Extant Examples Research Articles

Current status of alcohol marketing policy—an urgent challenge for global governance

To review research literature and available information on the extent and impacts of marketing, current policy response and the interests engaged in the policy debate in order to inform recommendations for policy change on alcohol marketing. Relevant literature, including systematic reviews and publicly available information (websites and participant observation) is reviewed and synthesized. Alcohol marketing has expanded markedly in the past 50 years and, while there remains uncertainty about the impact across the population, there is now clear evidence of its impact on the consumption of young people. Few countries have effective policy in place restricting alcohol marketing, and there is a lack of an international response to alcohol marketing which crosses national boundaries. The protection of alcohol marketing has been a major focus for vested interest groups and this has affected governmental response at national and international levels. There has been a lack of non-governmental organization engagement. The policy response to tobacco marketing provides a clear contrast to that of alcohol marketing policy and provides a model for alcohol marketing policy. The global exposure of young people to alcohol marketing requires an urgent policy response. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control provides an appropriate model for global governance to control alcohol marketing. There are extant examples of national level legislation achieving comprehensive bans with France's Loi Evin providing a feasible model. Resources from philanthropic organizations to allow non-governmental organization engagement are urgently required, as is engagement by the governmental sector independent of commercial influence.

A Malleable Map: Geographies of Restoration in Central Japan, 1600-1912 (review)

Reviewed by: A Malleable Map: Geographies of Restoration in Central Japan, 1600-1912 Marcia Yonemoto A Malleable Map: Geographies of Restoration in Central Japan, 1600-1912. By Kären Wigen. University of California Press, 2010. 340 pages. Hardcover $45.00/£30.95; softcover $34.95/£24.95. A colleague in Asian history who has used cartographic materials as historical sources once drily observed that, "The problem with working on maps is that people always assume you know something about geography." Kären Wigen both works on maps and knows her geography, as she demonstrates in the clear prose and ample illustrations of A Malleable Map. Wigen was trained as a geographer but has made a career as a historian; as such, she is a rare example of a post-linguistic-turn historian with a humanist's understanding of text and meaning and a social scientist's inclination toward the explanatory value of system and function. Both sets of skills are successfully applied in her analysis of Shinano province's transformation into Nagano prefecture over the course of the Tokugawa and Meiji eras. A Malleable Map is not simply "regional history": from a methodological and theoretical point of view the author tackles head-on one of the most intractable issues in the historiography of modern Japan—the question whether the political and social transformations of the Meiji period are best characterized as a modern revolution or as an imperial restoration. Ultimately, Wigen makes the somewhat paradoxical, but ultimately sensible, argument that it was the visual and verbal language of restoration—specifically the purposeful resurrection [End Page 178] of the early imperial spatio-cultural concept of the kuni, or province—that enabled the revolutionary establishment of the modern nation-state. Wigen's argument is based on a close reading of textual evidence from what she calls Japan's early modern and modern "chorographic archive": maps, atlases, gazetteers, statistical yearbooks, school textbooks, and regional newspapers. The first half of the book, "A Province Defined," is comprised of three chapters on maps of Shinano province and Nagano prefecture from the early seventeenth through the early twentieth centuries. In Chapter 1, Wigen analyzes several types of maps produced in the medieval and early modern periods. She begins with depictions of the province of Shinano in the earliest maps of the Japanese archipelago, the so-called Gyōki-style maps, the extant examples of which date from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. These highly schematic works did much to establish the visual image of the sixty-six provinces and the trunk roads that connected them to the imperial capital of Kyoto. The author contends that these early stylized maps offer a view from the perspective of Kyoto that envisioned Shinano as a far-flung frontier outpost. This image, however, changed significantly in the early modern period, as new maps commissioned by the Tokugawa shogunate emphasize Shinano's importance in controlling access to "backdoor" approaches to the military capital at Edo. Finally, road or itinerary maps, which were published in great numbers in the mid- to late Edo period, disaggregated the province of Shinano into a network of famous places and potential travel destinations. Throughout this long span of time, in maps made in different genres and for various purposes, "provinces remained the general-purpose framework for making sense of national space" (p. 54). The book then segues into its most compelling chapter, "Shinano Up Close." Here, Wigen systematically analyzes the Shinano kuniezu, the official provincial maps that were commissioned by the Tokugawa government and compiled and drawn up by local map intendants beginning in the seventeenth century. Her careful and persuasive reading of kuniezu allows for a new and revealing analysis of these maps' discursive functions and latent messages. This may be the closest that historians can come to understanding how these richly informative documents, until now difficult to access and apprehend, were viewed and used. She begins her textual analysis by reading kuniezu for what they convey about physical terrain, power relations, economic production, trade and communication, and perspective. However, the revelatory nature of her treatment stems from the way in which she interprets these "layers of data" individually, but then also critically assesses them...

Marketing Strategy Toward Sustainability

Sustainability is increasingly considered an important driver of firm success and well-being society in the new economy. However, developing sustainability faces difficulties and complexities due to the need of integration of economic, environmental and social aspects at multi-level contexts throughout the organization system. Achieving such challenging premise requires a clear prioritized focus on sustainability incorporated in all business activities and decisions to help formulate viable strategies and courses of action for balanced serving legitimate demands of stakeholders. In addition, it requires ongoing management attention and continually identify, analyze and create new strategies to promote sustainability in the long-run. Managers therefore have to rethink whether their current business model, portfolio and strategy are suited to sustainability principle. Nevertheless, little research explores how to make businesses become sustainable and most previous studies examine less in strategic marketing, particularly value-based perspective. Enhancement of global warming and rapid change in environments calls for the new roles of marketing to take responsibility towards human society and ecological sustainability since its professionalism claims to serve and save the planet for a better quality of life primarily through value creation. This paper, thus, purposes to employ holistic value-based approach for building sound marketing strategies necessary to sustainable achievement. Two critical issues are addresses: 1) which marketing strategies are relevant to sustainability, and 2) how to apply them appropriately. The study will use multiple research methods emphasizing qualitative technique to obtain widen and deepen information from experiencing informants in marketing areas. Then a conceptual framework is proposed aligning with the extant literature and practical examples. Finally, managerial implications and future research are recommended.

The Architriklinos at Cana

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.) Translators have chosen a variety of terms to render the Greek determinative compound ... from the second chapter of the Gospel of John (2:8 and 9). The term is a title of some sort applied to an individual with a prominent role in the celebratory that accompanies the famous wedding at Cana. The NRSV translates it as chief steward. Obery M. Hendricks, Jr., the principal annotator for the Gospel in the New Oxford Annotated Bible, glossed the word with headwaiter or of ceremonies. These are two incompatible choices, but, in offering them, Hendricks adheres to the general editorial policy of inclusivity of interpretive strategies.1 Leon Morris chose master of the banquet in his commentary, as did Andrew T. Lincoln for his.2 Craig R. Koester, in his study of symbolism in John, renders the term as steward of the feast.3 Martin Hengel, with the assistance of Gerhard Schmidt in translation from the German, abjured euphemism and settled on head slave.4 Jean-Bosco Matand Bulembat, drawing a contrast between the helpful service of the mother of Jesus at the wedding and the incompetence of the architriklinos, used head-waiter; Raymond E. Brown chose the same term in his major work on John.5 J. Duncan M. Derrett viewed the position as more elevated in status and rendered the term as master of ceremonies.6 The variation in translation would seem to relate to a debate about the status of the individual involved: is the architriklinos an invited guest with a special role in the ceremony, or is he a slave serving in the dining room, albeit one with an elevated position in the household? The primary objective of this project is, however, to provide a third alternative that nullifies that choice, although the resolution will not, regrettably, provide much help to translators. By reviewing the few extant occurrences of architriklinos as well as those of the inverse compound trikliniarches (...), I demonstrate that the term would best apply to an individual who is both a slave or freed slave and an honored guest. Such a confluence of social categories is so distant from the twenty-first century that no word in modern English will capture the incongruity. In reviewing the examples of both words, I apply the larger social context of dining in the first-century Mediterranean world as an interpretive tool to establish the role of the architriklinos. The latter task has been made much easier by the significant work recently done in comparing dining practices in the NT with those of Greek and Roman cultures.7 In closing, I make a few comments about the implications of this small lexical study for three larger issues in NT studies: the type of dining practices portrayed in the NT, the degree of hellenization in Galilee of the first century, and the historical accuracy of the Gospel of John. Before turning to the extant examples, some background on the choice between waiter and guest will be useful. Both of the standard interpretations of the architriklinos cause problems for particular constructions of Jesus. If the archi - triklinos is a guest with a special role to play, that role would probably be similar to that of a symposiarch at a Greek symposium.8 Such a scenario would be inconsistent with the degree of hellenization thought to be possible in a first-century Galilean village.9 Furthermore, if Jesus should be considered modest and temperate, attendance at a stereotypical symposium of the Platonic type would be incompatible with that characterization.10 If, on the other hand, one decides upon a servile status for the architriklinos, Jesus becomes a guest of a wealthy family-indeed, one that has a hierarchy of slaves not only in the household generally but even in the dining room. What is more, Jesus himself effected a successful, extravagant for this rich family by turning a large quantity of water into wine. With evidence such as this, it becomes difficult (but not impossible certainly) to view Jesus as a mendicant advocating a Cynic rejection of civilization. …

Data Repositories for Medical Education Research: Issues and Recommendations

The authors explore issues surrounding digital repositories with the twofold intention of clarifying their creation, structure, content, and use, and considering the implementation of a global digital repository for medical education research data sets-an online site where medical education researchers would be encouraged to deposit their data in order to facilitate the reuse and reanalysis of the data by other researchers. By motivating data sharing and reuse, investigators, medical schools, and other stakeholders might see substantial benefits to their own endeavors and to the progress of the field of medical education.The authors review digital repositories in medicine, social sciences, and education, describe the contents and scope of repositories, and present extant examples. The authors describe the potential benefits of a medical education data repository and report results of a survey of the Society for Directors of Research in Medicine Education, in which participants responded to questions about data sharing and a potential data repository. Respondents strongly endorsed data sharing, with the caveat that principal investigators should choose whether or not to share data they collect. A large majority believed that a repository would benefit their unit and the field of medical education. Few reported using existing repositories. Finally, the authors consider challenges to the establishment of such a repository, including taxonomic organization, intellectual property concerns, human subjects protection, technological infrastructure, and evaluation standards. The authors conclude with recommendations for how a medical education data repository could be successfully developed.

A Methodology for Studying Muqarnas: The Extant Examples in Palermo

A Methodology for Studying Muqarnas: The Extant Examples in Palermo

The Edible Landscape of a Newfoundland Outport

This paper presents the remarkably edible landscape of Tilting, Fogo Island, Newfoundland. Tilting is a Cultural Landscape District (Historic Sites and Monuments Board) and a Registered Heritage District (Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador). Tilting has outstanding extant examples of vernacular architecture relating to Newfoundland's inshore fishery, but Tilting was also a farming community despite its challenging sub-arctic climate and exposed North Atlantic coastal location. There was a delicate sustainable balance in all aspects of life and work in Tilting, as demonstrated through a resource-conserving inshore fishery and through finely tuned agricultural and animal husbandry practices. Tilting's landscape was “literally” edible in a way that is unusual for most rural North American communities today. Animals like cows, horses, sheep, goats, and chickens were free to roam and forage for food and fences were used to keep animals out of gardens and hay meadows. This paper documents this dynamic arrangement and situates local agricultural and animal husbandry practices in the context of other communities and regions in outport Newfoundland. It also describes the recent rural Newfoundland transition from a working landscape to a pleasure landscape.

A Lifelike Fly in Margins of Manuscripts: a Symbol as Trompe l’Oeil

Most studies devoted to the theme of illusorily painted fly in 15th century paintings address the issue whether this just a symbol or a Plinian imitation of nature to deceive a credulous viewer, while attesting to the painter’s virtuosity. Seen in this context, the illuminations in Bohemian manuscripts have been left completely unnoticed so far, even though they rank among the oldest extant examples. This study seeks to answer the question whether both aspects, symbol and illusion, are mutually exclusive or whether the illusory way of painting itself could also encompass a semantic component. The study traces the explanation of the fly as a symbol in medieval encyclopaedias and exegetic writings, examining – on the example of Bohemian manuscripts – the relationship between the fly and the accompanying text, and comes to the conclusion that meaning is invariably dependent on the context. The deceitful, illusory way of painting is part and parcel of the message, directly epitomizing the period idea of the Devil whose characteristic property is, precisely, illusion and deception. A faithfully depicted fly often stands in contrast to a more schematic rendering of the other scenes on which the insect seems to be sitting. It is probable that in this manner the painter implies that the fly belongs to the earthly, real and transient world, while the main scene is treated in a “perspective of salvation”, outside space and time.

"Na Maria, pretz e fina valors": A New Argument for Female Authorship

“NA MARIA, PRETZ E FINA VALORS”: A NEW ARGUMENT FOR FEMALE AUTHORSHIP1 ALISON GANZE THE manuscript attribution of “Na Maria, pretz e fina valors” to Bietris de Roman has caused no small amount of controversy among critics, for even those who accept the attribution often struggle to account for what appears to be the sole Occitan canso, or courtly love lyric, written by one woman for another. The speaker in the poem praises “Lady Maria” for her beauty, nobility, and many other virtues; begs her to grant the speaker “so don plus ai d’aver gioi esperansa” (13), declares Maria to be the source of all her happiness and that “per vos vauc mantas ves sospiran ” (16); and implores that she not love any “entendidor truan” (20). The poem’s use of the love language characteristic of the canso has elicited a range of interpretations, from arguments that the poem is an expression of same-sex desire to outright denials of female authorship altogether.2 Yet few have considered whether the poem might be participating in conventions that readily accommodate the language of desire within the exchange of political and social fidelity. While no reading of “Na Maria” can offer conclusive evidence of the sex of its author, the 1 An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Medieval Association of the Pacific Conference at the University of California-Los Angeles in March 2007, in a session honoring Dhira Mahoney; I am delighted to honor Dhira as mentor with this article on patronage between women. I would also like to thank the members of the Potter College Faculty Writing Group at Western Kentucky University for their helpful comments and suggestions. 2 Though one might be tempted to resolve the problem by concluding that “Na Maria” is in fact a song in praise of the Virgin Mary, there is little in the poem that substantiates a spiritual reading. For example, the terms “pretz” and “valor” used to describe the addressee generally refer to courtly worth in particular, and as Paterson points out, “valor” can also mean “estate” or “property” (“Fin’amor” 35). Moreover, it is difficult to imagine to what the “entendidor truan” might refer in the context of a Marian lyric. 23 one I submit here offers another means by which to reconcile female authorship with a female object of courtly devotion. Many readers who accept the manuscript attribution conclude that the poem must represent one of the few, if not the only, extant examples of a medieval lesbian love song. Indeed, in the biographical notes that accompany her edition of trobairitz poetry, Meg Bogin comments wryly that “Scholars have resorted to the most ingenious arguments to avoid concluding that [Bietris] is a woman writing a love poem to another woman” (176). John Boswell cites “Na Maria” as one of the “few poems exemplifying this [gay artistic] tradition” that survive into the thirteenth century (265), and Pierre Bec surmises that, if “Na Maria” is in fact written by a woman, then “ce serait sans doute le seul poème ‘lesbien’ de toute la lyrique Occitane” (198). The “if/then” nature of this argument is significant: for such readers, a lesbian author – or at least speaker – is the natural and logical conclusion, since a sexual relationship is taken for granted. Even those who acknowledge that we need not necessarily conflate the identities of poet and speaker still insist upon the poem’s queer nature. Bec sees “Na Maria” as a “contre-text,” a text that speaks against a culture’s dominant ideology “en conformité avec un code littéraire donné mais aussi en rupture avec lui” (8). For Tilda Sankovitch, as well, the poem strains against normative boundaries, regardless of the actual likelihood of Bietris’ lesbianism: Whether the poem is or is not an articulation of lesbian desire is less important than the ludic strategy that takes place here: a woman poet uses all the terms a troubadour might address to a woman, but instead of addressing them to a man, she speaks them to a woman. It is precisely the unsettling derailing of the reversal, the surprising twist imposed on the expected scheme, that brings out the ludic...

Defying the Inquisition in Colonial New Mexico: Miguel Quintana's Life and Writings (review)

goSouthwestern Historical QuarterlyJuly DefyingtheInquisition in ColonialNewMexico: Miguel (Quintana's Lifeand Writings. Edited and translated by Francisco A. Lomeli and Clark A. Colahan. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006. Pp. 232. Foreword, acknowledgments, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. ISBN 0826339573. $39.95, cloth.) Although defunct for nearly two centuries, die Spanish Inquisition has survived with vigor as a metaphor for intolerance, forced conformity, and attacks on individual conscience. Whether on film, in literature, or in die popular imagination, the Holy Office appears with regularity, often as a way to comment on efforts at thought control in modern times. Everyone, it seems, knowsthe Inquisition. Almost universally ignored, on die odier hand, are odier forms ofHispanic cultural output, especially those found in marginal areas of the Spanish Empire. Literary scholars Francisco Lomeli and Clark Colahan address bodi the well-known and the littleknown in this slim volume that focuses on Miguel de Quintana, an obscure New Mexican poet who ran afoul of the Inquisition in die 1 730s for refusing to attend mass. Predictably, the Inquisition is portrayed as intent on making Quintana conform to the "embedded hegemonic values of the Spanish empire" (p. 2). Divided into three parts, die book begins with an introduction meant to contextualize Quintana's life and writings at both the local and imperial levels. A brief subsection of the introduction sets the story, followed by a confused and confusing account of the early history of New Mexico, one fraught with some errors of fact but, more importandy, an almost willful inattention to chronology, which conflates and distorts the experiences and mentalité ofseventeenth-century New Mexicans. Here, the authors propose a number of ideas that loom as conceptual problems for what is to come: That New Mexico was a "cultural hub or epicenter of colonial literary expression" (p. 9) ; that nearly three hundred years ofclose contact between Puebloans and Hispanics "evolved into a unique regional ethos of mestizaje, or social hybridization, which established the foundation ofan unparalleled cultural network" (p. 8); that culture in New Mexico represents an "amalgam of bicultural invention" (p. 7). These assertions may be correct, but subsequent portions of die book do litde to sustain them. Indeed, another subsection shows convincingly that Miguel de Quintana's religious thought and writings fit neady within the larger framework of contemporary Hispanic Catholicism. This rigorous discussion reveals that the epicenter for such output was the Iberian Peninsula and that nothing in Quintana's writings hints at cultural hybridization. Other highly valuable subsections treat the various oral and written literary forms that were popular in colonial New Mexico, the upshot ofwhich underscores the deep and long-lasting reservoir of religious phrases and images that locals held dear, none ofwhich show any significant "amalgam of bicultural invention." Part two of the book consists of English translations of die documents having to do with Miguel de Quintana's problems widi the Inquisition. Minor quibbles aside, the authors have done a goodjob oftranslation. Because all the documentation is of an official nature, however, we are left with only a handful of Quintana's poems, written tojustify his defiance ofcertain Franciscan missionaries with whom he had quarrels. The authors note diat he frequendy wrote poems for his fellow 2007Book Reviews91 nuevomexicanos, but of what kind? After twenty-five years of research, Lomeli and Colahan have found no extant examples of his other poetry. Part diree features a Spanish version of documents from part two, rendered into modernized spelling. To return to the supposed oppressiveness ofthe Inquisition, it is worth noting that the documentation offers no evidence offormal charges against Quintana for his contrarian ways. A few local Franciscans may have wished for that, but Inquisition officials in Mexico City resisted the measure, preferring instead to issue a warning to cease his wayward behavior. Curiously, if Quintana's ideas about religion and spirituality matched those of his fellow colonists and survived the colonial period, as Lomeli and Colahan suggest, one has to wonder about the Inquisition's ability to control the lives and minds of eighteenth-century New Mexicans. Purdue UniversityCharles Cutter Mapping and Empire: Soldier-Engineers on the Southwestern Frontier. Edited by Dennis Reinharz and Gerald D. Saxon. (Austin: University of Texas...

Pills to Purge Melancholy: The Evolution of the English Ballett

Lionel Pike brings ideal credentials, as both a scholar and a choral director, to this worthwhile project: a study of the ballett, an ensemble vocal style originally borrowed from Italy in the late sixteenth century that eventually became truly English by the mid-seventeenth. At the outset, Pike clearly states the issues that must be addressed in dealing with a transitional repertory: modality versus tonality, polyphony versus harmonic counterpoint, and English secular music versus that of the Continent. The delicate miniature size of the ballett is a perfect canvas on which to view these vital changes in Renaissance music, and Pike is to be applauded for examining a genre whose very simplicity and lightheartedness has masked its important position in the repertory of the social music of its period. Pike defines the ballett as strophic, binary with repeats, using nonsense syllables, with light-hearted texts set syllabically, and in a major tonality usually found as modified Mixolydian or Ionian modalities. He further divides balletts into three categories: Dance, Imitative, and Contrastive. The last two of these, both with the fewest extant examples, are the most accurately defined. Concentrating on major composers—Thomas Morley, Thomas Weelkes, and Thomas Tomkins, and those he designates ‘satellites’, for instance Robert Jones and Francis Pilkington, Pike describes specific models of each title. Imitative balletts like Thomas Weelkes’s Sing we at pleasure use white notes for the light suspensions and polyphony that characterize this type. Thomas Morley’s Fyer, fyer represents the Contrastive type that alternates between the homophonic dance rhythms using black notes and polyphony using white notes. Pike also discusses madrigals that contain ballett-like traits. He analyses in harmonic, textual, and textural detail.

Transformation of C2 units on a bimetallic tetranuclear cluster.: Reactivity of [Ru3Mo(μ3-η1-CC)(μ-CO)3(CO)2(η-C5H4R)3(η-C5H5)] (R = H, Me)

The reactivity of [Ru3Mo(μ4-η2-CC)(μ-CO)3(CO)2(η-C5H4R)3(η-C5H5)] (R=H; Me) have been investigated, initially to elucidate the nature of the starting material, and, latterly, to define the reactivity of an interesting ethane-1,2-bis(ylidyne) species. While the mixed RuMo clusters were unreactive towards simple electrophiles and carbonyl substitution by phosphine ligands they did react with atmospheric oxygen or carbon monoxide to give substantially different products. In all instances oxygen was incorporated either at the metal centre or at the C2 fragment. High-pressure carbonylations yielded [Ru3(μ-CO)3(η-C5H5)3(μ3-C-C(O)O{Ru(CO)2(η-C5H5)})] and [{Ru2(μ-CO)(CO)2(η-C5H4Me)2}(μ4-η2-CC){Ru(CO)(η-C5H4Me)Mo(η-C5H5)(=O)(μ-O)}], an ethane-1,2-bis(ylidene) complex, this exemplifying a relatively rare raft geometry which further reacted with Cl2CCCl2 to give [Mo3(μ4-C2(Ru(CO)2(η-C5H4Me))(CO)(μ-CO)(η-C5H5)3(Cl)2] having a similar geometry and undergone halogenation. In order to extend the extant examples of these raft clusters we explored the reaction of [{Ru(CO)2(η-C5H4R)2}2(μ-C2)] with [{Ru(CO)2(η-C5H5)2}2] to provide a rational synthetic pathway leading to very reactive [Ru(μ4-η2-CC)(μ2-CO)2(CO)4(η-C5H4Me)2(η-C5H4R)2] rafts.

Managerial levers in cultivating new mental space for business innovation

Individuals and organizations have mindsets that reflect how they view themselves and the world around them. Some prominent authors have commented on this phenomenon and its relevance to business innovation. In this article, we refer to these mindsets as ‘mental space’ and define the latter as the way individuals and organizations perceive markets, products, industries, boundaries, strategies and capabilities.A common mental space is often shared inside an organization and among its stakeholders, concerning how they compete in their industry, strategic group, value chains and chosen markets. This collective ‘conventional wisdom’ often perpetuates itself and proves to be ineffective when major discontinuous changes take place in the business environment. Incumbent (industry-established) organizations face the challenge of developing or nurturing new mental space that enables faster innovation inside and across traditional boundaries, especially in an era increasingly characterized by the phenomenon of ‘open’ and ‘networked’ innovation.Despite the fact that recent business literature and prominent authors emphasize the importance of creativity and innovation for organizations in a turbulent environment, there seems to be lack of a clear definition and guidelines for cultivating new mental space for such activities and processes. By drawing from the extant strategic management literature and relevant business examples, this article suggests managerial levers for cultivating new mental space to drive organizational innovation to higher and appropriate levels for its proactive sustainability.

Corbelled Domes in Two and Three Dimensions: The Treasury of Atreus

Summary Before the development of the true dome, many ancient cultures used the technique of corbelling to roof spaces. Recently, a series of related statistical models have been proposed in the literature for explaining how corbelled domes might have been constructed. The most sophisticated of these models is based on a piecewise linear structure, with an unknown number of changepoints, to guide the building process. This model is analyzed by the reversible jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique. All models considered to date have been two‐dimensional, that is, they have taken a single cross section through the dome; even when more extensive data, in the form of measurements on multiple slices through the dome, have been available, these have been averaged together for the purposes of analysis. In this paper, we extend the two‐dimensional analysis to a three‐dimensional analysis, that takes full advantage of the data collected by the archaeologists and of the rotational symmetries inherent in the structure.We also explore ways of graphically presenting the results from a complex, reversible jump MCMC implementation, in order to check convergence, good mixing, and appropriate exploration of the (high dimensional and varying dimension) parameter space. The model and the graphical techniques are demonstrated on the Treasury of Atreus in Mycenae, Greece, one of the finest extant examples of the corbelling method.

What Clothes Reveal: The Language of Clothing in Colonial and Federal America. By Linda Baumgarten. (Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 2002. xii, 265 pp. $65.00, isbn 0-300-09580-5.)

In recent years, a reinvigorated field of fashion studies has produced a more complex understanding of dress as a vehicle for the expression of social identity. To historians of early America, the reinterpretation of dress has made it a subject of renewed interest. Yet most historians have been slow to capitalize on one important primary source of historical information on dress—actual historic clothing. (A notable exception is Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, The Age of Homespun, 2001.) Linda Baumgarten examines what Americans considered fashionable and how they used clothing in the colonial and federal eras. As curator of textiles and costumes at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Baumgarten draws on specialized knowledge of clothing history and construction and bases her study on the museum's rich textile collection. What Clothes Reveal is a sumptuous read with interesting sidebars and over 350 color photographs. Baumgarten utilizes a range of sources but focuses on extant examples of early Anglo-American clothing. Her curatorial insights about these fragile surviving objects carry exceptional conviction.

Fictive Frescoes with a French Connection

The writer considers the significance of the modest materials used for four unusual mid-14th-century paintings on fabric which are ascribed to the Neapolitan Master of the Franciscan Temperas and were commissioned by King Robert of Anjou and his Queen, Sancia of Majorca. The paintings are the earliest extant examples from this period whose patronage by a royal house of French background allied them to related works made north of the Alps. The modest character of canvas or plain silk emphasized the humble penitential nature of their Passion-dominated imagery. Such a deliberate choice by the king and queen was used to portray Passion scenes and Franciscan saints reflecting the influence of the strict Spiritual Franciscanism they favored even at court. Visual similarities with French fabric-backed pictures define a propagandistic tie between the related dynasties of the Angevins of Naples to the Valois of France.

Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India

For the southern Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, the most important documentary source for information on early South Indian culture is a body of prose poetry known as the Sangam anthology. These indigenous texts date to the first few centuries A.D. and comprise the earliest extant examples of Tamil literature. Not surprisingly, this is also the period to which can be traced the first indications of the concept of a "Tamil" identity in South India. Archaeologically, the Tamil Sangam era corresponds roughly to the late Iron Age--Early Historic period (c. 300 B.C. to A.D. 300), which represents a key stage in the development of South Indian material culture. Prevailing analyses of early Tamil society have relied heavily on the historical texts, often at the expense of critically examining the material culture from Kerala and Tamil Nadu. This study examines the relationship between South Indian archaeology and history and argues that any framework for interpreting early Tamil identity must acknowledge the important qualitative differences in the ways that texts and artifacts construct and reflect ethnic identity, and that archaeologists and historians must analyze their respective data sets within the larger social, political, and economic practices of early Tamilakam.

Christological Personal Seals and Christocentric Devotion in Later Medieval England and Wales

The study of British personal seals, particularly those that are non-armorial, is oneof the n neglected areas of sigillographie research; these seals, however, provide the widest range of desi and the largest number of extant examples in the entire field. This paper focuses upon one aspee such seals, the Christological designs and legends used on them, and integrates them into the broa area of the study of late medieval Christocentric devotion in order to demonstrate both the rich source of new material provided by personal seals, and the way in which they can add to understanding of more general issues of a historical period.

In vitro evolution suggests multiple origins for the hammerhead ribozyme

The hammerhead ribozyme was originally discovered in a group of RNAs associated with plant viruses, and has subsequently been identified in the genome of the newt (Notophthalamus viridescens), in schistosomes and in cave crickets (Dolichopoda species). The sporadic occurrence of this self-cleaving RNA motif in highly divergent organisms could be a consequence of the very early evolution of the hammerhead ribozyme, with all extant examples being descended from a single ancestral progenitor. Alternatively, the hammerhead ribozyme may have evolved independently many times. To better understand the observed distribution of hammerhead ribozymes, we used in vitro selection to search an unbiased sample of random sequences for comparably active self-cleaving motifs. Here we show that, under near-physiological conditions, the hammerhead ribozyme motif is the most common (and thus the simplest) RNA structure capable of self-cleavage at biologically observed rates. Our results suggest that the evolutionary process may have been channelled, in nature as in the laboratory, towards repeated selection of the simplest solution to a biochemical problem.

Evidence for the recent extinction of two Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) populations in the West of Ireland

Abstract1. This paper highlights the recent extinctions of two native Arctic charr populations in the West of Ireland, one population from the Lough Conn catchment, and a second from the Lough Corrib catchment, respectively.2. The distribution of charr populations in the two catchments is reviewed. The current distribution information is drawn from recent fish stock surveys (Lough Corrib in 1996, and Lough Conn in 1997 and 1998). Previous records of charr in the literature and unpublished data are described to place the current distribution of charr within these catchments into a historical perspective.3. The importance of the charr population in Lough Mask (Lough Corrib catchment) is emphasized, as it is one of the last extant examples of charr from a large Irish alkaline lake.4. Impacts on charr populations in both catchments are discussed and conservation measures proposed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.