of Navsari district was purposively selected as the project was implemented in these two talukas only. The sample size consisted of 120 small and marginal beneficiary farmers. The beneficiaries selected by random proportionate method from Crop, Horticulture, IFS, NRM, Livestock and Entrepreneurship, modules were 26, 34, 10, 25, 19 and 6, respectively. Ex-post facto research design was used. Twelve independent and one dependent variable was chosen for the research. Research results shown that majority (68.00 %) of the beneficiary farmers had medium level of adoption regarding NRM based module, followed by crop based module (61.54 %), horticulture based module (58.82 %) and livestock based module (52.63 %). Half (50.00 %) of the beneficiary farmers had medium level of adoption regarding entrepreneurship based module and IFS based module (50.00 %). Majority (63.33 %) of the beneficiary farmers had medium level of overall adoption regarding the demonstrated technologies. It was found that social participation, innovativeness, scientific orientation and risk orientation were found positive and highly significant. Whereas, education, occupation, land holding, annual income, extension contact and economic motivation were found positive and significant.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROFILE OF THE HORSE OWNERS AND THEIR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SCIENTIFIC HORSE REARING PRACTICES

The investigation has been carried out in all district of middle Gujarat which falls under jurisdiction of Anand Agricultural University. The study is focus on the socio-economic characters of the horse owners. Number of samples from each district was selected to the proportion to population of horse from each district. Horse owners were randomly selected from each district. Total respondent size was one hundred fifty (150). The “Ex-post Facto” research design was applied for this study. The variables under study were selected on the basis of extensive review of literature on the subject in consultation with experts. The variables are included are age, education, experience of horse rearing, family size, social participation in horse related organization, size of land holding, annual income, occupation, pack size, purpose of horse rearing, extension contact, source of information. From the it was concluded that age and education of the horse owners had positive and non-significant correlation with their knowledge level of scientific horse rearing practices. Size of family, occupation, pack size, purpose of horse rearing and extension contact of the horse owners had negative and non-significant correlation. The findings of the study will be very useful to horse owners who wish to follow scientific horse rearing practices for better economic returns.

AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MANGO GROWERS

Socio-personal characteristics of the respondents viz- age, education, farm experience, social participation, land holding, annual income, yield index, extension contact, mass media exposure, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk orientation, achievement motivation, economic motivation was studied. A multistage, purposive and random sampling technique was selected for the study. To study the profile of mango growers about rejuvenation technology of Gir Somnath district of Gujarat, a study with ex post facto research design was conducted in four talukas named Talala, Kodinar, Una and Sutrapada of Gir Somnath district. The interview schedule was prepared and pre-tested to collect the data. Total 120 respondents were surveyed through personal interview technique. It was revealed that 51.67 per cent of respondents belonged to middle age group, about 41.67 per cent of respondents belonged to middle or secondary school level of education and 60.00 per cent had medium farm experience. Majority (70.83 per cent) of the respondents were under the category of medium social participation, 40.84 per cent had found with medium size of landholding and about 37.50 per cent had medium level of annual income and 57.50 per cent had medium level of yield index. 54.17 per cent belonged to medium extension contact, 60.83 per cent had medium mass media exposure, 64.17 per cent had medium level of innovativeness, more than half (56.67 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of scientific orientation, further 58.33 per cent had medium level of risk orientation. Nearly half (49.17 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of achievement motivation, slightly more than half (52.50 per cent) had medium level of economic motivation.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FARMERS’ PROFILES WITH THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARDS USE OF KISAN CALL CENTRE

The challenges before Indian agriculture are immense. This sector needs to grow at a faster rate than in the past to allow foe higher per capita income and consumption. The limitation in Transfer of Technology(TOT) model continues to remain a challenge for the public and private extension systems. With the availability of telephone and internet, it is now possible to bridge this gap to quite a large extent by using an appropriate mix of technologies. The Department of Agriculture and Co-operation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India has launched KCC scheme on 21st January, 2004 with a view to leverage the extensive telecom infrastructure in the country to deliver extension services to the farming community. The purpose of these call centre is to respond to issues raised by the farmer, instantly in the local language. Ex –post – facto research design was used in this investigation. The study was conducted in Odisha. Odisha state was purposively selected and Odisha state is having 30 districts, the Cuttack district was selected purposively, out of 15 revenue blocks in Cuttack district, two blocks namely Salepur and Nischintakoili were selected purposively Selection of villages was made on the basis of number of farmers using the services of KCC regularly. 4 villages and 120 respondents were selected randomly. The study revealed that education, land holding, annual income, innovativeness, social participation, source of information, scientific orientation and risk orientation were highly influencing the attitude of respondents towards the use of Kisan Call Centre and extension contact influenced the attitude of respondents towards the use of Kisan Call Centre. It also revealed that more aged farmers developed negative attitude towards use of Kisan Call Centre and occupation and family size are not influencing the attitude of the respondents.

The Knowledge of Improved Onion Production Practices of Farmers in Gaya, District in Bihar

A study was conducted in Gaya District of Bihar during the 2022-23 period to assess the level of knowledge among farmers regarding improved onion production practices. The study selected a total of 120 respondents from five villages within the Bodhgaya block, based on the high concentration of onion growers in the district. The data was collected through personnel interviews using a pre-structured interview schedule and subsequently analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. The findings revealed that the majority of respondents (62.5%) belonged to the middle age range, and 43.33% of them had marginal land holdings. Most respondents had a moderate level of extension contact, scientific orientation, risk orientation, and economic motivation. Additionally, 64.17% of the respondents exhibited a medium level of knowledge regarding onion production practices. The respondents displayed a good understanding of topics such as soil types, ploughing, farmyard manure (FYM) application, onion varieties, seed treatment, sowing time, nursery transplanting, seed rate, weeding and hoeing, and the suitable season for growing and harvesting onions. However, they had relatively less knowledge about seed treatment and nursery transplanting. Furthermore, factors such as age, educational qualifications, family size, housing patterns, land holdings, annual income, extension contact, source of information, scientific orientation, economic motivation, and risk-bearing capacity showed positive and significant correlations with the knowledge levels of onion growers. In summary, the study demonstrated that farmers in the Gaya District of Bihar had varying levels of knowledge regarding improved onion production practices. While they possessed a good understanding of certain aspects, there were areas where their knowledge could be further enhanced.

Knowledge of the Respondents towards Paddy Production Technology in Mahabubnagar District of Telangana, India

The present study aims to highlights the Knowledge of respondents towards paddy production technology in Mahabubnagar district of Telangana, India. A structured interview was conducted among that 120 farmers were selected from 20 villages, with six respondents from each village. Data were collected by using the pre-tested schedule and analysed using appropriate statistical tools. It was found that most respondents were having a medium level of socio-economic profile. On analysing the knowledge level, the education level, the highest number of respondents i.e., 53.33 percent were having a medium level of knowledge followed by percent had high and 21.67 percent had low levels. On analysing the education level, the highest number of respondents i.e., 53.33 percent were having a medium level of education followed by 33.33 percent having high and 12.5 percent having low levels. Independent variables namely age education annual income land holding, mass media exposure extension contacts, and economic motivation had positive and significant relationships with adoption respectively. The major constraints faced were delay in doing due to monsoon prolong, complexity, lack of skill and knowledge, unavailability of laborers, and hang cost of input and storage facilities respectively.