Expressions For Secrecy Outage Probability Research Articles

Secrecy outage analysis for RIS-assisted hybrid FSO-RF systems with NOMA

In this paper, we investigate the physical-layer security performance for a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) assisted free-space optical (FSO) communication-radio frequency (RF) system with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). In particular, the source (S) transmits an optical NOMA signal to the relay (R), which forwards the optical-to-electrical converted signal to both users in the presence of an eavesdropper (E). Furthermore, for the far user, the scenario that there is no direct path from R and it can only receive the signal from R via the RIS is considered. While for the near user, three signal transmission scenarios are taken into account: 1) only the direct path from R exists; 2) only the reflected paths from RIS exist; 3) both the direct and the reflected paths exist and superimpose together. In addition, for the first hop of information transmission, E may or may not locate in the region of laser beam divergences of S. Therefore, both scenarios that the first hop may or may not be overheard by E are taken into consideration. Considering the FSO link is with a Gamma-Gamma distribution and the RF channels experience the Nakagami-m fading, the analytic and asymptotic expressions of secrecy outage probability for both users are presented. Monte-Carlo simulations are also conducted to validate the accuracy of the derived expressions.

Secrecy Analysis of Decode-and-Forward Relay Based Heterogeneous Terrestrial RF - Underwater Acoustic System

This study examines how well a heterogeneous dual-hop terrestrial radio frequency and underwater acoustic downlink system maintain confidentiality. It includes an RF source, an intermediate decode-and-forward relay, an underwater multi-hydrophone destination, and a nearby eavesdropper. Eavesdropper overhears underwater acoustic signal transmitted by the relay. RF and underwater acoustic links undergo Nakagami-m and Rayleigh fading, respectively. Due to the propagation delay of underwater scenario, both destination and eavesdropper links are associated with outdated channel state information which also employs maximal-ratio combining. The closed form expressions of secrecy outage probability, strictly positive secrecy capacity, and intercept probability are derived. Monte-Carlo simulations are obtained to certify the analytical expressions.

Aerial intelligent reflecting surface for improving the secrecy performance of wireless systems with hardware impairments

SummaryIt has been confirmed that the aerial intelligent reflecting surface (AIRS) can dramatically improve the coverage and quality of service of wireless communication systems. This paper proposes to exploit an AIRS to enhance the physical layer security (PLS) of wireless communication systems. In particular, the AIRS flies at convenient positions for enhancing legitimate channel gain and reducing eavesdropping channel gain. Moreover, the worst‐case security is determined where the legitimate user is affected by hardware impairments (HIs) while the eavesdropper hardware is ideal (ID). The analytical expression of secrecy outage probability (SOP) of the considered systems (referred to as the AIRS‐HI systems) is derived over realistic Nakagami‐ channels recommended for application in the fifth and beyond generations (5G & B5G). To clarify the behaviors of the considered systems, the asymptotic expressions of signal‐to‐distortion‐plus‐noise ratio (SDNR) at the legitimate user, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) at the eavesdropper, and SOP are also provided. Monte‐Carlo simulations are employed to confirm the accuracy of the derived theorem. Numerical results confirm that the SOP of the AIRS‐HI systems is dramatically higher than the SOP of the AIRS‐ID systems. In other words, a strong effect of HIs on the SOP of the AIRS‐HI systems is clearly indicated. Consequently, utilizing the high transmit power is not an effective solution to improve the secrecy performance of the AIRS‐HI systems. In contrast, it is essential to employ an appropriate transmit power tailored to the specific system parameters. Furthermore, the considerable advantages of incorporating AIRS are demonstrated through a comparison between the SOPs of AIRS‐HI systems and HI systems lacking AIRS. Additionally, a comprehensive examination of AIRS‐HI system behaviors is conducted by varying various system parameters, including the predefined secrecy rate, HI level, the number of reflecting elements (REs) in AIRS, WiFi network frequency, AIRS altitude, bandwidth, and channel fading order. These observations lead to the identification of numerous recommended solutions for enhancing the SOP performance of the considered AIRS‐HI systems.

Secrecy Analysis of ABCom-Based Intelligent Transportation Systems With Jamming

Employing ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) technology in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has emerged as an appealing solution to boost the awareness of crosswalks. However, the AmBC-based ITS is expected to face serious security threats due to the presence of malicious eavesdroppers. In this paper, we investigate the secure multi-antenna transmission in an AmBC-based ITS coexisting with a passive eavesdropper with jamming. Specifically, a cooperative jammer is placed in the system to deliberately disrupt the eavesdropper without affecting the legitimate receiver. In order to characterize the performance of the proposed scheme, new approximate closed-form expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) are derived by adopting the Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature. Additionally, the asymptotic behavior of SOP at the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime is also studied to provide more insights into the system design. We also derive the asymptotic SOP, when the number of transmit antennas tends to infinity. Monte Carlo simulations are provided to demonstrate the validity of our analytical results and to show that 1) the secrecy performance can be significantly improved by allocating part of the transmit power to perform cooperative jamming and 2) the optimal power allocation factor is related to the total transmit power.

Secure STBC-Aided NOMA in Cognitive IIoT Networks

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has been recognised as having the potential to offer substantial benefit to a wide range of industrial sectors. However, the widespread development and deployment of IIoT pose a set of challenges, including the shortage of spectrum resources and network security. Given the heterogeneity of IIoT devices, conventional cryptographic security techniques are not sufficient, since they suffer from challenges including computation, storages, latency and interoperability. In this paper, we present a physical layer security analysis for cognitive IIoT networks. In our system, IIoT devices opportunistically utilize the primary spectrum; thereby improving spectrum efficiency and allowing access to a large number of devices. Specifically, the considered network uses space-time block coding (STBC) in conjunction with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in underlay cognitive mode to realize data transmission for IIOT devices with high spectrum efficiency. The secure STBC-NOMA transmission model is established by taking into account the interference from a primary user. New approximate and asymptotic expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) for the secondary users (SUs) are derived to characterize the system’s secrecy performance. In addition, the SU’s closed-form secrecy ergodic rate (ER) is provided. The proposed STBC-NOMA approach, when compared to the classic single antenna (SA) based NOMA, achieves better SOP performance for all SUs, as confirmed by both analytical and simulation findings. Furthermore, we show that the proposed STBC-NOMA framework improves the SOP performance of weaker users. Additionally, the STBC-NOMA framework outperforms the SA-NOMA framework in terms of secrecy ER performance for all SUs.

Effects of co-channel interference on RIS empowered wireless networks amid multiple eavesdropping attempts

In this study, the secrecy performance of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS)-aided wireless networks in the existence of multiple interferers towards the destination is investigated. In particular, three critical issues in the design of secure RIS-assisted networks are examined: effects of interferers, operation of multiple eavesdroppers (colluding and non-colluding), and benefit of RISs. To examine their effects, the analytical expressions of secrecy outage probability are derived in a closed form. Additionally, asymptotic analyses at a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime are provided. Finally, the analytical results are validated through numerical simulations.

Secrecy of WSN Data Over Nakagami m Fading Channels with Selection Combining Diversity

We consider the security of wireless sensor network (WSN) data over Nakagami – m fading channels at the physical layer. A WSN in which the fusion center performs selection diversity has been considered for better quality reception. The links between the WSN node and fusion center are assumed to follow Nakagami-m fading distribution. Closed-form expressions for secrecy outage probability (SOP) are derived, and it is established that SOP analysis also leads to the analysis of the existence of secrecy as a special case of SOP. The analytical expressions have been validated through results from simulations. The analysis is valid for all positive real values of the fading parameter, m. The limits on the signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained to secure the transmitted data against eavesdropping with the required SOP and secrecy rate using the analysis presented in this paper.

Secrecy Performance Analysis of Mixed RF/FSO Systems Based on RIS Reflection Interference Eavesdropper

This paper proposes and studies the physical layer security of a mixed radio frequency/free space optical (RF/FSO) system based on reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided jamming to prevent eavesdropping. This work considers Nakagami-m fading for the RF links and Málaga (M) turbulence for the FSO links. A two-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relaying method was used and the eavesdropper actively eavesdropped on the information transmitted by the RF link. The eavesdropper was thwarted by a wireless-powered jammer that transmits jamming signals, which were reflected by the RIS to the eavesdropper to ensure secure communication in the mixed RF/FSO system. The expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) and average secrecy capacity (ASC) of the RIS-aided mixed RF/FSO system were derived for the system model discussed above. The Monte Carlo method was utilized to verify the accuracy of these expressions. In the RIS-aided mixed RF/FSO system, the effects of the time switching factor, energy conversion efficiency, and average interference noise ratio on the system secrecy outage probability were analyzed and compared to the RIS-free mixed RF/FSO system. Meanwhile, the influence of the number of RIS reflecting elements, link distances before and after reflection, and fading severity parameter on the security performance of a mixed RF/FSO system assisted by RIS were also investigated.

Secrecy outage probability of DF‐based C‐NOMA under half and full duplex

AbstractCooperative Non‐orthogonal Multiple Access (C‐NOMA) is projected as the dominant technology for 5G and beyond. Also, physical layer security, due to the presence of eaves‐dropper, is a bottleneck security concern for any open link wireless system. This manuscript presents a novel Decode & Forward (DF)‐based C‐NOMA system in the presence of two eavesdroppers. Moreover, both half duplex and full duplex schemes are included in the analysis. Thereby, separate expressions for Secrecy Outage Probability (SOP), being among the most crucial performance measures in physical layer security, are produced and examined for the system under consideration. Specifically, first of all, novel expression of SOP for C‐NOMA systems under both Half Duplex (HD) and Full Duplex (FD) schemes is derived for the case when only eavesdropper one (E1) attacks on link source to device one (S‐D1). Thereafter, expressions of SOP for the C‐NOMA system under both HD and FD schemes are derived, considering presence of E1 and E2 on the links, source to device one (S‐D1) and source to device two (S‐D2), respectively. Further, for both the duplexes, the effect of eavesdropper one (E1) and eavesdropper two (E2) on the links, S‐D1 and S‐D2, respectively, is analyzed. The presented analysis is useful in the technological development level of C‐NOMA in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers. The simulated results show perfect agreement with the theory.

On security performance analysis of IRS-aided VLC/RF hybrid system

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) has been introduced into wireless communication to improve physical layer security (PLS) due to its ability of reconfiguring propagation environments. However, most current research on IRS-aided PLS is for standalone radio frequency (RF) or visible light communication (VLC), and few has focused on IRS-aided VLC/RF hybrid systems combining the wide coverage of RF and high speed of VLC. We study the PLS of an IRS-aided dual-hop VLC/RF hybrid system, where the first VLC link is to transmit optical signal, and the second RF link assisted by IRS is to extend communication region inaccessible to visible light, and the two hops are connected by a relay in decode-and-forward or amplify-and-forward mode. Two eavesdropping scenarios are considered: eavesdropping from IRS and eavesdropping from relay. Then, the closed-form expressions of secrecy outage probability and strictly positive secrecy capacity probability are derived for four combinations of eavesdropping scenarios and relay modes, and corresponding asymptotic solutions are obtained. Finally, simulations are carried out to verify the superiority of the proposed system over a conventional hybrid system without IRS, and the proposed system shows different security performance for various scenarios and relay modes, and IRS has a positive effect on improving PLS.

Secrecy Outage Probability Analysis for Downlink RIS-NOMA Networks With On-Off Control

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been regarded as a promising technology since it has ability to create the favorable channel conditions. This paper investigates the secure communications of RIS assisted non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks, where both external and internal eavesdropping scenarios are taken into consideration. More specifically, novel approximate and asymptotic expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) for the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> -th legitimate user (LU) are derived by invoking imperfect successive interference cancellation (ipSIC) and perfect successive interference cancellation (pSIC). To characterize the secrecy performance of RIS-NOMA networks, the diversity order of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> -th LU with ipSIC/pSIC is obtained in the high signal-to-noise ratio region. The secrecy system throughput of RIS-NOMA networks is discussed in delay-limited transmission mode. Numerical results are presented to verify theoretical analysis that: i) The SOP of RIS-NOMA networks is superior to that of RIS assisted orthogonal multiple access (OMA) and conventional cooperative communication schemes; ii) As the number of reflecting elements increases, the RIS-NOMA networks are capable of achieving the enhanced secrecy performance; and iii) The RIS-NOMA networks have better secrecy system throughput than that of RIS-OMA networks and conventional cooperative communication schemes.

Physical Layer Security of HAPS-Based Space–Air–Ground-Integrated Network With Hybrid FSO/RF Communication

In this paper, we study the physical layer security performance of a downlink space-air-ground integrated network (SAGIN), where a satellite communicates with the ground user/destination via a high-altitude platform station (HAPS)- based relay in the presence of an eavesdropper. In particular, we propose to use hybrid free space optical (FSO)/radio frequency (RF) transmission to enhance the security of the considered system. Herein, the FSO and RF links are assumed to experience Gamma-Gamma and Shadowed-Rician distributions, respectively. Specifically, we derive exact and asymptotic expressions of secrecy outage probability for the considered SAGIN by employing intensity modulation/direct detection. We provide the numerical and simulation results to validate our analysis.

Physical Layer Security for Wireless-Powered Ambient Backscatter Cooperative Communication Networks

Low power consumption and high spectrum efficiency as the great challenges for multi-device access to Internet-of-Things (IoT) have put forward stringent requirements on the future intelligent network. Ambient backscatter communication (ABcom) is regarded as a promising technology to cope with the two challenges, where backscatter device (BD) can reflect ambient radio frequency (RF) signals without additional bandwidth. However, minimalist structural design of BD makes ABcom security vulnerable in wireless propagation environments. By virtue of this fact, this paper considers the physical layer security (PLS) of a wireless-powered ambient backscatter cooperative communication network threatened by an eavesdropper, where the BD with nonlinear energy harvesting model cooperates with decode-and-forward (DF) relay for secure communication. The PLS performance is investigated by deriving the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and secrecy energy efficiency (SEE). Specifically, the closed-form and asymptotic expressions of SOP are derived as well as the secrecy diversity order for the first time. As an energy-constrained device, balancing power consumption and security is major concern for BD, thus the SEE of the proposed network is studied. The results from numerical analysis show that the performance improvement of SOP and SEE is impacted by system parameters, including transmit power, secrecy rate threshold, reflection efficiency and distance between the source and BD, which provide guidance on balancing security and energy efficiency in ambient backscatter cooperative relay networks.

Secrecy performance analysis of UAV-based full-duplex two-way relay NOMA system

In this paper, we investigate the secrecy performance of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based full-duplex (FD) two-way relay non-orthogonal multiple access (TWR-NOMA) system with two terrestrial users and an eavesdropper. To ensure secure communications, a UAV acts as an aerial relay station, which not only forwards confidential information to legitimate users but also keeps emitting the jamming signal to degrade the performance of any potential eavesdropper. The ergodic secrecy rate (ESR) and secrecy outage probability (SOP) of users and the system are successfully investigated under the assumption of imperfect successive interference and self-interference cancellation. In addition, to provide a better understanding of the secrecy performance, mathematical expressions of asymptotic ESR, secrecy slope, asymptotic SOP, and secrecy diversity order are also studied. Simulation results demonstrate that the FD TWR-NOMA system attains better secrecy performance than that of the FD TWR-NOMA system with a terrestrial relay, the FD TWR-NOMA system without jamming signal, as well as the half-duplex TWR-NOMA system. The secrecy performance of the system is significantly enhanced when UAVs approach the remote user. Furthermore, there is a reasonable power allocation value for jamming and legitimate signals on the UAV to improve secrecy performance.

Secrecy Performance Analysis of Heterogeneous Networks With Unreliable Wireless Backhaul and Imperfect Channel Estimation

Wireless backhaul is an economical and flexible alternative to wired backhaul, however, it experiences impairments. This research proposes a new secure heterogeneous system model with unreliable wireless backhaul and imperfect channel estimation over Nakagami- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$m$</tex-math></inline-formula> fading channel. To improve the system secrecy performance, we propose three small-cell transmitter selection schemes under channel estimation imperfections and wireless backhaul impairments, namely Optimum Selection (OS), Sub-optimum Selection (SS) and Minimum-Eavesdropping Selection (MES). Novel closed-form expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) are derived for these three selection schemes in both practical and ideal scenarios. The novel theoretical analysis and simulation results show the impact of wireless backhaul uncertainties and channel estimation errors on system secrecy performance. In addition, we investigate how the number of small-cell transmitters affects the system secrecy performance. The asymptotic behaviour is provided to obtain insights into the system performance. The analytical derivations and asymptotic expressions are validated by Monte Carlo simulations. Our novel theoretical analysis can guide different physical layer security (PLS) designs.

On the secrecy performance of RIS-enabled wireless communications over Nakagami-m fading channels

This paper examines the secrecy performance of reconfigurable intelligent surface aided wireless communication systems. Specifically, we derive the secrecy outage probability (SOP), intercept probability, probability of non-zero secrecy capacity, and ergodic secrecy capacity (ESC) expressions over Nakagami- m fading channels. We further evaluate the asymptotic SOP expressions to get some insights into the secrecy diversity order under two scenarios of interest; (1) when the signal-to-noise ratio approaches infinity, and (2) when the main-to-eavesdropper ratio tends to infinity. Also, we analytically show the effect of reflecting element density on the ESC performance. The numerical and simulation studies verify our analytical findings.

QoS-aware secure transmission design for VLC with semi-grant-free NOMA scheme.

This work aims to enhance the physical layer security (PLS) of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) aided indoor visible light communication (VLC) system with semi-grant-free (SGF) transmission scheme, in which a grant-free (GF) user shares the same resource block with a grant-based (GB) user whose quality of service (QoS) must be strictly guaranteed. Besides, the GF user is also provided with an acceptable QoS experience, which is closely aligned with the practical application. Both active and passive eavesdropping attacks are discussed in this work, where users' random distributions are taken into account. Specifically, to maximize the secrecy rate of the GB user in the presence of an active eavesdropper, the optimal power allocation policy is obtained in exact closed-form and the user fairness is then assessed by Jain's fairness index. Moreover, the secrecy outage performance of the GB user is analyzed in the presence of the passive eavesdropping attack. Both exact and asymptotic theoretical expressions for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) of the GB user are derived, respectively. Furthermore, the effective secrecy throughput (EST) is investigated on the basis of the derived SOP expression. Through simulations, it is found that the PLS of this VLC system can be significantly improved by the proposed optimal power allocation scheme. The radius of the protected zone, the outage target rate for the GF user, and the secrecy target rate for the GB user would have pronounced impacts on the PLS and user fairness performance of this SGF-NOMA assisted indoor VLC system. The maximum EST will increase with the increasing transmit power and it is hardly influenced by the target rate for the GF user. This work will benefit the design of indoor VLC system.

Minimization of Secrecy Outage Probability in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted MIMOME System

This article investigates physical layer security (PLS) in reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted multiple-input multiple-output multiple-antenna-eavesdropper (MIMOME) channels. Existing researches ignore the problem that secrecy rate can not be calculated if the eavesdropper’s instantaneous channel state information (CSI) is unknown. Furthermore, without the secrecy rate expression, beamforming and phase shifter optimization with the purpose of PLS enhancement is not available. To address these problems, we first give the expression of secrecy outage probability for any beamforming vector and phase shifter matrix as the RIS-assisted PLS metric, which is measured based on the eavesdropper’s statistical CSI. Then, with the aid of the expression, we formulate the minimization problem of secrecy outage probability that is solved via alternately optimizing beamforming vectors and phase shift matrices. In the case of single-antenna transmitter or single-antenna legitimate receiver, the proposed alternating optimization (AO) scheme can be simplified to reduce computational complexity. Finally, it is demonstrated that the secrecy outage probability is significantly reduced with the proposed methods compared to current RIS-assisted PLS systems.

Wireless-powered backscatter communications for smart sustainable cities: A secrecy analysis

Due to its ability to enable self-sustainable communications, wirelessly powered backscatter communication (WP-BackCom) has been deemed a promising technology for supporting smart sustainable cities. We note that the existing works on analyzing the secrecy performance of WP-BackComs have largely ignored the spatial randomness of nodes that is used to model a large-scale network. To fill this gap, this paper evaluates the secrecy outage probability of the large-scale WP-BackComs based on a tractable framework of stochastic geometry (SG). In particular, the imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) at each gateway (GW) and eavesdropper (Eve), and the non-linear energy harvesting (EH) model and energy-causality constraint at each backscatter user (BU) are considered. The energy outage probability and secrecy outage probability expressions are derived in the general case at first, then the closed-form expressions are obtained under the special scenario, i.e., the no-noise and the typical propagation loss scenario. Numerical simulations validate the analytical results and examine the impacts of various parameters on the secrecy performance. In particular, there exists an optimal reflection coefficient for secrecy outage probability minimization under certain conditions, and the optimal reflection coefficient increases with the increasing SIC coefficient at GW.

Secured End-to-End FSO-VLC-Based IoT Network With Randomly Positioned VLC: Known and Unknown CSI

In this article, we determine the secrecy performance of a dual-hop hybrid free space optics (FSO)-visible light communication (VLC) system with a randomly located legitimate Internet of Things (IoT)-based receiver in the presence of two distinct eavesdroppers (EDs). We consider one FSO-based ED located near the relay, wiretapping the FSO link. However, another ED wiretaps the information from the multiple VLC sources embedded on the ceiling of the room. We consider the three different scenarios for VLC-based ED: 1) the effect of uniformly distributed ED in the absence of any secured zone in the VLC coverage area; 2) the impact of uniformly distributed ED in the presence of VLC secured area; and 3) the effect of random waypoint (RWP) distributed ED on the system’s security. The secrecy performance of the system is evaluated based on known and unknown instantaneous channel state information (CSI) of EDs. Furthermore, the closed form expression for secrecy outage probability (SOP) in terms of Meijer’s-G and Gauss hypergeometric functions is derived. In order to have a better insight into the system’s performance, analytical results are expressed asymptotically in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. Following that, Monte Carlo simulations are done to validate the theoretical results. Additionally, a secrecy threshold is obtained in order to comprehend the system’s security and reliability.