Ease Of Expression Research Articles

Single domain antibodies from camelids in the treatment of microbial infections.

Infectious diseases continue to pose significant global health challenges. In addition to the enduring burdens of ailments like malaria and HIV, the emergence of nosocomial outbreaks driven by antibiotic-resistant pathogens underscores the ongoing threats. Furthermore, recent infectious disease crises, exemplified by the Ebola and SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, have intensified the pursuit of more effective and efficient diagnostic and therapeutic solutions. Among the promising options, antibodies have garnered significant attention due to their favorable structural characteristics and versatile applications. Notably, nanobodies (Nbs), the smallest functional single-domain antibodies of heavy-chain only antibodies produced by camelids, exhibit remarkable capabilities in stable antigen binding. They offer unique advantages such as ease of expression and modification and enhanced stability, as well as improved hydrophilicity compared to conventional antibody fragments (antigen-binding fragments (Fab) or single-chain variable fragments (scFv)) that can aggregate due to their low solubility. Nanobodies directly target antigen epitopes or can be engineered into multivalent Nbs and Nb-fusion proteins, expanding their therapeutic potential. This review is dedicated to charting the progress in Nb research, particularly those derived from camelids, and highlighting their diverse applications in treating infectious diseases, spanning both human and animal contexts.

Heat-induced structural and chemical changes to a computationally designed miniprotein.

The de novo design of miniprotein inhibitors has recently emerged as a new technology to create proteins that bind with high affinity to specific therapeutic targets. Their size, ease of expression, and apparent high stability makes them excellent candidates for a new class of protein drugs. However, beyond circular dichroism melts and hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments, little is known about their dynamics, especially at the elevated temperatures they seemingly tolerate quite well. To address that and gain insight for future designs, we have focused on identifying unintended and previously overlooked heat-induced structural and chemical changes in a particularly stable model miniprotein, EHEE_rd2_0005. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies suggest the presence of dynamics on multiple time and temperature scales. Transiently elevating the temperature results in spontaneous chemical deamidation visible in the NMR spectra, which we validate using both capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (MS) experiments. High temperatures also result in greatly accelerated intrinsic rates of hydrogen exchange and signal loss in NMR heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectra from local unfolding. These losses are in excellent agreement with both room temperature hydrogen exchange experiments and hydrogen bond disruption in replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations. Our analysis reveals important principles for future miniprotein designs and the potential for high stability to result in long-lived alternate conformational states.

Precision and efficiency of an interpolation approach to weakly singular integral equations

PurposeThis study aims to discuss the numerical solutions of weakly singular Volterra and Fredholm integral equations, which are used to model the problems like heat conduction in engineering and the electrostatic potential theory, using the modified Lagrange polynomial interpolation technique combined with the biconjugate gradient stabilized method (BiCGSTAB). The framework for the existence of the unique solutions of the integral equations is provided in the context of the Banach contraction principle and Bielecki norm.Design/methodology/approachThe authors have applied the modified Lagrange polynomial method to approximate the numerical solutions of the second kind of weakly singular Volterra and Fredholm integral equations.FindingsApproaching the interpolation of the unknown function using the aforementioned method generates an algebraic system of equations that is solved by an appropriate classical technique. Furthermore, some theorems concerning the convergence of the method and error estimation are proved. Some numerical examples are provided which attest to the application, effectiveness and reliability of the method. Compared to the Fredholm integral equations of weakly singular type, the current technique works better for the Volterra integral equations of weakly singular type. Furthermore, illustrative examples and comparisons are provided to show the approach’s validity and practicality, which demonstrates that the present method works well in contrast to the referenced method. The computations were performed by MATLAB software.Research limitations/implicationsThe convergence of these methods is dependent on the smoothness of the solution, it is challenging to find the solution and approximate it computationally in various applications modelled by integral equations of non-smooth kernels. Traditional analytical techniques, such as projection methods, do not work well in these cases since the produced linear system is unconditioned and hard to address. Also, proving the convergence and estimating error might be difficult. They are frequently also expensive to implement.Practical implicationsThere is a great need for fast, user-friendly numerical techniques for these types of equations. In addition, polynomials are the most frequently used mathematical tools because of their ease of expression, quick computation on modern computers and simple to define. As a result, they made substantial contributions for many years to the theories and analysis like approximation and numerical, respectively.Social implicationsThis work presents a useful method for handling weakly singular integral equations without involving any process of change of variables to eliminate the singularity of the solution.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, the authors claim the originality and effectiveness of their work, highlighting its successful application in addressing weakly singular Volterra and Fredholm integral equations for the first time. Importantly, the approach acknowledges and preserves the possible singularity of the solution, a novel aspect yet to be explored by researchers in the field.

Multivalent nanobody engineering for enhanced physisorption and functional display on gold nanoparticles.

The ease of expression and engineering of single domain antibodies, known as nanobodies, make them attractive alternatives to conventional antibodies in point-of-care diagnostics such as lateral flow assays. In lateral flow assays, gold nanoparticle bioconjugates serve as labels which display affinity molecules on the gold surface. While examples of nanobody gold nanoparticle bioconjugates exist, few utilise the simple one-step approach of physisorption owing to undesirable nanoparticle aggregation and loss of functionality. Here we show that engineering nanobodies into multivalent structures can significantly enhance their functionality when physisorbed onto gold nanoparticles. This approach enables resulting bioconjugates to withstand multiple processing steps required for long-term nanoparticle storage within lateral flow assays. Specifically, we show that the trivalent version of VHHV nanobody (VHH3) against the S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 can be immobilised onto gold nanoparticles through passive adsorption. Unlike its monovalent and bivalent nanobody counterparts, using VHHV3 preserves nanoparticle stability under salt stress, blocking, washing, and freeze-drying conditions while maintaining picomolar sensitivity to the S1 protein. We anticipate that this facile strategy is a significant advancement towards the integration of nanobodies in lateral flow assay development.

Inference of the Qur’anic verses on the Creator Existence A Research Adopted from Evidences Verses Book on Existence of the Beings Creator.For the Scholar, AL-Sultan / Saleh bin Ghaleb Al_Quaiti - may God have mercy on him-Study and Investigation

The research aims to choose a chapter from the book "The Evidence of Verses on the Existence of the Beings Creator " by the scholar Sultan Saleh bin Ghaleb Al-Quaiti, who died in the year 1375 AH, "Study and Investigation". The choice was made to “Inference with the Qur’anic Verses on the Creator Existence.”, and to indicate the most prominent evidence mentioned by the author in proving the existence of God Almighty. The author mentions important evidences that it is disgraceful for the knowledge seeker to be ignorant of, so the book comes to suffice for the beginner and deter for the follower with an easy expression away from the disruptive brevity and the tedious redundancy. In the introduction of the research, the researcher puts a biography of the author and his education. Then, the researcher verifies part of the text, attributes the sayings to their authors, analyzes some opinions, and attributes the texts and evidences to their sources.The most important findings of the research are the following. 1- The scholar Sultan Saleh bin Ghaleb Al-Quaiti was distinguished in writing this book with ease of expression while including the required meaning, and this is one of the most important purposes of writing. 2- Knowledge of the greatness of God almighty, his power and authority, as the greatness of creation indicates the greatness of the Creator, Glory be to Him.

Large-Scale Purification and Characterization of Recombinant Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Expressed in Yeast.

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is an essential component of numerous protein-based vaccines for COVID-19. The receptor-binding domain of this spike protein is a promising antigen with ease of expression in microbial hosts and scalability at comparatively low production costs. This study describes the production, purification, and characterization of RBD of SARS-CoV-2 protein, which is currently in clinical trials, from a commercialization perspective. The protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris in a large-scale bioreactor of 1200 L capacity. Protein capture and purification are conducted through mixed-mode chromatography followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. This two-step purification process produced RBD with an overall productivity of ~21 mg/L at >99% purity. The protein's primary, secondary, and tertiary structures were also verified using LCMS-based peptide mapping, circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. The glycoprotein was further characterized for quality attributes such as glycosylation, molecular weight, purity, di-sulfide bonding, etc. Through structural analysis, it was confirmed that the product maintained a consistent quality across different batches during the large-scale production process. The binding capacity of RBD of spike protein was also assessed using human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. A low binding constant range of KD values, ranging between 3.63 × 10-8 to 6.67 × 10-8, demonstrated a high affinity for the ACE2 receptor, revealing this protein as a promising candidate to prevent the entry of COVID-19 virus.

The Solar Benefits of Al-Manar Al-Hafiziyah by the Author Shams Al-Din Muhammad Al-Qouj Hisari (d.841 AH) from Section Letters to Conditional Letters - Study and Verification


 
 
 
 The study dealt with : 
 1- The life of Al-Qawjhasari - may Allah have mercy on him - in terms of: his name, lineage, surname, birth, upbringing, qualities, scientific trips, sheikhs, works, and death -The Qawjisari - era politically, socially, and scientifically2 
 3- Adequate definition of a book - The Benefits of Solar for Al-Manar Al-Hafizia - in terms of: its name, its lineage to the author, the description of copies, the reason for its composition, its scientific value, and the author's methodology in the book.
 4- The verified text according to the methodology that I have adopted.
 Among the findings:
 1- Explanation of solar benefits is one of the medium annotations on board the Al-Manar, and this explanation is one of the best explanations, as the compiler has approached its explanation on board, expanded in explaining its phrases, and it is distinguished from other explanations with some benefits and pioneering, and its style is characterized by ease of expression, simplification of information, detail of evidence, discussion and weighting..
 
 
 
 
 2- The explanation is distinguished by citing many examples and jurisprudential issues with discussion, disagreement, evidence of litigants and the answer to them.

Code Mixing Used by English Lecturers in English Language Teaching (ELT) for Non-EFL Students

This research is to know the type and reasons for code-mixing used by English lecturers in teaching non-EFL students at ITB AAS Indonesia. This research uses descriptive qualitative. The analysis shows that English lecturers use code-mixing during the English teaching and learning process by inserting Indonesian words, phrases, and clauses. In their utterances, they insert words consisting of parts of speech including pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunction. They insert phrases including noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, and adverbial phrases. They also insert clauses including an independent clause. The lecturers use bilingualism such as code-mixing by using two languages both English and Indonesian in the delivery of learning materials and instructional instructions to avoid miscommunication. Therefore, code-mixing is felt to be very necessary to bridge communication in learning between lecturers and students. Practically, the use of code-mixing serves as a way to teach English more easily. Besides, other several reasons for using code-mixing in English language teaching are clarification of ideas and opinions, giving instructions effectively, translation points and notes, socialization and communication, showing linguistics competence, changing/shifting topics, ease of expression, emphasis, and highlighting points, checking understanding, repetitive functions, and create a sense of belonging.

Impactos da percepção comunicacional e da timidez autorreferidos na avaliação ao falar em público de estudantes universitários

ABSTRACT Purpose To compare self-assessment when speaking in public, using the Self-Statements During Public Speaking scale, with the communicational perception and self-reported shyness of university students. Methods This was a prospective cross-sectional observational study. University students from different areas of knowledge in Brazil were invited to participate in this study. Those who agreed to participate were included. Participants received an electronic invitation and filled out a form created on the Google Forms platform that contained sociodemographic questions, on self-perception as a good speaker, on ease of expression, on shyness, and the Self-Statements During Public Speaking scale. The means of the Self-Statements During Public Speaking scale were compared with the self-perception as a good speaker, the ease of expressing oneself, and shyness. Results Participants who considered themselves to be good communicators, those who believed they had an ease to express themselves, and those who were not shy had better self-perception of their public speaking skills. Conclusion positive communicational self-perception, as well as less shyness self-perception, are related to a more favorable self-assessment in relation to public presentations.

아바타 표현과정 속 자기동일시와 만족도에 관한 연구

This study proposes an evaluation item model for the avatar expression process, satisfaction and self-identification for each expression element in order to investigate the expression attributes on the influence on the user in setting the avatar. The evaluation of avatar expression method was composed of self-identification and satisfaction by ease of expression and expression elements on the avatar production and expression process. To evaluate the proposed evaluation model, 17 people participated in the experiment. As a result, it was found that most of the participants had a high level of understanding of the production process, and the more diverse the expression elements, the higher the satisfaction with the avatar expression process. Hair shape and face shape were the most important expression factors, and clothes and overall harmony was the most concerned facotrs. Most of them tried to express themselves as realistically as possible. However, in self-identification, there was no significant correlation between expression and production process. In this study identify the decision-making factors that appear in the avatar expression process, the direction in which satisfaction can be formed, and the factors that affect self-identification. In addition, it will be a basic study on how avatars have a lasting influence on users in the future.

Linguistic and nonlinguistic evaluation of motion events in a path-focused language

AbstractThis study examines how properties of path (the trajectory of motion) and manner (how an action is performed) components of motion events are reflected in linguistic and nonlinguistic motion event conceptualization in a path-focused language, Turkish. In two experiments, we investigated how path and manner differed in salience (i.e., prominence) and ease of expression (EoE, i.e., effort of describing), and how these factors were related to lexicalization and similarity judgments of motion events. In Experiment 1, participants rated motion events based on path and manner salience and EoE and expressed path and manner in a written format. Results indicated that manner was rated as more salient and path as easier to express. Path salience and EoE were related to both types (i.e., number of different expressions) and the total number of paths and manners used. However, manner EoE but not salience was associated with only types and the total number of manners used. In Experiment 2, participants rated the similarity of motion event pairs created using the ratings in Experiment 1. We found that higher manner salience and EoE difference were associated with lower similarity ratings. These findings suggest that salience and EoE of path and manner are related to both linguistic and nonlinguistic aspects of motion event conceptualization.

Using vlogging to facilitate medical student reflection

ABSTRACT Reflection is a critical skill for medical professionals, however medical students often find it difficult to grasp and engage with. During a special choice module on yoga and mindfulness, students practised mindfulness at home and posted their reflections on the activities in text and vlogs in a closed WhatsApp group. Semi-structured focus groups investigated student perspectives on the acceptability and impact of v-logging on their reflective practice. We thematically analysed transcripts of the WhatsApp conversations and two focus groups.Students felt v-logging was more engaging and convenient than written reflections. V-logging was found to enhance emotional content that is commonly lacking in written reflection, which is has importance as emotional recognition promotes a higher quality of reflection. Although some students were concerned about their appearance in videos, they appeared to overcome this, finding v-logging facilitated deeper reflection compared with traditional written reflections due to accessibility and ease of expression. Furthermore, there was additional learning through watching other students’ emotive vlogs which fits with the phenomenon of reflective vicarious learning.Sharing vlogs within a WhatsApp group appeared to be an accessible way for facilitating greater engagement with affective and expressive aspects of reflection.

Retro-protein XXA is a remarkable solubilizing fusion tag for inclusion bodies

BackgroundProducing large amounts of soluble proteins from bacteria remains a challenge, despite the help of current various solubilizing fusion tags. Thus, developing novel tags is necessary. Antifreeze protein (AFP) has excellent solubility and hydrophilicity, but there are no current reports on its use as a solubilizing fusion tag. Additionally, there is no precedent for using retro-proteins (reverse sequence) as solubilizing fusion tags. Therefore, we selected the antifreeze protein AXX and obtained its retro-protein XXA by synthesizing the XXA gene for the development of a new solubilizing fusion tag.ResultsXXA exhibits better stability and ease of expression than AXX; hence, we focused the development of the solubilizing fusion tag on XXA. XXA fused with the tested inclusion bodies, significantly increasing the soluble expression compared with commonly used solubilizing fusion tags such as GST, Trx, Sumo, MBP, and NusA. The tested proteins became soluble after fusion with the XXA tag, and they could be purified. They maintained a soluble form after XXA tag removal. Finally, we used enzymatic digestion reaction and western blot experiments to verify that bdNEDP1 and NbALFA, which were soluble expressed by fusion with XXA, were active.ConclusionWe developed the novel solubilizing fusion tag XXA, which could more effectively facilitate the soluble expression of inclusion bodies compared with current commonly used tags. XXA could function at both low and high temperatures, and its moderate molecular weight has a limited impact on the output. These properties make XXA an ideal fusion tag for future research and industrial production. Moreover, for the first time, we highlighted the broad potential of antifreeze protein as a solubilizing fusion tag, bringing retro-protein into practical application.

Generation of TIM3 inhibitory single-domain antibodies to boost the antitumor activity of chimeric antigen receptor T cells.

Targeting inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules has significantly altered cancer treatment regimens. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) is one of the major inhibitory immune checkpoints expressed on T cells. Blocking the engagement of TIM3 and its inhibitory ligand galectin-9 may potentiate the effects of immunotherapy or overcome the adaptive resistance to the therapeutic blockade of programmed cell death protein 1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator and lymphocyte-activation gene 3, amongst others, as each of these immune checkpoints harbors unique properties that set it apart from the rest. Heavy chain variable fragment (VH)-derived single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) represent a class of expanding drug candidates. These sdAbs have unique advantages, including their minimal size in the antibody class, ease of expression, broad scope for modular structure design and re-engineering, and excellent tumor penetration. In the present study, two sdAbs, TIM3-R23 and TIM3-R53, were generated by immunizing rabbits with the recombinant extracellular domain of TIM3 and applying phage display technology. These sdAbs were easily expressed in mammalian cells. The purified sdAbs were able to bind to both recombinant and cell surface TIM3, and blocked it from binding to the ligand galectin-9. In vivo studies demonstrated that TIM3-R53 was able to potentiate the antitumor activity of chimeric antigen receptor T cells that targeted mesothelin. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that TIM3-R53 may be a novel and attractive immune checkpoint inhibitor against TIM3, which is worthy of further investigation.

DHAHIRATU AL-ISTIKHDAM AL-SHUROH AL-RUMZIYAH FI MAWAQI AL-TAWASHUL AL-IJTIMAI’I WA DAURIHA FI AL-TA’THILI AL-LUGHAWI LADA THALABAH AQSAM AL-LUGHAH AL-ARABIYAH FI JAMIAH AL-JAUFI

This study aims to analyze the use of symbols in social media and its impact on the language among students of the Arabic language program at Jouf University. Youth category is the largest group exposed to linguistic decline because of being hooked on social media. This has created negative impressions of their language, as a generation may emerge far from his language and identity, unable to express, the transition from verbal symbols to symbolic leads to shifts in meaning and function, and the reduction of sensations in the yellow faces (emoticons). These symbols serve only general purposes, initial and superficial connotations, simple words and sentences. The use of language in everyday conversations to communicate with relatives and entertainment is one of the most motivating habits of language revolt, especially the positive impression it has left on young people for their ease of expression, attractiveness and simplicity, effortless, shortening speech, and modernity, all of which led to dumping in their language use. It can, therefore, lead to the development of encrypted language dictionaries, change the pattern of thinking, hasten the formation of false personal impressions, and lead to introverts and psychological isolation; therefore, young people fall victim to linguistic decay.

القیم المعرفیة فی قصیدة یوم التعلیم للشاعر محمد سعید العباسی ( دراسةٌ وصفیّةٌ تحلیلیّةٌ )

ملخص البحث القيم المعرفية في قصيدة يوم التعليم للشاعر محمد سعيد العباسي ( دراسة وصفية تحليلية ) جاء هذا البحث تحت عنوان: القيم المعرفية في قصيدة يوم التعليم للشاعر محمد سعيد العباسي (دراسة وصفية تحليلية). وهدفه هو التعريف بحياة الشاعر محمد سعيد العباسي، ودراسة قصيدته يوم التعليم التي تمثل براعة أدبية متفردة ومتجلية، ثم حصر القيم المعرفية فيها وما قامت به من دور في غرسها. ومن خلال هذا البحث کشف النقاب عن شاعر فذ من شعراء النهضة الشعرية الحديثة في السودان وفي العالم العربي، وامتاز شعره بجزالة الألفاظ وسهولة اللغة واليسر في التعبير واستخدام الأخيلة والتصويرات والعاطفة الصادقة والمحسنات البديعية التي لا نجدها إلا خفيفا، وقصيدته يوم التعليم زاخرة بالقيم العقلية والاجتماعية والأخلاقية. ?الدکتورة مها أحمد إسماعيل البحري أستاذ الأدب والنقد المساعد جامعة الملک خالد ـــ کلية العلوم والآداب بمحايل عسير Abstract Cognitive values in the poem of the day of education of the poet Mohammed Said Abbasi (Descriptive and analytical study) This research came under the title: Cognitive values ​​in the poem of the day of education of the poet Mohammed Said Abbasi (descriptive analysis). And his goal is to introduce the life of the poet Mohammed Saeed Abbasi, and study poem on the day of education, which represents a unique literary genius and demonstrative, and then limited the values ​​of knowledge and the role played in planting. Through this research, a distinguished poet of modern poetic poets in the Sudan and the Arab world has been exposed. His poetry is characterized by the ease of language, the ease of language, the ease of expression, the use of the imagination, the imaginations, the sincere passion and the benevolent virtues which we find only light. His poem on education is full of mental, social and moral values. . Dr. Maha Ahmed Ismail Al-Bahari Professor of literature and criticism assistant King Khalid University Faculty of Science and Arts, Mahail Asir

SdAb-DB: The Single Domain Antibody Database.

The Single Domain Antibody Database, or sdAb-DB, ( www.sdab-db.ca ) is the first freely available repository for single domain antibodies and related classes of proteins. Due to their small size, modular structure, and ease of expression, single domain antibodies (sdAb) have a wide range of applications, including as a rational design tool, and are therefore of great interest for synthetic biologists and bioengineers. However, to enable effective use and sharing of existing sdAbs, including those with engineered functions ( e.g., fusions with fluorescent proteins), as well as the rational design and engineering of new sdAbs, it is necessary to have access to sequences and experimental data. We have therefore developed a publicly available, sdAb-focused database, providing access to manually curated sdAb data from protein databases, published scientific articles, and user submissions. The sdAb-DB is an open-source repository and sharing platform for the sdAb community, providing access to performance data and basic bioinformatic tools for use with previously described and validated sdAbs, as well as for the engineering of new sdAb-based designs and proteins.

Next-generation flexible formats of VNAR domains expand the drug platform's utility and developability.

Therapeutic mAbs have delivered several blockbuster drugs in oncology and autoimmune inflammatory disease. Revenue for mAbs continues to rise, even in the face of competition from a growing portfolio of biosimilars. Despite this success, there are still limitations associated with the use of mAbs as therapeutic molecules. With a molecular mass of 150 kDa, a two-chain structure and complex glycosylation these challenges include a high cost of goods, limited delivery options, and poor solid tumour penetration. There remains an urgency to create alternatives to antibody scaffolds in a bid to circumvent these limitations, while maintaining or improving the therapeutic success of conventional mAb formats. Smaller, less complex binders, with increased domain valency, multi-specific/paratopic targeting, tuneable serum half-life and low inherent immunogenicity are a few of the characteristics being explored by the next generation of biologic molecules. One novel 'antibody-like' binder that has naturally evolved over 450 million years is the variable new antigen receptor (VNAR) identified as a key component of the adaptive immune system of sharks. At only 11 kDa, these single-domain structures are the smallest IgG-like proteins in the animal kingdom and provide an excellent platform for molecular engineering and biologics drug discovery. VNAR attributes include high affinity for target, ease of expression, stability, solubility, multi-specificity, and increased potential for solid tissue penetration. This review article documents the recent drug developmental milestones achieved for therapeutic VNARs and highlights the first reported evidence of the efficacy of these domains in clinically relevant models of disease.

Isolation of Bactrian Camel Single Domain Antibody for Parathion and Development of One-Step dc-FEIA Method Using VHH-Alkaline Phosphatase Fusion Protein.

A heavy chain variable fragment of heavy chain only antibodies derived from camelids termed VHH shows beneficial characteristics for immunoassay in terms of high sensitivity, outstanding stability and ease in expression. In the present study, we isolated six VHHs from phage display library against parathion, which is a widely used organophosphorus pesticide with high toxicity and persistence. One of six selected VHHs named VHH9, showed highest specificity and superior thermo-stability. A VHH9-alkaline phosphatase (AP) fusion was constructed and used to establish a one-step direct competitive fluorescence enzyme immunoassay (dc-FEIA) with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.6 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 0.2 ng/mL which was 4-fold or 3-fold higher sensitivity than direct competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (dc-ELISA) and indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (ic-ELISA) for parathion. Furthermore, our assay indicated a 50% reduction on operation time compared with the ic-ELISA method. The presented immunoassay was validated with spiked Chinese cabbage, cucumber, and lettuce samples, and confirmed by UPLC-MS/MS. The results indicated that the VHH-AP-based dc-FEIA is a reproducible detection assay for parathion residues in vegetable samples.

Autobiografia Caminhos percorridos que me transformaram em uma Professora de Artes Visuais

Esse relato tem como objetivo mostrar os caminhos percorridos por mim para tentar compreender como me tornei uma professora de Arte. Embora eu tenha me tornado uma professora de Artes Visuais e licenciada especificamente em Desenho e Plástica (modelagem), em minhas vivências pessoais não me faltaram as demais linguagens artísticas, ainda que de forma tímida ou apenas esboçada, como vocês verão em meu relato. Como pessoa, senti necessidade de experimentar diferentes formas de expressão, pois me despertavam para diferentes sentimentos que gostava, mas como profissional fiquei naquela linguagem onde senti que era a minha maior facilidade de expressão: as artes visuais. Meus tópicos são divididos em tempos vividos, e o tempo eu o dividi em função das Instituições por onde eu passei, porque cada uma delas deixou algo bem marcado e bem vivo em minha memória. Por isso a divisão é desigual e, aparentemente, sem critério, porém, foram os caminhos que a vida me proporcionou.