Extended Temperature Range Research Articles

Thermophysical properties of the paramagnetic ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate over an extended range of temperature and pressure

The paramagnetic ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate [BMIM][FeCl4] was subject to multiple high-precision thermophysical property measurements under both ambient and high pressure. Density ρ(p0,T) / kg·m−3 and speed of sound u(p0,T) / m·s−1 data at ambient pressure were recorded at temperatures T = (278.15 to 343.16) K using a DSA 5000 M combined vibrating tube densimeter and speed of sound analyser with a standard uncertainty of Δρ(p0,T) = ±0.001 kg·m−3 and Δu(p0,T) = ±0.1 m·s−1, respectively. High-pressure volumetric (p,ρ,T) data were measured on an Anton Paar DMA HPM vibrating tube densimeter at T = (273.16 to 413.15) K and at pressures up to p = 140 MPa with an estimated experimental relative combined average percentage deviation (APD) of Δρ(p,T) / ρ(p,T) = ±(0.01 to 0.08) %.The specific isobaric heat capacity cp(p0,T) / J·kg−1·K−1, a caloric property, was determined at T = (273.15 to 413.15) K with an uncertainty Δcp / cp = ±0.5 % using a Perkin Elmer Pyris 1 DSC differential scanning calorimeter. To gain knowledge of transport properties, the dynamic viscosity η(p0,T) / mPa·s at ambient pressure was recorded at T = (275.03 to 413.18) K by an Anton Paar SVM 3000 Stabinger viscometer and additionally an Anton Paar rheometer MCR 302 device with uncertainties of Δη / η = ±0.35 % and Δη / η = ±1 %, respectively.The obtained data were first correlated by empirical polynomial equations of state and further processed by the application of classic thermodynamic potentials to determine isothermal compressibility κT(p,T) / MPa−1, isobaric thermal expansivity αp(p,T) / K−1, thermal pressure coefficient γ(p,T) / MPa⋅K−1, internal pressure pint(p,T) / MPa, specific heat capacity at constant pressure cp(p,T) / J⋅kg−1⋅K−1 and at constant volume cv(p,T) / J⋅kg−1⋅K−1, the difference of isobaric and isochoric heat capacity (cp–cv)(p,T) / J⋅kg−1⋅K−1, speed of sound u(p,T) / m⋅s−1 and ultimately isentropic exponent κs(p,T).This work extends knowledge about the thermophysical properties of [BMIM][FeCl4] particularly to high temperatures and pressures.

Water cavitation from ambient to high temperatures

Predicting cavitation has proved a formidable task, particularly for water. Despite the experimental difficulty of controlling the sample purity, there is nowadays substantial consensus on the remarkable tensile strength of water, on the order of −120 MPa at ambient conditions. Recent progress significantly advanced our predictive capability which, however, still considerably depends on elaborate fitting procedures based on the input of external data. Here a self-contained model is discussed which is shown able to accurately reproduce cavitation data for water over the most extended range of temperatures for which accurate experiments are available. The computations are based on a diffuse interface model which, as only inputs, requires a reliable equation of state for the bulk free energy and the interfacial tension. A rare event technique, namely the string method, is used to evaluate the free-energy barrier as the base for determining the nucleation rate and the cavitation pressure. The data allow discussing the role of the Tolman length in determining the nucleation barrier, confirming that, when the size of the cavitation nuclei exceed the thickness of the interfacial layer, the Tolman correction effectively improves the predictions of the plain Classical Nucleation Theory.

Thermal transport in semiconductors studied by Monte Carlo simulations combined with the Green-Kubo formalism

In this paper, we demonstrate that it is possible to combine two computational approaches, usually used in very different contexts, namely, the Green-Kubo formalism and statistical approaches, to solve the Boltzmann transport equation to calculate the thermal conductivity of semiconductors. In this framework, first the phonon transport is solved by the Monte Carlo method according to the Debye-Callaway or Holland formalisms, then the flux autocorrelation is calculated. This new approach has been implemented to calculate the properties of Si, Ge, GaN, and C (diamond) in an extended temperature range, from 50 to 600 K. The simulation results are compared with those given by experimentation, with very good agreement.

Infrared thermal imaging controls freezing and warming in skin cryoablation

The purpose of this study was to assess the possibilities of intraoperative control of the current parameters of frozen biological tissues in the cryoablation area, including the instant location of primary necrosis isotherm, based on the dynamics of thermal fields on skin surface. Cryoablation of skin was performed in 30 rats with exposure durations of 0.5, 1 and 2 min. The contact cryoprobe actively cooled with liquid nitrogen was used. The dynamics of animal's skin thermal field during freeze/thaw cycle was quantitatively controlled by the original infrared camera with an extended range of measurable temperatures. The obtained by us ratio of the maximal diameters of primary necrosis and ice spots was 0.64 ± 0.03 for cryoexposure durations of 0.5 and 1 min. During thawing, a quasi-stable stage was observed both in the dynamics of ice spot diameters and their temperature distribution. The effect is presumably associated with structural rearrangements of ice in the frozen tissue volume. The results indicate that thermal imaging can be effectively used for quantitative control of freezing and warming of biological tissues in vivo, including current control of the position of necrotic and cryoscopic isotherms, distortion of their thermal symmetry, thermal response of other skin areas, etc.

Suppression of Coercivity in Nanoscale Graded Magnetic Materials

We investigate temperature-dependent magnetization reversal of $\mathrm{Co}\mathrm{Ru}$ graded films, in which a predefined depth-dependent exchange-coupling strength J follows a V-shaped profile. Magnetometry reveals an extended temperature range below the Curie temperature ${T}_{C}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}$ where the reversal of the magnetization M is not accompanied by the conventionally occurring hysteresis, in stark contrast with homogeneous $\mathrm{Cr}\mathrm{Ru}$ reference films. This is caused by the temperature-driven paramagnetic (PM)-ferromagnetic (FM) phase transition, which does not occur in the entirety of the graded material but only in well-defined nanoscopic regions at any given temperature, enabling the creation of two internal PM/FM interfaces that assist the external magnetic field in reversing the magnetization of the FM graded sample region. Hysteretic reversal is recovered at sufficiently low sample temperatures or by using graded structures with very steep J gradients, so that no PM/FM interfaces form inside the exchange-coupled layer material that could influence the magnetization reversal process. Our findings open interesting material design options, and we envision wide application potential, since we succeed in engineering a temperature gap between the temperature dependent magnetization and hysteresis onsets, a capability of interest for any technology benefitting from field-free magnetization switching.

Negative Thermal Expansion HfV2O7 Nanostructures for Alleviation of Thermal Stress in Nanocomposite Coatings.

A primary mode of failure of thin-film coatings is the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients of the substrate and the coating, which results in accumulation of interfacial stresses and ultimately in film delamination. While much attention has been devoted to modulation of interfacial bonding to mitigate delamination, current strategies are constrained in their generalizability and have had limited success in imbuing resistance to prolonged thermal cycling. We demonstrate here the incorporation of rigid thermal expansion compensators within polymeric films as a generalizable strategy for minimizing thermal mismatch with the substrate. Nanostructures of the isotropic negative thermal expansion (NTE) material HfV2O7 have been prepared based on the reaction of nanoparticulate precursors. The NTE behavior, derived from transverse oxygen displacement within the cubic structure, has been examined using temperature-variant powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and selected-area electron diffraction measurements. HfV2O7 initially crystallizes in a 3 × 3 × 3 superlattice but undergoes phase transformations to stabilize a cubic structure that exhibits strong and isotropic NTE with a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) = -6.7 × 10-6 °C-1 across an extended temperature range of 130-700 °C. Incorporation of HfV2O7 in a high-temperature thermoset polybenzimidazole enables the reduction of compressive stress by 67.3% for a relatively small loading of 26.6 vol % HfV2O7. Based on a composite model, we demonstrate that HfV2O7 can reduce the thermal expansion coefficient of polymer nanocomposite films, even at low volume fractions, as a result of its substantially higher elastic modulus compared to the continuous polymer matrix. By changing the volume fraction of HfV2O7, the overall coefficients of thermal expansion of the film can be tuned to match a range of substrates, thereby mitigating thermal stresses and resolving a fundamental challenge for high-temperature composites and nanocomposite coatings.

Monitoring Dynamics, Structure, and Magnetism of Switchable Metal-Organic Frameworks via 1 H-Detected MAS NMR.

We present a toolbox for the rapid characterisation of powdered samples of paramagnetic metal–organic frameworks at natural abundance by 1H‐detected solid‐state NMR. Very fast MAS rates at room and cryogenic temperatures and a set of tailored radiofrequency irradiation schemes help overcome the sensitivity and resolution limits often associated with the characterisation of MOF materials. We demonstrate the approach on DUT‐8(Ni), a framework containing Ni2+ paddle‐wheel units which can exist in two markedly different architectures. Resolved 1H and 13C resonances of organic linkers are detected and assigned in few hours with only 1–2 mg of sample at natural isotopic abundance, and used to rapidly extract information on structure and local internal dynamics of the assemblies, as well as to elucidate the metal electronic properties over an extended temperature range. The experiments disclose new possibilities for describing local and global structural changes and correlating them to electronic and magnetic properties of the assemblies.

Photoinduced Desorption Dynamics of CO from Pd(111): A Neural Network Approach.

Modeling the ultrafast photoinduced dynamics and reactivity of adsorbates on metals requires including the effect of the laser-excited electrons and, in many cases, also the effect of the highly excited surface lattice. Although the recent ab initio molecular dynamics with electronic friction and thermostats, (Te,Tl)-AIMDEF [AlducinM.;Phys. Rev. Lett.2019, 123, 246802]31922860, enables such complex modeling, its computational cost may limit its applicability. Here, we use the new embedded atom neural network (EANN) method [ZhangY.;J. Phys. Chem. Lett.2019, 10, 496231397157] to develop an accurate and extremely complex potential energy surface (PES) that allows us a detailed and reliable description of the photoinduced desorption of CO from the Pd(111) surface with a coverage of 0.75 monolayer. Molecular dynamics simulations performed on this EANN-PES reproduce the (Te,Tl)-AIMDEF results with a remarkable level of accuracy. This demonstrates the outstanding performance of the obtained EANN-PES that is able to reproduce available density functional theory (DFT) data for an extensive range of surface temperatures (90–1000 K); a large number of degrees of freedom, those corresponding to six CO adsorbates and 24 moving surface atoms; and the varying CO coverage caused by the abundant desorption events.

Application of the subsecond calorimetry technique with both contact and radiance temperature measurements: case study on solid phase tungsten at very high temperatures

This work presents an application of the subsecond calorimetry technique at very high temperatures, which uses both contact and radiance temperature measurements. This technique is normally applied for thermophysical characterization of high temperature solid phase materials in the temperature range from ambient up to about 2600 K, which is the limit of the standard tungsten-rhenium thermocouple use. Simultaneously with contact temperature measurements, noncontact or radiance temperature detection may be performed in the approximate range from 1000 to 2600 K in order to acquire information on spectral normal emissivity of specimen under test. In this study, however, the specimen is heated above 2600 K and, then, the temperature is measured only by the noncontact mean. In the extended temperature range, the obtained values of the spectral normal emissivity are extrapolated for each experimental run, which makes possible a conversion from radiance to absolute specimen temperature. In order to test this application, a pure polycrystalline specimen of tungsten in the form of rod, 3 mm in diameter and 200 mm in length, has been used. The specimen has been heated in vacuum environment of about 10–4 mbar by short pulses of high DC current with a gradual increase of the total heating time from about 0.5–2.5 s. During the specimen heating and the beginning of the cooling period, four sets of experimental data have been recorded and reduced by using the corresponding data reduction procedure. Obtained results of specific heat and specific electrical resistivity from ambient to 3700 K, total hemispherical emissivity from 1000 to 3700 K and spectral normal emissivity from 1000 to 2600 K (extrapolated to 3700 K) are presented, discussed and compared with related literature data.

A larger statistical basis and a wider application area of the PMV equation in the Fanger model: application area of the PMV equation

ABSTRACT For sedentary activities, the PMV equation, derived by Fanger, is mainly based on the research of Nevins et al. (720 test subjects). Nevins' experiments were later on repeated by Fanger, but with 128 college-age Danish subjects and 128 elderly Danish subjects, instead of American subjects. Rohles did the research from Nevins et al. again, but over a more extensive temperature range and more, namely 1600, test subjects. Rohles' research results have been partly included in the derivation of the PPD equation, but not in the derivation for the PMV equation. Rohles' experimental results are published at a later time than the publication of the thesis of Fanger. The question arises: ‘If Rohles' experimental results were included in the derivation of the PMV equation, instead of Nevins' experimental results, to what extent does that change the PMV equation and the application area of the PMV equation, with regard of validity, for sedentary activities?'. In the same way, as Fanger described in his thesis, and using the results of Rohles’ experiment, this study is limited to the derivation of a PMV equation with a wider PMV range than −2 to 2, for sedentary activities.

Pigeon Pea Husk for Removal of Emerging Contaminants Trimethoprim and Atenolol from Water.

The pace of industrialization and rapid population growth in countries such as India entail an increased input of industrial and sanitary organic micropollutants, the so-called emerging contaminants (EC), into the environment. The emission of EC, such as pharmaceuticals, reaching Indian water bodies causes a detrimental effect on aquatic life and ultimately on human health. However, the financial burden of expanding sophisticated water treatment capacities renders complementary, cost-efficient alternatives, such as adsorption, attractive. Here we show the merits of washed and milled pigeon pea husk (PPH) as low-cost adsorbent for the removal of the EC trimethoprim (TMP) and atenolol (ATN) that are among the most detected pharmaceuticals in Indian waters. We found a linear increase in adsorption capacity of PPH for TMP and ATN at concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 μg/L and from 50 to 400 μg/L, respectively, reflecting the concentrations occurring in Indian water bodies. Investigation of adsorption kinetics using the external mass transfer model (EMTM) revealed that film diffusion resistance governed the adsorption process of TMP or ATN onto PPH. Moreover, analysis of the adsorption performance of PPH across an extensive range of pH and temperature illustrated that the highest adsorption loadings achieved concurred with actual conditions of Indian waters. We anticipate our work as starting point towards the development of a feasible adsorbent system aiming at low-cost water treatment.

Performances of PMMA-Based Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor in Extended Temperature Range

PMMA based optical fiber Bragg grating (POFBG) sensors are investigated in an environmental chamber with controlled temperature and relative humidity at temperature extended to 70 °C. At below a critical temperature of 50 °C the POFBG sensor exhibits good linearity and sensitivity for both temperature and humidity sensing. Nonlinear responses are observed at higher temperature, giving rise to varying, reduced magnitudes of sensitivities. An important feature of POFBG humidity sensing is observed at above critical temperature where the POFBG humidity sensitivity turns from positive to negative. A theoretical model based on Lorentz–Lorenz equation is presented to estimate the dependence of POFBG refractive index on temperature and relative humidity. The experimental results qualitatively agree with the theoretical analyses.

Densification, grain growth mechanism and mechanical properties of Mo[sbnd]10Nb refractory targets fabricated by SPS

Refractory Mo10Nb targets were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) technology at an extensive range of preparation temperatures (900–1800 °C) and holding times (6–15 min) under 30 MPa. The densification and grain growth mechanisms of Mo10Nb targets sintered by SPS were revealed by the power-creep and grain growth models. Different effective stress (n) and grain growth exponents (m) corresponded to various densification and grain growth mechanisms. The densification mainly dominated at temperatures of 900 to 1300 °C, whereas the grain growth predominantly occurred at temperatures of 1400 to 1800 °C. The densification was basically controlled by particle rearrangement when n < 1. Besides, grain boundary diffusion was the major densification mechanism for n = 1–2, and the densification mechanism was the dislocation climbing when n was close to 3. The activation energies for densification were calculated to be 119.30 kJ/mol (n = 1) and 271.79 kJ/mol (n = 2). In addition, the grain boundary diffusion was regarded as the primary grain growth mechanism. The activation energies for grain growth were calculated to be 188.14 kJ/mol (t = 6 min), 172.49 kJ/mol (t = 10 min) and 137.85 kJ/mol (t = 15 min). Besides, compared with the grain size, the porosity was identified to be the cardinal influencing factor on the Vickers hardness of Mo10Nb targets sintered by SPS.

Local Observations of Orbital Diamagnetism and Excitation in Three-Dimensional Dirac Fermion Systems Bi1−xSbx

Dirac fermions display a singular response against magnetic and electric fields. A distinct manifestation is large diamagnetism originating in the interband effect of Bloch bands, as observed in bismuth alloys. Through $^{209}$Bi NMR spectroscopy, we extract diamagnetic orbital susceptibility inherent to Dirac fermions in the semiconducting bismuth alloys Bi$_{1-x}$Sb$_x$ ($x = 0.08 - 0.16$). The $^{209}$Bi hyperfine coupling constant provides an estimate of the effective orbital radius. In addition to the interband diamagnetism, Knight shift includes an anomalous temperature-independent term originating in the enhanced intraband diamagnetism under strong spin-orbit coupling. The nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate $1/T_1$ is dominated by orbital excitation and follows cubic temperature dependence in the extensive temperature range. The result demonstrates the robust diamagnetism and low-lying orbital excitation against the small gap opening, whereas $x$-dependent spin excitation appears at low temperatures.

Temperature effects on the vibrational properties of the Cs2SnX6 ‘defect’ perovskites (X = I, Br, Cl)

Air-stable, vacancy-ordered double perovskites Cs2SnX6 (X = Cl, Br, I) have been attracting particular interest due their potential applications in solar cells and thermoelectrics based on their favorable structural, optical and transport properties. In this work, a comprehensive Raman investigation of Cs2SnX6 perovskites is performed over an extended temperature range of 83–433 K in order to provide insight to their lattice dynamics. Substitution of the lighter and more electronegative Cl halogens with the heavier bromide and iodide ones resulted in the decrease of the frequencies for all Raman modes comprising the internal vibrations in the SnX6 octahedra and the νL(F2g) mode due to Cs vibrations against SnX6 in the rigid lattice. Blue shift and narrowing of the SnX6 stretching and bending bands was invariably observed for all halogen analogues with temperature decrease, evidencing the presence of lattice anharmonicity. More importantly, the elusive νL(F2g) phonon was only observed for Cs2SnCl6 for all temperatures, complying with the predictions of Hirshfeld surface analysis for the enhanced Cs–SnCl6 interactions. The latter mode emerged for Cs2SnI6 only above room temperature, indicating that combination of anharmonic lattice dynamics with the increased Cs–SnI6 oscillation energy upon increasing temperature may activate this specific “lattice mode”, which in the limit of very weak Cs–I interaction approaches the “rattling’’ Cs vibrations in the cuboctahedral cage. Strong lattice anharmonicity for the chemically stable Cs2SnX6 compounds can be accordingly inferred, which is a key aspect for their performance in future optoelectronic and thermoelectric applications.

The ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate revisited: Solubility of carbon dioxide over an extended range of temperature and pressure

Solubility data of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate [EMIM][CH3SO3] at T = (273.15 to 413.15) K and pressures up to p = 5.0 MPa are reported. The solubility measurements were carried out using an isochoric method which operates in decrements of ΔT = 20 K within the investigated temperature range and at selected four different pressure steps ranging from a pressure p of around 5.0 MPa down to around 0.4 MPa. The solubility of CO2 in the ionic liquid monotonously decreases with increasing temperatures at a constant pressure. Within the p,T-range investigated, CO2 displayed a solubility in [EMIM][CH3SO3] from a mole fraction x = 0.0160 mol·mol−1 and a corresponding molality m = 0.0791 mol·kg−1 at T = 413.15 K and p = 0.432 MPa up to x = 0.4049 mol·mol−1 and m = 3.2982 mol·kg−1 at T = 293.15 K and p = 4.577 MPa. Henry's law constant was calculated from the solubility data reported here, and literature data were reviewed for comparison. Additionally, thermodynamic state properties that can be derived from Henry's law constant, such as the Gibbs energy of solvation ΔsolG, the enthalpy of solvation ΔsolH, the entropy of solvation ΔsolS, and the heat capacity of solvation ΔsolCp, were calculated.

Generic Seebeck effect from spin entropy

How magnetism affects the Seebeck effect is an important issue of wide concern in the thermoelectric community but remains elusive. Based on a thermodynamic analysis of spin degrees of freedom on varied d-electron-based ferromagnets and antiferromagnets, we demonstrate that in itinerant or partially itinerant magnetic compounds there exists a generic spin contribution to the Seebeck effect over an extended temperature range from slightly below to well above the magnetic transition temperature. This contribution is interpreted as resulting from transport spin entropy of (partially) delocalized conducting d electrons with strong thermal spin fluctuations, even semiquantitatively in a single-band case, in addition to the conventional diffusion part arising from their kinetic degrees of freedom. As a highly generic effect, the spin-dependent Seebeck effect might pave a feasible way toward efficient “magnetic thermoelectrics.”

Detailed thermal reduction analyses of graphene oxide via in-situ TEM/EELS studies

We report an in-depth study of the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) by in-situ thermal transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. In-situ heating high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) imaging and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) measurements have been combined to identify the transformations of different oxygen functional groups, the desorption of physisorbed and chemisorbed water and the graphitisation as a function of the temperature in the range from 70 up to 1200 °C. A model for the general removal of water and OFGs is proposed based on different chemical and physical parameters that have been monitored. All this unique information provides a detailed roadmap of the thermal behaviour of GO at an extended range of temperature. This is not only of interest to understand the thermal reduction process of GO but also of critical relevance to the response of GO in applications when exposed to thermal effects.

Size-resolved atmospheric ice-nucleating particles during East Asian dust events

Abstract. Asian dust is an important source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles (INPs). However, the freezing activity of airborne Asian dust, especially its sensitivity to particle size, is poorly understood. In this study we report the first INP measurement of size-resolved airborne mineral dust collected during East Asian dust events. The measured total INP concentrations in the immersion mode ranged from 10−2 to 102 L−1 in dust events at temperatures between −25 and −5 ∘C. The average contributions of heat-sensitive INPs at three temperatures, −10, −15, and −20 ∘C, were 81±12 %, 70±15 %, and 38±21 %, respectively, suggesting that proteinaceous biological materials have a substantial effect on the ice nucleation properties of Asian airborne mineral dust at high temperatures. The dust particles which originated from China's northwest deserts are more efficient INPs compared to those from northern regions. In general, there was no significant difference in the ice nucleation properties between East Asian dust particles and other regions in the world. An explicit size dependence of both INP concentration and surface ice-active-site density was observed. The nucleation efficiency of dust particles increased with increasing particle size, while the INP concentration first increased rapidly and then leveled, due to the significant decrease in the number concentration of larger particles. A new set of parameterizations for INP activity based on size-resolved nucleation properties of Asian mineral dust particles were developed over an extended temperature range (−35 to −6 ∘C). These size-dependent parameterizations require only particle size distribution as input and can be easily applied in models.

A solid-like dual-salt polymer electrolyte for Li-metal batteries capable of stable operation over an extended temperature range

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) and gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) show great promise for the realization of commercial, high performance Li-metal batteries (LMBs). However, the interfacial and high-temperature instability of GPEs, and the low room-temperature ionic conductivity of SPEs still limit their practical implementation. This article presents a solid-like dual-salt polymer electrolyte (DSPE), consisting of coordinated solvents and thermally stable Li-salts within a temperature-resistant polymer matrix, as a promising new strategy for addressing these issues. The developed DSPE demonstrates high ionic conductivity of 0.16, 0.73, and 1.93 mS cm−1 at −20, 20, and 100 °C, respectively. Li|DSPE|LiFePO4 batteries using this DSPE deliver an initial discharge capacity of 151 mAh g−1 at 0.5C, a rate performance of 123 mAh g−1 at 3C, and excellent long-term stability with a retained capacity of 143 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 0.5C and 23 °C. Further, the battery shows stable cycling between −10 °C and 80 °C. This impressive electrochemical performance is ascribed to the high Li+ conductivity of the membrane, the stabilization of the Al current collector, and the formation of a robust, LiF-rich solid-electrolyte interphase containing conductive Li-B-O-based species.