Classification Of Extensions Research Articles

Crossed Modules and Non-Abelian Extensions of Differential Leibniz Conformal Algebras

In this paper, we introduce two-term differential Leib∞-conformal algebras and give characterizations of some particular classes of such two-term differential Leib∞-conformal algebras. Furthermore, we discuss the classification of the non-Abelian extensions in terms of non-Abelian cohomology groups. Finally, we explore the inducibility of pairs of automorphisms and derive the analog Wells exact sequences under the circumstance of differential Leibniz conformal algebras.

Free extensivity via distributivity

We consider the canonical pseudodistributive law between various free limit completion pseudomonads and the free coproduct completion pseudomonad. When the class of limits includes pullbacks, we show that this consideration leads to notions of extensive categories. More precisely, we show that extensive categories with pullbacks and infinitary lextensive categories are the pseudoalgebras for the pseudomonads resulting from two of these pseudo­distributive laws. Moreover, we introduce the notion of doubly-infinitary lextensive category , and we establish that the freely generated ones are cartesian closed. From this result, we further deduce that, in freely generated infinitary lextensive categories, the objects with a finite number of connected components are exponentiable. We conclude our work with remarks on examples, descent theoretical aspects of this work, results concerning non-canonical isomorphisms, and relationship with other work.

Novel insights on the positive correlation between sense and antisense pairs on gene expression.

A considerable proportion of the eukaryotic genome undergoes transcription, leading to the generation of noncoding RNA molecules that lack protein-coding information and are not subjected to translation. These noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are well recognized to have essential roles in several biological processes. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent the most extensive category of ncRNAs found in the human genome. Much research has focused on investigating the roles of cis-acting lncRNAs in the regulation of specific target gene expression. In the majority of instances, the regulation of sense gene expression by its corresponding antisense pair occurs in a negative (discordant) manner, resulting in the suppression of the target genes. The notion that a negative correlation exists between sense and antisense pairings is, however, not universally valid. In fact, several recent studies have reported a positive relationship between corresponding cis antisense pairs within plants, budding yeast, and mammalian cancer cells. The positive (concordant) correlation between anti-sense and sense transcripts leads to an increase in the level of the sense transcript within the same genomic loci. In addition, mechanisms such as altering chromatin structure, the formation of R loops, and the recruitment of transcription factors can either enhance transcription or stabilize sense transcripts through their antisense pairs. The primary objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive understanding of both aspects of antisense regulation, specifically focusing on the positive correlation between sense and antisense transcripts in the context of eukaryotic gene expression, including its implications towards cancer progression. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > 3' End Processing Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs.

Diosmetin: A dietary flavone as modulator of signaling pathways in cancer progression.

Flavonoids, constituting the most extensive category of polyphenols, founds in a variety of plants and comprise over 9000 compounds. Diosmetin, O-methylated flavone (3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone) of flavonoid aglycone diosmin have witnessed a significant surge in recent years. Many studies showed that flavonoids induced cytotoxicity in different organ specific cancer types. Thus, current review evaluates the anticancer potential of diosmetin and shed light on its mechanism of action such as cell cycle regulation, apoptosis via both intrinsic and extrinsic pathway, autophagy and tumour progression and metastasis. It also provides comprehensive analysis of different cancer targets and their role in breast, colon, hepatic, gliomas, leukemia, lung, prostate and skin cancer. Combination studies of diosmetin to improve drug sensitivity and reduce toxicity towards normal cells has been also discussed. Besides, in vitro studies, present review also discuss the anticancer potential of diosmetin on xenograft mice model. Different natural sources of diosmetin, limitations, pharmacokinetic analysis and toxicity study also summarized in current review. The emphasis on enhancing solubility and permeability for clinical utility has been thoroughly highlighted with particular attention given to the utilization of nano formulations to overcome existing barriers. At last, in-depth analysis of current challenges and a forward-looking perspective deliberated to address the existing gaps and position it as a promising lead compound for clinical applications in cancer treatment. This discussion is boosted by diosmetin's potential anticancer properties on different cancers, makes valuable candidates in the ongoing quest for effective therapeutic interventions against cancer.

Estimating the Extent of Water Erosion in Darbandikhan Lake Using a Model Gavrilović Method (EPM) (Erosion Potential Method)

Through the research, it became evident that the soil erosion protection index (Xa) in the very severe category appears to correlate with the spatial distribution of vegetation cover. It covers an area of 80.73 km2, accounting for 17.54%. However, the very weak category is among the weakest in soil protection, occupying areas characterized by water bodies, covering an area of 49.65 km2, or 10.79%. The probability erosion coefficient (Z) indicates a very weak probability of erosion, covering an area of 143.19 km2, or 31.11%. Thes means that 31.11% of the total study area of 460.21 km2 is subject to very weak erosion. The last category, very severe potential erosion, is the least extensive, covering an area of 21.06 km 2, or 4.58%. Regarding the amount of soil lost in the study area, apparent erosion ranges from 0.29 to 50 m3/km2/year. This category is prevalent in the northeastern and northwestern parts, with a clear concentration in the northern parts, covering an area of 35.04 km2, or 7.61%. Severe erosion ranges from 501 to 1500 m3/km2/year, making it the least extensive category in the region, covering the smallest area among the categories, at 19.92 km2, or 4.33%.

A characterization for the defect of rank one valued field extensions

AbstractIn this paper, we present a characterization for the defect of a simple algebraic extension of rank one valued fields using the key polynomials that define the valuation. As a particular example, this gives the classification of defect extensions of degree as dependent or independent presented by Kuhlmann.

Separable MV-algebras and lattice-ordered groups

The theory of extensive categories determines in particular the notion of separable MV-algebra (equivalently, of separable unital lattice-ordered Abelian group). We establish the following structure theorem: An MV-algebra is separable if, and only if, it is a finite product of algebras of rational numbers—i.e., of subalgebras of the MV-algebra [0,1]∩Q. Beyond its intrinsic algebraic interest, this research is motivated by the long-term programme of developing the algebraic geometry of the opposite of the category of MV-algebras, in analogy with the classical case of commutative K-algebras over a field K.

Characterization of a Nonselective Opioid Receptor Functional Antagonist: Implications for Development as a Novel Opioid Dependence Medication.

Opioids represent the most extensive category of abused substances in the United States, and the number of fatalities caused by these drugs exceeds those associated with all other drug overdoses combined. The administration of naltrexone, a potent pan-opioid receptor antagonist, to an individual dependent on opioids can trigger opioid withdrawal and induce severe side effects. There is a pressing demand for opioid antagonists free of opioid withdrawal effects. In our laboratory, we have identified a compound with affinity to mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors in the range of 150-250 nM. This blood-brain barrier (BBB)-permeant compound was metabolically stable in vitro and in vivo. Our in vivo work demonstrated that 1-10 mg/kg intraperitoneal administration of our compound produces moderate efficacy in antagonizing morphine-induced antiallodynia effects in the chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) model. The treatment was well-tolerated and did not cause behavioral changes. We have observed a fast elimination rate of this metabolically stable molecule. Furthermore, no organ toxicity was observed during the chronic administration of the compound over a 14-day period. Overall, we report a novel functional opioid antagonist holds promise for developing an opioid withdrawal therapeutic.

Assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of eotaxin-2 as a marker for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes

Background/Aim: Preterm pre-labour rupture of the membranes could be caused by the change in local cytokines concentration due to inflammatory or infectious conditions. Cytokines, such as chemokine generated by immune cells that have been activated are the most extensive category of biochemical factors implicated in the development of preterm pre-labour rupture of the membranes (PPROM). Among this chemokine, eotaxin serves as a specific protein that attracts eosinophils. Aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of eotaxin-2 as a marker for the diagnosis of PPROM. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Bagdad Teaching Hospital, Iraq during a period of 10 months. The study sample included 90 pregnant women and was divided into three groups, the first group: 30 women with PPROM, the second group: 30 women with preterm labour and intact foetal membranes and the third group: 30 women at term pregnancy. For all women in the study blood samples were taken for measurement of eotaxin-2 at the same gestational age. Results: The eotaxin-2 level was found to be lower in cases of PPROM than in preterm labour and term cases. The sensitivity of eotaxin-2 was 83.3 %, specificity 70 % and negative predictive value 89.4 %. Conclusion: Eotaxin-2 might be considered as a marker for diagnosis of PPROM.

Extensions of finite irreducible conformal modules over Lie conformal algebras 𝒲(a,b,r)

In this article, we study extensions of conformal modules over Lie conformal algebras with three parameters a, b, , which contain the Virasoro Lie conformal algebra Vir, and as subalgebras. We obtain the existence conditions of extensions of nontrivial conformal modules over and give a complete classification of extensions of finite irreducible conformal modules of .

The category of extensions and a characterisation of n-exangulated functors

The category of extensions and a characterisation of n-exangulated functors

Towards the one loop IR/UV dictionary in the SMEFT: One loop generated operators from new scalars and fermions

Effective field theories offer a rationale to classify new physics models based on the size of their contribution to the effective Lagrangian, and therefore to experimental observables. A complete classification can be obtained, at a fixed order in perturbation theory, in the form of IR/UV dictionaries. We report on the first step towards the calculation of the one loop, dimension 6 IR/UV dictionary in the SMEFT. We consider dimension-six operators in the SMEFT that cannot be generated at tree level in weakly coupled extensions of the Standard Model. This includes operators with three gauge field strength tensors, operators with two field strength tensors and two scalar fields and dipole operators. We provide a complete classification of renormalizable extensions of the Standard Model with new scalar and fermion fields that contribute to these operators at one loop order, together with their explicit contribution. Our results are encoded in a Mathematica package called SOLD (SMEFT One Loop Dictionary), which includes further functionalities to facilitate the calculation of the complete tree level and one loop matching of any relevant model via an automated interface to matchmakereft. All operators in our list are indeed generated at the one loop order in the extensions considered with the exception of CP-violating ones with three field-strength tensors.

A Special Interval Newton Step for Solving Nonlinear Equations

The problem of finding the zeros of a nonlinear equation has been extensively and thoroughly studied. Point methods constitute a significant and extensive category of techniques, allowing for the efficient finding of zeros with arbitrary precision under specific conditions. However, the limitation of these methods is that they typically yield a single zero. An alternative approach employs Interval Analysis, leveraging its properties to provide reliable and with certainty inclusions of all zeros within a given search interval. Interval methods, such as the Interval Newton method, exhibit quadratic convergence to the corresponding inclusions when monotonicity and simple zeros exist. Nonetheless, there exist pathological cases, like the existence of multiple zeros, where the obtained inclusions cannot be bounded with arbitrary precision, necessitating the adoption of bisection schemes to refine the search interval. These schemes not only increase computational time and cost but also result in a higher number of enclosures, enclosing sometimes the same zero more than once. The main objective of this work is to enhance the applicability of Interval Newton method in cases where no efficient alternative are available. Thus, in this paper, the Interval Newton method is studied and an adjusted perturbation technique is proposed to address the cases where multiple zeros exist. In particular, the given function is vertically shifted. Then, the Interval Newton operator is applied once to this shifted function. The resulting enclosures are then used to efficiently partition the search interval. The successful application of the Interval Newton method is expected to improve overall performance and reduce reliance on bisection schemes. Experimental results on a set of problems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

Using Genetic Algorithms to Segment Images: A Review

The genetic algorithm plays a pivotal role in image processing, particularly in the critical stage of image segmentation. The process of segmenting photographs is an essential method in the field. Identifying objects, extracting features for object recognition, and classifying are integral components of image processing. However, the effectiveness of these activities relies on the quality of the operations performed. The work at hand in the domain of image processing is notably arduous and intricate. The segmentation of photos cannot be consistently achieved through the utilization of a singular approach. Nevertheless, it is not possible to consistently classify photos into extensive categories. The complexity inherent in the image segmentation task necessitates careful consideration when determining a suitable set of parameters to employ. The arduous task of selecting picture parameters the picture segmentation problem encompasses various factors that contribute to the complexity of the selection process. An optimization problem is employed to efficiently locate the global maximum inside a given search space, with the problem being formulated as a Genetic Algorithm. Subsequently, the task of determining the most suitable segmentation criteria for an image is successfully overcome. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the viability of employing genetic algorithms within the domain of image segmentation.

Cross‐category revenue spillover in brand extensions: The role of within‐category experience

AbstractBuilding on signaling theory, the current research proposes an empirical framework to help firms understand the degree to which cross‐category purchases affect the revenue generated for each category and how within‐category purchases influence the cross‐category spillover effects. The framework is applied to novel individual‐level, cross‐sectional, and time‐series transaction details from a leading lifestyle conglomerate in the Middle East. The empirical results provide strong support for the presence of revenue spillover across multiple categories of brand extensions, with the spillover being more pronounced in categories in which customers have infrequently purchased and thus had less within‐category experience. These results add to the ongoing stream of research on brand extensions by offering evidence that both within‐ and cross‐category learning play a significant role in revenue generation from brand extensions for multi‐product or service firms.

The Immersive and Interactive Experience in Virtual Reality Games and Films

Virtual reality technology is one of the modern technologies that have been widely concerned in recent year. Its application in the game and film and television industry has produced many works with new experience, especially in immersion and interactivity. Generally, most available resource nowadays focuses on discuss the feasibility of VR application in innovation of traditional works but lack but there is a lack of discussion on VR games and VR movies from the perspective of creating immersion and interactive methods and effects. This essay will discuss the immersive and interactive effects in VR games and VR films separately. In the first part of VR games, it will elaborate how the effects are provided through the VR hardware. Then in the second part, it will discuss the different design techniques used in different styles of game including action games, horror games, exploration games and serious games. As for the discussion on VR films, this essay will take the two most extensive categories of VR movies, panoramic films and VR documentaries, as examples to discuss how VR films achieve the effect and how the performance is. The overview on the immersive and interactive effects in VR games and VR films can provide examples and problems to be solved for creators to produce higher quality work in the future.

Results of radiotherapy in oropharyngeal carcinomas

ObjectiveTo present the results of radiotherapy treatment in patients with oropharyngeal carcinomas. Material and methodsRetrospective study of a cohort of 359 patients treated with radiotherapy, including chemo- and bio-radiotherapy, during the period 2000−2019. Information on human papillomavirus (HPV) status was available for 202 patients, of whom 26.2% were HPV-positive. ResultsFive-year local recurrence-free survival was 73.5% (95% CI: 68.8%–78.2%). The variables that were related to local disease control in a multivariate study were the local tumor extension category and the HPV status. Five-year local recurrence-free survival for patients with cT1 tumors was 90.0%, for cT2 88.0%, for cT3 70.6%, and for cT4 42.3%. Five-year local recurrence-free survival for HPV-negative tumors was 67.2% and for HPV-positive tumors 93.3%. Five-year specific-disease survival was 64.4% (95% CI: 59.1%–69.7%). Variables that were related to specific survival in a multivariate study were the patient's general condition, local and regional extent of the tumor, and HPV status. ConclusionsFive-year local recurrence-free survival of patients with oropharyngeal carcinomas treated with radiotherapy was 73.5%. Variables that were related to local control were local tumor extension and HPV status.

Psychoanalysis’s Perversions: Witches, Bitches, and Sluts

ABSTRACT Considered one of the three main structures of psychoanalytic psychopathology, perversion is quite an extensive category that is often based on behavior that is supposedly abnormal: nonhegemonic sexual practices and antisocial offenses or uncontrollable impulses. The epistemological and political controversy involved in the use of this term raises several questions, one of which is the moral reach of this notion coined by 19th-century psychiatry and passed on to mainstream psychoanalysis. This article aims to tackle the role sexuality naturalization plays in the psychoanalytic theorization of perversions, but also the extensiveness of this category. To address these questions, the author considers some current definitions of perversions in psychoanalytic psychopathology, to try to question some of their theoretical assumptions. When confronting these controversial definitions with Freud’s multilayered considerations about perversions, the author finds that it appears that Freud did not so much take up the category as he subverted it. Hence, in light of gender and sexuality deconstruction, and following Foucault’s injunction to “bodies and pleasures,” the author tries to show how psychoanalysis should remain perverse, in order to perpetuate Freud’s subversive approach to perversions.

Extensions and torsors for finite group schemes

We give an explicit description of the category of central extensions of a group scheme by a sheaf of Abelian groups. Based on this, we describe a framework for computing with central extensions of finite locally free commutative group schemes, torsors under such group schemes and groups of isomorphism classes of these objects.

The valuation theory of deeply ramified fields and its connection with defect extensions

We study in detail the valuation theory of deeply ramified fields and introduce and investigate several other related classes of valued fields. Further, a classification of defect extensions of prime degree of valued fields that was earlier given only for the equicharacteristic case is generalized to the case of mixed characteristic by a unified definition that works simultaneously for both cases. It is shown that deeply ramified fields and the other valued fields we introduce only admit one of the two types of defect extensions, namely the ones that appear to be more harmless in open problems such as local uniformization and the model theory of valued fields in positive characteristic. We use our knowledge about such defect extensions to give a new, valuation theoretic proof of the fact that algebraic extensions of deeply ramified fields are again deeply ramified. We also prove finite descent, and under certain conditions even infinite descent, for deeply ramified fields. These results are also proved for two other related classes of valued fields. The classes of valued fields under consideration can be seen as generalizations of the class of tame valued fields. Our paper supports the hope that it will be possible to generalize to deeply ramified fields several important results that have been proven for tame fields and were at the core of partial solutions of the two open problems mentioned above.