Central Extension Research Articles

Peran Kelembagaan Pertanian dalam Pengembangan Usaha Tani Biofarmaka (Studi Kasus di Desa Trosono, Kecamatan Parang, Kabupaten Magetan)

<p><em>Biopharmaceuticals are a type of plant that can be used as medicine. Developing farming for a commodity requires the role of various parties, one of which is agricultural institutions. Agricultural institutions are an important element in agricultural modernization and supporting farming in Trosono Village, which is known as a producer of biopharmaceutical commodities, especially ginger and turmeric. This research aims to determine the system, the role of institutions, and the impact of institutional roles on agriculture in the development of biopharmaceutical farming in Trosono Village. The research used a qualitative descriptive method and the determination of informants was carried out purposively and snowballing with a total of 13 informants consisting of administrators of agribusiness microfinance institutions, farmer group administrators, extension workers, middlemen, farmers and village heads. Data analysis used Miles and Huberman’s interactive analysis, then data validity was carried out using source triangulation and method triangulation techniques. The results of the research show that Trosono Village has an institutional system for both agricultural input and output, namely the Agribusiness Microfinance Institution, the Association of Farmer Groups, the Agricultural Extension Center and middlemen who work with each other in relation to biopharmaceutical farming. Each institution has a role that is demonstrated in the activities of each institution. However, in terms of institutional conditions in Trosono Village, it is still not optimal in accordance with the existing ideal conditions. The role of institutional activities in developing farming has a social impact on farmers such as improving relations, harmony and economic impacts in the form of easy access to capital, subsidies and marketing, so there has been no improvement in economic conditions. Coordination and assistance between agricultural institutions for biopharmaceutical commodities is needed so that a synergy arises in the implementation of programs and activities in the context of increasing biopharmaceutical commodities.</em><strong></strong></p>

Efficacy, crop response, and economics of alternatives to glyphosate for pre‐plant weed control in small grains

AbstractThe value of glyphosate to growers practicing minimum or no‐till farming has been primarily a function of three factors: broad‐spectrum weed control, little to no carryover effect, and cost effectiveness. A 2‐year field study was conducted in 2021 and 2022 at the University of Idaho Research and Extension Centers at Kimberly and Aberdeen, ID, to evaluate the efficacy of alternative pre‐plant burndown herbicide treatments as compared to glyphosate treatment, the industry standard in small grain production systems. Herbicide cost comparison and crop injury observation were also conducted. Most herbicide treatments provided 90% control of the predominant weed species at 3 weeks after herbicide application. At least six different herbicide treatments had an equivalent cost to that of glyphosate at $26.50 ha−1. No observable damage from herbicide treatments was observed and crop yield was not affected by the treatments. These factors indicate that there are alternatives to pre‐plant burndown herbicides that are equally effective as glyphosate. With combinations of herbicides, each having a different site of action, weed control can be achieved while simultaneously reducing the risk of herbicide resistance.

Tolerance of Young Blackberries to a Selection of Preemergence Herbicides and Rates

Limited preemergence herbicides are registered for new blackberry (Rubus subgenus Rubus) plantings. This greenhouse experiment was designed to investigate the effects of a broad selection of preemergence herbicides at multiple rates on blackberry transplants. Screening was initiated Aug 2021 and repeated Mar 2022 in Fayetteville, AR, USA, in a greenhouse at the Milo J. Shult Agricultural Research and Extension Center. ‘Ouachita’ blackberry plugs were transplanted into utility pots that contained field soil and growth media treated with preemergence herbicides. After transplanting, plant height was measured from the substrate to the highest apical meristem of 25 representative plants. Initial blackberry plant heights were 13.5 and 9.2 cm in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Twenty-five treatments were evaluated, consisting of 12 preemergence herbicides at 1× and 2× field rates, and one untreated control. Herbicide treatments included diuron, flumioxazin, halosulfuron, indaziflam, mesotrione, napropamide, oryzalin, pendimethalin, rimsulfuron, S-metolachlor, simazine, and sulfentrazone applied to substrate in containers at their respective 1× or 2× field rates. Data were collected on plant height, blackberry injury ratings, internode length, leaf chlorophyll content, and destructive harvest, including leaf count, leaf dry biomass, and aboveground dry biomass. Specific leaf areas and leaf area-to-dry matter ratios were calculated. When observed, plant injury tended to increase from 7 days after treatment (DAT) until 42 DAT. Greater injury levels were observed in response to treatment with mesotrione at the 1× (78%) and 2× rates (90%), halosulfuron at the 1× rate (58%), halosulfuron at the 2× rate (68%), and diuron at the 2× rate (73%). Injury from diuron was rate dependent, with the 1× rate causing relatively low injury (19%). At both the 1× and 2× rates, flumioxazin, indaziflam, napropamide, S-metolachlor, and pendimethalin treatments exhibited similar responses to the untreated control.

An infinite–rank Lie algebra associated to SL(2,R) and SL(2,R)/U(1)

We construct a generalised notion of Kac-Moody algebras using smooth maps from the non-compact manifolds M= SL(2,R) and M= SL(2,R)/U(1) to a finite-dimensional simple Lie group G. This construction is achieved through two equivalent ways: by means of the Plancherel Theorem and by identifying a Hilbert basis within L2(M). We analyze the existence of central extensions and identify those in duality with Hermitean operators on M. By inspecting the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients of sl(2,R), we derive the Lie brackets characterising the corresponding generalised Kac-Moody algebras. The root structure of these algebras is identified, and it is shown that an infinite number of simultaneously commuting operators can be defined. Furthermore, we briefly touch upon applications of these algebras within the realm of supergravity, particularly in scenarios where the scalar fields coordinatize the non-compact manifold SL(2,R)/U(1).

MERANCANG JARING INSANG PERMUKAAN UNTUK MENANGKAP IKAN DI TELUK AMBON DALAM

The use of gill nets in fishing is a well-established practice among fishermen due to several factors including ease of material acquisition, simple operational techniques, relatively affordable costs, and high selectivity in catching fish of specific sizes. This study aims to describe the design of fishing gill nets in Inner Ambon Bay. The research was conducted at the Ambon Fisheries Training and Extension Center (BP) in April and May of 2024. The design and construction of surface gillnets for mackerel scad consist of mesh size (inches), fish body circumference, net length, hanging ratio, weights, and distance between floats and weights. The design of the surface gill net with a 2-inch mesh size and a 45% hanging ratio has proven to be effective in catching mackerel scad (Decapterus sp) ranging from 17 cm to 26 cm in length. The use of polyamide (PA) material for the net body provides the necessary strength and flexibility, while the float made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and lead weights ensures balanced distribution for optimal functioning in the water. A 45% hanging ratio provides an ideal balance between net length and fish trapping ability, avoiding nets that are too curved or stiff, which can reduce fishing effectiveness.

Enhancing Corn Yield and Soil Quality in Irrigated Semiarid Region with Coal Char and Biochar Amendments

Sustainable use of croplands is facing a challenge to maintain organic carbon (C) in soil. Pyrolyzed coal or coal char (CC) is a porous C material produced from the pyrolysis of coal containing high organic C, large surface area, and low bulk density like biochar (BC). This study evaluates corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield and selected soil properties in soil amended with CC and BC at two rates (22 and 44 Mg ha−1) with farmyard manure (FM) (66 Mg ha−1) and without FM addition. This field experiment was performed in sandy loam soil at the University of Wyoming’s Sustainable Agricultural Research and Extension Center (SAREC), Lingle, WY, USA. Two years of field study results indicated CC and BC applied at 22 Mg ha−1 with FM resulted in significantly greater average corn grain yields (13.04–13.57 Mg ha−1) compared to the no char’s treatment (11.42 Mg ha−1). Soil organic matter (SOM) content was significantly greater in the higher application rates of CC and BC than in treatments without chars. Overall, soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) were found significantly greater in CC and BC co-applied with FM treatments. Soil water-holding capacity (WHC) significantly improved in sandy loam soil (up to 27.6% more than the no-char treatment) at a greater concentration of char materials. This study suggests that char materials applied at a moderate rate (22 Mg ha−1) with FM can improve soil properties and crop yield.

The dressing field method for diffeomorphisms: a relational framework

The dressing field method (DFM) is a tool to reduce gauge symmetries. Here we extend it to cover the case of diffeomorphisms. The resulting framework is a systematic scheme to produce Diff(M) -invariant objects, which has a natural relational interpretation. Its precise formulation relies on a clear understanding of the bundle geometry of field space. By detailing it, among other things we stress the geometric nature of field-independent and field-dependent diffeomorphisms, and highlight that the heuristic ‘extended bracket’ for field-dependent vector fields often featuring in the covariant phase space literature can be understood as arising from the Frölicher-Nijenhuis bracket. Furthermore, by articulating this bundle geometry with the covariant phase space approach, we give a streamlined account of the elementary objects of the (pre)symplectic structure of a Diff(M) -theory: Noether charges and their bracket, as induced by the standard prescription for the presymplectic potential and 2-form. We give conceptually transparent expressions allowing to read the integrability conditions and the circumstances under which the bracket of charge is Lie, and the resulting Poisson algebras of charges are central extensions of the Lie algebras of field-independent ( diff(M) ) and field-dependent vector fields.We show that, applying the DFM, one obtains a Diff(M) -invariant and manifestly relational formulation of a general relativistic field theory. Relying on results just mentioned, we easily derive the ‘dressed’ (relational) presymplectic structure of the theory. This reproduces or extends results from the gravitational edge modes and gravitational dressings literature. In addition to simplified technical derivations, the conceptual clarity of the framework supplies several insights and allows us to dispel misconceptions.

On the cohomology of restricted Heisenberg Lie algebras

We show that the Heisenberg Lie algebras over a field F of characteristic p>0 admit a family of restricted Lie algebras, and we classify all such non-isomorphic restricted Lie algebra structures. We use the ordinary 1- and 2-cohomology spaces with trivial coefficients to compute the restricted 1- and 2-cohomology spaces of these restricted Heisenberg Lie algebras. We describe the restricted 1-dimensional central extensions, including explicit formulas for the Lie brackets and ⋅[p]-operators.

Keragaan Dan Daya Hasil Beberapa Varietas Jagung Lokal Pulau Kisar, Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya

This research aimed to determine the performance and yield of several local corn acccessions from Kisar Island, Maluku Barat Daya (MBD) or Southwestern Maluku Regency. This research was carried out on the field of the Kisar Island Agricultural Extension Center located in Lebelau Village, MBD Regency from November 2022 to February 2023. The research was carried out as an experiment designed as a single factor Randomized Block Design, with 4 replicates. The single factor was corn accession/variety consisting of four local corn accessions from Kisar Island and one superior variety of Sukmaraga as a comparison. The results of this study showed that local corn from Kisar Island in the form of the Merah Delima Kisar accession had the highest values for the variables of plant height, leaf number, and cob height when compared with the Putih Kisar accession, the Kuning Bunga Kisar accession and the Ungu Kisar accession. The Putih Kisar accession had high values for cob plus kernel weight with husks (145.40 g), cob plus kernel weight without husks (127.33 g), fruit diameter (4.08 cm), cob length (13.98 cm), number of kernels per plant (391.75), weight of 100 kernels (33.00 g) and kernel weight per plant (114.09 g), when compared with the Merah Delima Kisar, Kuning Bunga Kisar, and Ungu Kisar accessions. The Putih Kisar and Merah Delima Kisar accessions showed high yields. They were not significantly different from the Sukmaraga variety, which had the highest yields based on kernel weight per plant.

Simple 𝑝-adic Lie groups with abelian Lie algebras

Abstract For each prime 𝑝 and each positive integer 𝑑, we construct the first examples of second countable, topologically simple 𝑝-adic Lie groups of dimension 𝑑 whose Lie algebras are abelian. This answers several questions of Glöckner and Caprace–Monod. The proof relies on a generalization of small cancellation methods that applies to central extensions of acylindrically hyperbolic groups.

Identification of Potential Pests on Horticultural Plants at the Agricultural Extension Center, Ngingas Village, Krian District, Sidoarjo Regency.

Identification of Potential Pests on Horticultural Plants at the Agricultural Extension Center, Ngingas Village, Krian District, Sidoarjo Regency.

Schur multiplier and Schur covers of relative Rota–Baxter groups

Relative Rota–Baxter groups are generalizations of Rota–Baxter groups and share a close connection with skew left braces. These structures are well-known for offering bijective non-degenerate set-theoretical solutions to the Yang–Baxter equation. This paper builds upon the recently introduced extension theory and low-dimensional cohomology of relative Rota–Baxter groups. We prove an analogue of the Hochschild–Serre exact sequence for central extensions of relative Rota–Baxter groups. We introduce the Schur multiplier MRRB(A) of a relative Rota–Baxter group A=(A,B,β,T), and prove that the exponent of MRRB(A) divides |A||B| when both A and B are finite. We define weak isoclinism of relative Rota–Baxter groups, introduce their Schur covers, and prove that any two Schur covers of a finite bijective relative Rota–Baxter group are weakly isoclinic. The results align with recent results of Letourmy and Vendramin for skew left braces.

A new genus and species of nicoletiid silverfish (Insecta, Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae) from caves of northern Alabama, USA

A new genus and species of troglobiotic nicoletiid (Insecta, Zygentoma, Nicoletiidae) is described from northern Alabama, USA. The type species was collected from three caves in the Highland Rim section of the Interior Low Plateau physiographic province on the northern side of the Tennessee River Valley. Morphological and genetic analysis using the mitochondrial 16S rRNA locus show that Spinanycta alabamensissp. nov. is quite distinct from related nicoletiids in North America. The species differs from members of other genera by its urosternum I, which in males is modified with a central pointy extension. The new species significantly extends the distribution of cave-dwelling members of the family into the southeastern United States and suggests that additional nicoletiid diversity remains to be discovered from karst regions of the eastern United States.

Potassium and harvest time interaction effect on alfalfa production and profitability

AbstractResearchers have extensively studied and documented the effects of potassium (K) fertility on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Yet, additional research is needed to determine how interactions of K, cultivar, and harvest management influence the K needs of alfalfa. To explore these interactions, we conducted 5 years of field research at the University of Wyoming James C. Hageman Sustainable Agriculture Research and Extension Center in Lingle, WY. Treatments were (a) four K rates (0, 56, 112, and 168 kg K2O ha−1 year−1) applied before planting in the fall of 2016 and after the final harvest in the fall of 2017–2020, (b) two cultivars (Hi‐Gest 360 and AFX 457), and (c) two harvest times (early harvest, late bud to early [10%] bloom, and late harvest, 7 days after early harvest), arranged in a 4 × 2 × 2 factorial under random complete blocks with four replications. At 168 kg K2O ha−1 year−1 and early harvest, a consistently significant (p < 0.05) higher yield response was observed. The same response was seen at 112 kg K2O ha−1 year−1 and late harvest. This occurred at a site with moderate‐to‐high soil K levels throughout the study period. There was a linear (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.66) and quadratic (p = 0.006, R2 = 0.61) response of forage accumulation to K rate at early and late harvest, respectively. Similar trends were also seen for stem count, relative water content, root uptake of K, and tissue K. Time of harvest showed immense potential for optimizing K's effect for a consistent high‐yield response. However, fertilizing alfalfa with 112 kg K2O ha−1 year−1 gave the most profitable production under both harvest times. If K fertilizer prices drop over time, high profits could be attained with higher K fertilization rates. After 3 years of production, average forage accumulation increased under an early harvest system and decreased under a late harvest system. Growers in Wyoming and similar regions are encouraged to consider fertilizing alfalfa with moderate K rates (∼112 kg K2O ha−1 year−1) on soils testing moderate‐to‐high in soil test K, implement a late harvest system for the first 3 years after planting, and transition to an early harvest system after the initial 3 years to maximize alfalfa profits.

Universal central extensions of braided crossed modules of groups

In this paper, we give a canonical braiding on the universal central extension of a crossed module with a given braiding in the category of crossed modules. We also construct the universal central extension of a braided crossed module in the category of braided crossed modules, showing that when one of these constructions exists, both of them exist and coincide.

Assessment of Different Production Systems for Macro and Micronutrient Concentration in Selected kharif Crops in Low Hills of Himachal Pradesh

A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different crop production systems on major kharif crops at Choudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Dhualakuan (Himachal Pradesh) India. The experiment comprised of fifteen treatments involving three crop production systems (organic, natural and conventional) in subplot with five crops (maize, okra, sesame, black gram and rice) in the main plot replicated thrice in split-plot design during kharif season (July-October) of 2020. Among different production systems, macronutrient contents were found highest under conventional system followed by organic system and lowest in Subhas Palekar Natural Farming system. Sulfur and micronutrient content was recorded highest in organic farming system followed by Subhas Palekar Natural Farming system and lowest in conventional system. Among crops, black gram and sesame grain macro and micro nutrient content was found to be highest and lowest in okra among all crops.

On the Isomorphism Problem for Central Extensions II

In this paper, we study the isomorphism problem for central extensions. More precisely, in some new situations, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for two central extensions to be isomorphic. We investigate the case when the quotient group is simple or purely non-abelian. Furthermore, we characterize isomorphisms leaving the quotient group invariant. Finally, we deal with isomorphisms of central extensions where the kernel group and the quotient group are isomorphic.

A class of finite p-groups and the normalized unit groups of group algebras

Let p be a prime and F p be a finite field of p elements. Let F p G denote the group algebra of the finite p-group G over the field F p and V ( F p G ) denote the group of normalized units in F p G . Suppose that G is a finite p-group given by a central extension of the form 1 → Z p n × Z p m → G → Z p × ⋯ × Z p → 1 and G ′ ≅ Z p , n , m ≥ 1 and p is odd. In this paper, the structure of G is determined. And the relations of V ( F p G ) p l and G p l , Ω l ( V ( F p G ) ) and Ω l ( G ) are given. Furthermore, there is a direct proof for V ( F p G ) p ∩ G = G p .

Konformitas Individu dalam Kelompok

This research aims to determine the conformity of an individual farmer in a farmer group in Koto Panjang Ikur Koto Village. Conformity is refers to an influence of the social environment that can change individual attitudes and behavior so that they comply with applicable norms or rules. This research a employs a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Researchers interviewed the parties involved, namely the extension staff of the Padang City Agricultural Service, the staff of the Agricultural Extension Center as companions to farmer groups in Koto Panjang Ikur Koto Subdistrict, Farmer Group Management, and Farmer Group members. The finding shows that the dimensions that most dominantly influence the behavior of farmers in Koto Panjang Ikur Koto Subdistrict to carry out conformity are solidarity and trust. High levels of trust among members and close relationships between individuals (cohesion) and the group contributes to shape positive conformity. On the other hand, equality of opinion and agreement is not fully implemented, because female members tend to follow the opinion of the group leader or male members who are considered dominant, which creates negative conformity. Meanwhile, in the obedience indicator, there are still group members with low participation because they do not attend meetings held by the group.

Registration of ‘S16‐16814R’: A glyphosate‐tolerant, high‐oleic soybean cultivar

AbstractThere is a demand for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars with more functional soybean oil for food and industrial applications. Soybean breeding programs have devoted more efforts to developing high‐yielding soybean cultivars with elevated oil content and improved fatty acid profiles. The University of Missouri – Fisher Delta Research, Extension, and Education Center soybean breeding program has developed and released the high‐oleic soybean cultivar ‘S16‐16814R’ (Reg. no. CV‐561, PI 704911). It is a maturity group 4‐late (relative maturity 4.9), glyphosate‐tolerant (Roundup Ready 1) soybean cultivar with high oleic (84.0%) acid content and a reduced linolenic (3.5%) acid content. S16‐16814R is resistant to multiple nematode species, including soybean cyst nematode races 2 (HG Type 1.2.5.7), 3 (HG Type 5.7), and 5 (HG Type 2.5.7); southern root‐knot nematode; and reniform nematode. S16‐16814R was evaluated from 2017 to 2020 in 61 environments across eight southern US states. It averaged 92% of the check mean for yield, indicating competitive yield performance across multiple environments.