Extended-gate Field-effect Transistor Research Articles

Carbon Nitride‐Supported Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite for the Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine and the Development of Disposable Sensors

AbstractThe carbon nitride‐supported zinc oxide (CNZO) nanocomposite was synthesized through a high‐temperature synthesis method, resulting in zinc oxide nanoparticles with an average size of ~44 nm, dispersed on a carbon nitride matrix. X‐ray diffraction confirmed the formation of the hexagonal wurtzite phase of zinc oxide, with a space group of P63mc. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared analysis further verified the presence of both zinc oxide and carbon nitride. The CNZO nanocomposite served as a catalyst for the electrochemical detection of dopamine, achieving limit of detection and sensitivity of 2.66 μM and 6.23 μA μM−1 cm−2 respectively, using square wave voltammetry technique. Cyclic voltammetry experiments demonstrated excellent electroactivity of the CNZO nanocomposite in a neutral pH environment. An electrochemical paper‐based analytical device (EPAD) was designed and successfully employed for the electrochemical analysis of dopamine in pharmaceutical samples using CNZO nanocomposites. Additionally, CNZO was used as an active material in the development of a disposable dopamine sensor based on an extended gate field‐effect transistor (EG‐FET). This sensor exhibited a sensitivity and limit of detection 18.22 μA μM−1 cm−2 and 0.36 μM, respectively, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99.

Label-Free Electrochemical Sensor Sensitivity Enhancement Using Field Effect Transistors: Fluoride Ions for Fuel Cell Degradation Analysis

In the context of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, precise monitoring of fluoride ions in the effluent water is crucial. Associated with the fluoride ion accumulation, membrane degradation and reduction of fuel cell efficiency arise. This study focuses on developing extended gate field-effect transistors (EGFET) sensors for real-time monitoring of fluoride ion concentrations. High sensitivity and specificity in detecting the concentration of fluoride ions using both N-type (TN0702) and P-type (LP0701) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET) were achieved. The transfer characteristics (Id vs Vgs) owere thoroughly examined across a range of fluoride concentrations from parts per million (ppm) to parts per billion (ppb). N-type MOSFET-based sensors showed a distinct decrease in drain current (Id) with increasing fluoride concentration. With fluoride concentrations changed, the P-type MOSFET exhibited a notable shift in the threshold voltage (Vgs). A robust linear relationship was observed on calibration curves with R2 values exceeding 0.90 between the natural logarithm of fluoride concentration (lnC) and gate-source voltage (Vgs). This work demonstrates that MOSFET can significantly enhance the sensitivity of electrochemical sensors without complex labeling processes. The improvement has a future in the miniaturization of cost-effective sensor systems for fuel cell applications, facilitating real-time performance and degradation monitoring.

Multi-Electrode Extended Gate Field Effect Transistors Based on Laser-Induced Graphene for the Detection of Vitamin C and SARS-CoV-2.

Despite the clinical data showing the importance of ascorbic acid (AA or vitamin C) in managing viral respiratory infections, biosensors for their simultaneous detection are lacking. To address this need, we developed a portable and wireless device for simultaneous detection of AA and SARS-CoV-2 virus by integrating commercial transistors with printed laser-induced graphene (LIG) as the extended gate. We studied the effect of laser printing pass number and showed that with two laser printing passes (2-pass LIG), the sensor sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD) for AA improved by a factor of 1.6 and 12.8, respectively. Using complementary characterization methods, we attribute the improved response to a balanced interplay of crystallinity, defect density, surface area, surface roughness, pore density and diameter, and mechanical integrity/stability. These factors enhance analyte transport, reduce noise/variability, and ensure consistent sensor performance, making 2-pass LIG the most effective material in this work. Our sensors exhibit promising performance for detecting AA with a selective response in the presence of common salivary interfering molecules, with sensitivity and LOD of 73.67 mV/dec and 54.04 nM in 1× phosphate buffered saline and 81.05 mV/dec and 78.34 nM in artificial saliva, respectively. We also showed that functionalization of the 2-pass LIG gate with S-protein antibody enables the detection of SARS-CoV-2 protein antigens with an ultralow LOD of 52 zg/mL─an improvement of more than 10-fold compared to 1-pass LIG─and 4 particles/mL for virion mimics with a selective response against influenza virus and multiple human coronavirus strains. With low signal drift/hysteresis and wireless capabilities, the developed device holds great potential for improving at-home monitoring and clinical decision-making.

Fast and label-free detection of procalcitonin in human serum for sepsis using a WTex-based extended-gate field-effect transistor biosensor

In this article, we present the first instance of depositing WTex-sensitive films with varying thicknesses (3, 4, and 5 nm) onto flexible polyimide substrates using radio-frequency sputtering. These films were used to create an extended-gate field-effect transistor (EGFET) for pH sensing and detecting procalcitonin (PCT) in the sera of patients with sepsis or bacterial infections. Among the films, the 4 nm WTex film exhibited high sensitivity (59.57 mV/pH), minimal hysteresis (∼0.8 mV), and a low drift rate (0.14 mV/h). Additionally, this WTex-based EGFET sensor retained a pH sensitivity of 59.2 mV/pH even after 180 days of operation and exhibited excellent mechanical flexibility, enduring 500 bending cycles without degradation. Moreover, PCT antibodies, activated using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide, were immobilized on the WTex film functionalized with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane. This effective immobilization enabled the specific binding of PCT antigens. The WTex-based EGFET biosensor demonstrated high sensitivity (18.12 mV/pCPCT) across a wide dynamic range (1 fg/mL to 1 μg/mL). Furthermore, the PCT concentrations in patient sera, whether from individuals with or without sepsis or bacterial infections, measured by our biosensor were comparable to results obtained using clinical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.

Dual Recognition Strategy‐Based Transistor Sensor Array for Ultrasensitive and Multi‐Target Detection of Antibiotics

AbstractMulti‐target detection is a notable development direction in the field of analytical methods, boasting significant potential for breakthroughs in complex sample detection. Herein, an extended gate field‐effect transistor (EGFET) sensor array for ultrasensitive and multi‐target detection of antibiotics is developed. To enhance the recognition ability for diverse antibiotics, a dual‐recognition strategy based on tailor‐made molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and aptamer is adopted to fabricate the extended gate electrode (sensing electrode). The dual‐recognition strategy‐based EGFET exhibits superior sensitivity, selectivity, and stability compared to single recognition probes due to the synergistic effect of the affinities of MIP and specific aptamer. The developed sensor array can detect three types of antibiotics, including ampicillin, amoxicillin, and kanamycin, at the same time with record‐low detection limit (fM level) and a detection range spanning six orders of magnitude. The practical detection of antibiotics in various samples (tap water, river water, milk, honey, and artificial urine) further validates the feasibility of the sensor array in practical applications. The key advantages of flexibility, high sensitivity and selectivity, and multifunctionality demonstrate the high potential of EGFET sensor array for simultaneous detection of multiple target molecules.

Vanadium oxide thin films growth by a chemical solution deposition method and its pH sensor toward bio-sensing devices

Abstract We report on the evaluation of the structure of VOx thin films under different fabrication conditions of the chemical solution deposition method and the pH response of an extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET)-type pH sensor. Polycrystalline V2O5 thin films of 30 and 60 nm thick and amorphous VOx thin films of about 30 nm thick were successfully prepared under different precursor solution conditions. Using polycrystalline V2O5 thin films and amorphous VOx thin films as an extended gate (EG) electrode, protypes of EGFET-type pH sensors were fabricated and investigated their pH response characteristics. The average pH responsibility of 64 mV/pH, which exceeded the theoretical Nernst limit, was observed over a wide pH range from 2.4 to 8.0 in the amorphous VOx extended gate sensor. It was also found that stable pH response measurements could be performed on amorphous VOx film samples.

Fabrication and Characterization of a Creatinine Sensor using Differential Extended-Gate Field Effect Transistors

Fabrication and Characterization of a Creatinine Sensor using Differential Extended-Gate Field Effect Transistors

Laser-induced multi-doped graphene extended-gate field-effect transistor sensor for enhanced detection of cystatin C

In this study, we amplified the capabilities of laser-induced graphene (LIG) by developing a multi-doped LIG extended-gated field-effect transistor (EG-FET) sensor. This sensor integrates a multi-doped LIG EG electrode array as a disposable sensing component with a standard MOSFET for reusable transduction. The multi-doped LIG was synthesized using a dual-approach: initially, by using a MnCl2-doped polyimide (MnCl2-PI) film through precursor compounding, and subsequently, by employing a CO2 laser to respectively in situ generate MnO2 nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) via direct laser conversion. By incorporating the resultant multi-doped LIG (Au NPs/MnO2/LIG) as the EG electrode, we boosted its electrical efficiency and provided ideal sites for the papain immobilization. This facilitated the selective binding of protein complexes with cystatin C (Cys C), allowing for precise measurement. Notably, the sensor exhibited a robust linear correlation across a concentration range from 50 ag/μL to 0.25 ng/μL and achieved a detection limit of 50 ag/μL. These advancements not only address traditional limitations of LIG applications but also highlight the potential of LIG-based EG-FET portable devices for accurate and early screening of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Brewer's Spent Grain-Cellulose-Coated Copper Electrode-Based Extended Gate Field-Effect Transistor for Nonenzymatic Glucose Detection toward Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus.

The demand for environmentally friendly, reliable, and cost-effective electrodes for glucose sensor technology has become a major research area in the paradigm shift toward green electronics. In this regard, cellulose has emerged as a promising flexible biopolymer solution with unique properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, renewability, and sustainability. Because of their large surface area and porous structure, fibrous cellulose substrates quickly adsorb and disperse analytes at detection sites. This work focuses on utilizing glyoxal-treated cellulose (derived from brewer's spent grain (BSG)) for the fabrication of extended gate field-effect transistor (EGFET)-based glucose sensors. This investigation extends to the utilization of BSG-cellulose for glucose detection in biomimicking electrolytes (phosphate buffer saline) to facilitate glucose detection in human blood samples. The fabricated electrode demonstrates a linear range of glucose detection from 1 to 13.5 mM with a Langmuir adsorption coefficient (K) of 0.102. Also, its selectivity toward glucose over interfering molecules such as sucrose, fructose, ascorbic acid, and uric acid under physiological conditions has been demonstrated. This cellulose-based EGFET electrode exhibits a sensitivity of 6.5 μA mM-1 cm-2 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.135 mM. Computational studies by density functional theory calculations confirmed the higher binding affinity of glucose molecules with glyoxal-modified cellulose (-0.95 eV) than with pristine cellulose (-0.46 eV). Here, the novelty lies in the fabrication of electrodes with biodegradable catalysts and their integration into the EGFET configuration.

Active-matrix extended-gate field-effect transistor array for simultaneous detection of multiple metabolites

With the deepening understanding of diseases, increasing attention has been paid to personalized healthcare and precise diagnosis, which usually depend on the simultaneous monitoring of multiple metabolites, therefore requiring biological sensing systems to possess high sensitivity, specificity, throughput, and instant monitoring capabilities. In this work, we demonstrated the active-matrix extended-gate field-effect transistor (AMEGFET) array that can perform instant analysis of various metabolites in small amounts of body fluids collected during routine physiological activities. The extended gate electrodes of the AMEGFETs comprise ordered mesoporous carbon fibers loaded with both oxidoreductase enzymes for specific metabolites and platinum nanoparticles. By selecting customized electrode combinations, the AMEGFET array can monitor the concentrations of metabolites closely associated with chronic diseases and lifestyles, such as glucose, uric acid, cholesterol, ethanol, and lactate. The switch function of AMEGFET not only simplifies the readout circuitry for large-scale arrays but also avoids the mutual interferences among sensing units. The high flexibility and scalability make the AMEGFET array widely applicable in establishing high-throughput sensing platforms for biomarkers, providing highly efficient technical support for proactive health and intelligent healthcare.

Optimizing Sensitivity and Dimensions in CMOS Extended Gate FET Biosensors

Optimizing Sensitivity and Dimensions in CMOS Extended Gate FET Biosensors

Laser-Induced Graphene as Versatile Sensing Electrodes for Extended-Gate Field-Effect Transistors

Laser-Induced Graphene as Versatile Sensing Electrodes for Extended-Gate Field-Effect Transistors

Enhanced Detection of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Using Electric-Double-Layer FET Sensor: Rapid, Temperature-Boosted Probe-Target Binding Analysis

Klebsiella pneumoniae demonstrates versatility in its pathogenicity, leading to diverse infections in humans such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, bacteremia, wound infections, meningitis, endocarditis, and sepsis. The severity of these infections is contingent upon the patient's immune status, the site of infection, and the existence of underlying medical comorbidities. A sputum or urine culture, on the other hand, typically takes between 24 and 72 hours to produce results. Over recent years, various innovative methodologies have emerged, including optical and electrochemical techniques and molecular detection via PCR. Despite the diversity of available techniques, concerns persist regarding their sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, fluorescence-based methodologies and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-based sensors have been explored for bacterial detection. However, these existing methods have drawbacks such as elevated costs, prolonged turnaround times, the need for sophisticated instrumentation, and a demand for skilled personnel. Field-effect transistor (FET) sensors have garnered considerable scientific attention since their inception due to their remarkable sensitivity, facile signal readout, and the capability for label-free assays. The aim of this research is to detect the detect Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria in blood serum by double electric layer (EDL) extended-gate field-effect transistor (FET) sensor. In this study, a preliminary investigation employed a single-step surface functionalization approach to immobilize receptor probes, specifically single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). This strategy aimed to enable the rapid detection of complementary DNA (cDNA) across varying concentrations, leveraging differential gate voltages to modulate the sensitivity of this analytical platform. The designed probes were successfully immobilized onto a disposable chip housing a pair of gold electrodes. A handheld reader, integrating enhancement-mode N-channel MOSFETs, established connectivity with a laptop via a USB port to facilitate the measurement of sensor signals. By applying pulsed gate voltage to the input electrode, which modulates the channel conductivity which behaves as a function of the charge distribution within the EDL structure, consequently influencing the drain current of the MOSFET. The immobilized probe, positioned on the gate electrode, underwent testing using varying concentrations of cDNA introduced into TE buffer. Detection of probe-target binding occurred through fluorescence alterations and electrically by assessing changes in drain current. In order to improve the response time, we elevated the temperature near the Tm enhances sensitivity and binding rates, in shorter time period of 1 minutes. Figure 1

Detection of Thiocholine for Pesticide Qualification Using Indium-Tin-Oxide-Coated Vertically Aligned Silicon Nanowires Extended Gate Field-Effect Transistor

Thiocholine is the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine (ATCh) by acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The detection of thiocholine can be utilized to assess the activity and inhibitors of AChE, making it a valuable recognition element for constructing biosensors used in pesticide detection[1, 2]. The enzymatic hydrolysis of ATCh is catalyzed by AChE. First, high-aspect-ratio vertically aligned silicon nanowires (VASiNWs) were successfully fabricated through metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE). To investigate the impact of nanostructures on enhancing the sensitivity of the extended gate of the field-effect transistor (EGFET), the gate terminal was connected to 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) modified indium-tin-oxide (ITO)-coated VASiNWs for the electrical detection of ATCh-catalyzed thiocholine, as illustrated in Figure 1. Various solutions of ATCh-catalyzed thiocholine were collected by applying different concentrations of ATCh (ranging from 2 mM to 10 mM) to the AChE-coated wells independently for 10 minutes. Subsequently, these solutions were introduced to the MPTMS modified ITO-coated VASiNWs EGFET, and the change in drain current was measured using a semiconductor parameter analyzer (HP 4145B). The thiocholine current demonstrated a sensitivity of 29.39 uA/concentration and a linearity of 0.88. Exploring the potential of pesticides to inhibit AChE hydrolysis represents a significant breakthrough, paving the way for the advancement of biosensors in pesticide detection. References Liu, G., et al., Sensitive electrochemical detection of enzymatically generated thiocholine at carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode. Electrochemistry Communications, 2005. 7(11): p. 1163-1169. Pandey, P.C., et al., Acetylthiocholine/acetylcholine and thiocholine/choline electrochemical biosensors/sensors based on an organically modified sol–gel glass enzyme reactor and graphite paste electrode. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2000. 62(2): p. 109-116. Figure 1

Surface-Immobilized Ionophore Electric-Double-Layer (EDL) Extended-Gate Field-Effect Transistors for High Sensitivity to Detection of Mercury and Lead Ions

In the field of sensors, particularly in FETs (Field-Effect Transistors), they have emerged as a promising solution for detecting heavy metal ions. These sensors offer high sensitivity, rapid response, compact and portable device sizes, and the potential for low cost. These advantages have led to their successful application in monitoring drinking water, environmental samples, and industrial wastewater, enabling rapid on-site detection of heavy metal ions.At the molecular level, certain organic molecules or coordination compounds can selectively bind to specific ions through specific chemical reactions or coordination interactions. Therefore, designing ionophores specifically for capturing or transporting particular types of ions is possible. Previous research has employed the mechanism of Ion Selective Membranes (ISM) for detecting heavy metals. However, ISMs are typically polymer coatings applied through spinning, resulting in a thick layer that leads to longer diffusion times, requiring 15 minutes or more to achieve baseline stability, with a detection limit of µM to nM .Many studies have also utilized aptamers for detecting metal ions, but aptamers are typically expensive and require controlled formation of specific structures to bind with ions. They are susceptible to interference signals from pH value or salt concentrations.In environmental or food samples, the presence of heavy metals often needs to be detected. Electric-Double-layer (EDL) sensors exhibit better stability, with a monolayer recognition layer providing shorter detection times and higher sensitivity. This study successfully developed FET (Field-Effect Transistor) metal ionophores based on a specially designed ionophore with a double-layer expanded gate, including mercury ionophore sensors and lead ionophore sensors. By defining a gate sensing area with dimensions of 500 μm x 500 μm, significant detection limits of nM to pM were achieved within minutes. The combination of FETs, EDL, and ionophores in this study's development has resulted in highly efficient, sensitive, selective, and portable detection instruments. Keywords: MOSFET, EDL, Aptamer, Ionophore, Heavy metal Figure 1

Hydrothermally synthesized Al-doped β-Ga2O3 microrods for enhanced pH sensing performance

In our study, Al-doped β-Ga2O3 microrods were deposited on FTO glass substrate via hydrothermal method followed by calcination at 700 °C for 3 h. The Al-doped β-Ga2O3 microrods were characterized using XRD, SEM, XPS, and FTIR spectroscopy techniques. The intrinsic β-Ga2O3 extended-gate field-effect transistor (EGFET)-based pH sensor exhibited a pH sensitivity of 57.29 mV/pH with 99.34 % linearity within the pH range of 3–11. Conversely, the Al-doped β-Ga2O3 EGFET-pH sensor, containing 0.52 at. % of Al, demonstrated an elevated pH sensitivity of 77.63 mV/pH with 99.17 % linearity. Our findings indicate that the incorporation of Al enhances the pH sensing capabilities of β-Ga2O3 microrods to the presence of additional binding sites facilitated by its improved specific surface area. Remarkably, even a minute amount (0.52 at. %) of Al doping in β-Ga2O3 suffices to significantly improve the performance of pH sensing. These results underscore the potential of Al-doped β-Ga2O3 as a promising material for development of high-performance ion or biosensors.

Flexible and Disposable Hafnium Nitride Extended Gates Fabricated by Low-Temperature High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering.

To obtain a high-performance extended gate field-effect transistor for pH detection, hafnium nitride (HfN) was first fabricated on an indium tin oxide on polyethylene terephthalate (ITO/PET) substrate using a high-power impulse magnetron sputter system (HiPIMS) in this study. It can be easily applied in biomedical diagnostic and environmental monitoring applications with the advantages of flexible, disposable, cost-effective, and reliable components. Various duty cycle conditions in HiPIMSs were designed to investigate the corresponding sensing performance and material properties including surface morphology and composition. As the duty cycle increased, the grain size of HfN increased. Additionally, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis illustrated the presence of HfOxNy on the deposited HfN surface. Both behaviors could result in a better pH sensing performance based on the theory of the site-binding model. Subsequently, HfN with a 15% duty cycle exhibited excellent pH sensitivity and linearity, with values of 59.3 mV/pH and 99.8%, respectively; its hysteresis width and drift coefficient were -1 mV and 0.5 mV/h, respectively. Furthermore, this pH-sensing performance remained stable even after 2000 repeated bending cycles. These results indicate the potential and feasibility of this HiPIMS-deposited HfN for future wearable chemical applications.

Copper Recovery from Mobile Phone Printed Circuit Board E-Waste and Transforming into CuO@C for Electrode Material in Extended Gate Field-Effect Transistors Facilitating Non-Enzymatic Ascorbic Acid Detection

Copper Recovery from Mobile Phone Printed Circuit Board E-Waste and Transforming into CuO@C for Electrode Material in Extended Gate Field-Effect Transistors Facilitating Non-Enzymatic Ascorbic Acid Detection

Engineering Ta-doped MoSex sensitive films in extended-gate field-effect transistors for ultrahigh sensitivity detection of epinephrine at fM levels

This study presents the production of Ta-doped MoSex films on a flexible polyimide (PI)-based extended-gate field-effect transistor (EGFET) using a straightforward sputtering technique, which is applied for the first time in the evaluation of epinephrine. The Ta-doped MoSex-based EGFET flexible PI sensor through the functionalization of 4-formylphenylboronic acid (4-FPBA), a synthetic receptor allowing for the covalent attachment of epinephrine on the sensing surface. The sensitivity to epinephrine reached 11.48 mV/CEP, with a linearity of 99.912 % within the concentration range of 10-8 to 0.01 μM. Additionally, this flexible sensor exhibited a heightened reference voltage shift response to epinephrine when compared to other neurotransmitters. The successful implementation of this straightforward sputtering engineering method, capable of effectively modifying both the surface and composition of the Ta-doped MoSex film, paves the way for exploring new possibilities in developing diverse types of flexible and adjustable biosensors.

Molecularly imprinted polymer-based extended-gate field-effect transistor chemosensors for selective determination of antiepileptic drug.

Ultrathin molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) films were deposited on the surfaces of ZnO nanorods (ZNRs) and nanosheets (ZNSs) by electropolymerization to afford extended-gate field-effect transistor sensors for detecting phenytoin (PHT) in plasma. Molecular imprinting efficiency was optimized by controlling the contents of functional monomers and the template in the precursor solution. PHT sensing was performed in plasma solutions with various concentrations by monitoring the drain current as a function of drain voltage under an applied gate voltage of 1.5V. The reliability and reproducibility of the fabricated sensors were evaluated through a solution treatment process for complete PHT removal and PHT adsorption-removal cycling, while selectivity was examined by analyzing responses to chemicals with structures analogous to that of PHT. Compared withthe ZNS/extracted-MIP sensor and sensors with non-imprinted polymer (NIP) films, the ZNR/extracted-MIP sensor showed superior responses to PHT-containing plasma due to selective PHT adsorption, achieving an imprinting factor of 4.23, detection limit of 12.9ng/mL, quantitation limit of 53.0ng/mL, and selectivity coefficients of 3-4 (against tramadol) and ~ 5 (against diphenhydramine). Therefore, we believe that the MIP-based ZNR sensing platform is promising for the practical detection of PHT and other drugs and evaluation of their proper dosages.