Expression Of Prejudice Research Articles

Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and prejudice.

Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation have been proposed as 2 major individual-difference variables underlying prejudice. This study examined the relationships of these variables to 3 forms of prejudice-affective responses, stereotyping, and attitudes toward equality enhancement-directed at 2 social groups-African Americans and homosexuals. Canonical correlation analyses showed that social dominance orientation was related to most forms of prejudice directed toward both groups and that right-wing authoritarianism was related to affective responses to and stereotyping of homosexuals. In addition, it was found that, as predicted by the social dominance model, stereotyping mediated the relationships between social dominance orientation and other forms of prejudice and that social dominance orientation mediated gender differences in expressions of prejudice.

Análisis de las dimensiones de un cuestionario sobre el prejuicio étnico

The study analyzes the dimensions of a multiscale questionnaire about ethnic prejudice toward North-Africans in Almería (Spain). The aim was to show the basic components of a scale of traditional prejudice, reliable in our context and useful for future research. Reliability is analyzed through convergence of different groups of items using various multivariate analysis procedures. A high convergence will show the most consistent and reliable dimensions in the measurement of ethnic prejudice, The questionnaire is a combination of several scales: favourability in the stereotype, social distance, principles of equality and politics ofimplementation ofthese principles. Results support the traditional character of the expression of prejudice reflected inthe scales. Two dimensions appear from the analyses: principles of equality (which include the scales of principles and politics and some items of social distance) and confidence in the interpersonal relations with the North-African population (some items of the stereotype scale). We suggest that situations of some degree of intimacy (that could be related with a subtle expression of prejudice) and the politics of limited expulsion and police border control are evaluated by respondents independently of other questions: individuals apparently not prejudiced may show rejection in these items.

An Individual Difference Measure of Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions

The present research examines the assertion that individuals differ in the extent to which they seek to control the expression of prejudice. The authors developed the Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions Scale to assess this individual difference. Psychometric properties of the scale are reported, including its stable two-factor structure across samples. In addition, evidence regarding predictive validity is presented. The expression of racial prejudice on self-report measures was moderated by the extent to which respondents reported being motivated to inhibit prejudiced reactions. Specifically, the authors observed interactions between unobtrusive estimates of racial attitudes based on automatic attitude activation and scores on the Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions Scale when predicting self-reported evaluations. Motivated individuals expressed less prejudiced responses even if their unobtrusive estimates revealed automatically activated negativity in response to Blacks. In contrast, the less motivated provided self-reports consistent with their automatically activated attitudes.

Beyond the great divide: Hollywood and race relations in the 1950s

This article examines the ways in which the production of the racially charged film No Way Out f 1950) was influenced by specific sociohistorical events of the postwar period. It begins by establishing the historical context in which the film was produced and goes on to discuss how 3 major events, the nation's growing housing shortage, the increase in race riots, and the subsequent rise of suburbia, coalesced to produce a provocative yet conservative cinematic expression of racial prejudice. The article concludes by calling for additional analyses of the complex relationship between the filmmaking process and the larger social environment.

Private vs Public Expressions of Racial Prejudice

The present research examined the different processes that guide judgments of single group members in private vs anticipated public contexts. In each of three experiments, pro-Black or anti-Black participants were informed in advance either that their judgments of a Black individual were completely confidential (Private Context) or that they would be discussing their judgments with the other persons in the room (Anticipated Public Context). Experiment 1 showed that judgments of the target were more consistent with racial attitudes in the anticipated public than in the private condition. Experiment 2 replicated these findings and, moreover, showed nearly identical effects regardless of whether participants' attitudes were assessed by measures of modern vs “old-fashioned” racism. Experiment 3 again showed consistency between group attitudes and judgments of the target in anticipated public contexts, even when participants were given information about the likely “pro” or “anti” views of the audience and, hence, regardless of whether participants believed that the audience agreed with their own attitudes or not. Taken as a whole, results were consistent with a ‘bolstering’ framework first articulated in the cognitive dissonance domain (e.g., McGuire, 1964), which has shown that people become psychologically invested in their own positions when they anticipate debate with others, especially when their a priori commitment to their attitude is relatively high. The implications of the present results for theories of modern racism and the construct validity of the modern racism scale are discussed.

The Empirical Relationship between the Constructs of Traditional and Symbolic Racism

The theory of symbolic racism contends that white resistance to social policies such as affirmative action is rooted in prejudiced attitudes towards black people, and represents a more sophisticated form of racism than traditional or rednecked racism. However, the notion of symbolic racism has been severely criticized on theoretical and empirical grounds. The present study sought to clarify the nature of the empirical relationship between symbolic and traditional racism. The Subtle Racism Scale (Duckitt, 1991) and Heaven and Moerdyk's adaptation of Ray's anti-black scale were administered to 150 school-children. The findings revealed no significant difference in mean scores obtained on the measures of symbolic and traditional racism. A series of factor analyses consistently yielded four factors, accounting for 54% of the variance, suggesting that racism involves hitherto unaccounted for components in addition to traditional and subtle expressions of racial prejudice.

National Parks and social involvement - an argument

Discrimination, whether institutionalised or not, is described as the expression of prejudice, which, it is argued, is derived from projectionism, or the supposition that one's own perception coincides with reality and is therefore the only valid one. It is the result of naive ignorance of the world view(s) by which human attitudes are shaped. By means of the ecologically congenial concepts of interrelatedness and holism, it is here argued as an alternative that social involvement is (or, should be) an intrinsic part of conservation. A possible model for the purpose and some practical considerations are suggested.

Who should get the kidney machine?

This paper considers the problem that arises when the number of patients who need a resource exceeds the supply. An initial decision-making model is proposed that uses two essential criteria, medical prognosis and the priority of life-threatening situations. The model is then subjected to the criticism that it is grotesque to ignore questions relating to the value of, for example, a productive mother over against an aged recluse, and to treat them as having equal rights to access. It is argued that this criticism need not be an expression of prejudice but may reflect a defendable view in which utilitarian considerations enter into the selection process provided that certain fundamental, or 'deontological' rights are observed for all. In the light of the discussion the model is modified in order to contain both a non-utilitarian feature that stresses the intrinsic importance of all persons, and a utilitarian feature that can allow one, in certain circumstances, to take consequences into account, especially those that follow from the 'irreplaceability' of some people.

Reducing the Expression of Racial Prejudice

We conducted two experiments designed to evaluate the effects of normative influence on reactions to racism. The current problem of racism on college campuses provided the context for these studies. We found that exposure to strongly antiracist normative influence induced the expression of more strongly antiracist opinions, regardless of the number of influencing agents and regardless of whether persons expressed their opinions publicly or privately, than occurred following exposure to normative influence reflecting strong acceptance of racism. Overhearing others voice opinions that reflect strong acceptance of racism led persons to express less strongly antiracist opinions than when no influence was exerted.

Turning the Tables: Antisemitic Discourse in Post-War Austria

This paper examines the mechanisms for the constitution and transport of anti-Jewish prejudice in public and private discourse in contemporary Austria. Of particular relevance for the analysis is the influence which contextual factors (such as setting, speaker(s), presence or absence of Jews, role of the moderator in televised discussions, prominence of the speakers, emotionality, discussion topics, etc.) may or may not have had. For this analysis it was thus necessary to develop and apply a new methodology and new categories, which incorporated a discursive-historical approach, inter-disciplinary theory formation and the connexus of textlinguistic, psychological and historical conceptions. The results of the analysis show that expressions of antisemitic prejudice as such abounded, but that the explicitness and directness of the prejudices expressed varied markedly according to context. During televised discussions, for example, the various forms of antisemitism were embedded in strategies of positive self-promotion and/or cultivation of one's image. In a series of spontaneous, semi-public discussions (which retained what might be called a conditional anonymity), however, whatever hindrances or inhibitions which seem to have been present in the televised discussions all but vanished. An example from a news programme on the 25 March 1986 will illustrate the major claims and methodology.

The Context of Anti-Gay Violence

Hate crimes against lesbians and gay men occur within a broader cultural context that is permeated by heterosexism. Heterosexism is defined here as an ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes any nonheterosexual form of behavior, identity, relationship, or community. It operates principally by rendering homosexuality invisible and, when this fails, by trivializing, repressing, or stigmatizing it. This article focuses upon the nexus between cultural heterosexism and individual prejudice against lesbians and gay men. Key components of the ideologies of sex and gender from which heterosexism derives are identified: (a) the personal-public dichotomy, (b) the stigmatization of particular forms of sexuality, and (c) the linkage of heterosexuality to gender-role conformity. Supported by these ideological underpinnings, cultural heterosexism fosters individual anti-gay attitudes by providing a ready-made system of values and stereotypical beliefs that justify such prejudice as “natural.” By imbuing homosexuality with a variety of symbolic meanings, cultural heterosexism enables expressions of individual prejudice to serve various psychological functions. Further, by discouraging lesbians and gay men from coming out to others, heterosexism perpetuates itself. Recent social trends that may affect the ideology of heterosexism are identified, and their potential for reducing anti-gay prejudice is discussed.

Relative Deprivation and Collective Protest: An Impoverished Theory?*

Recently, social psychological theories of social movements such as relative deprivation (RD) have come under heavy censure. An examination of the theoretical literature on RD indicates that many of the critics’remarks seem to be predicated on an inadequate and superficial interpretation of RD. A detailed examination of many of the studies purporting to operationalize RD reveals, however, that many of the criticisms retain their pertinence when evaluating the empirical work. At this point it seems premature to declare RD moribund. Instead, directions for future studies that may lead to a more accurate appraisal of RD are recommended, since both social psychological and mobilization theories are necessary for a comprehensive understanding of collective behavior.Ghetto dwellers have much to resent about the way the outside world treats them: poor jobs, unemployment, unfair practices on the part of many employers, high rents for unsatisfactory housing, inadequate schools and health and sometimes brutal police work, the poor performance and sharp practices of many businesses aiming at ghetto customers, as well as a host of major and minor expressions of prejudice and discrimination which may confront a member of the black minority as he goes about his everyday social traffic in American society. Although such circumstances do not hit every member of the community with equal force, they provide each ghetto dweller with some basis for discontent, and probably they all play some role in the accumulation of grievances which may finally result in a rising. (Hannerz, 1971:324)

What can be done to help the low-ability student?

In this research, we focus on the effects of the individual's social dominance orientation (SDO) on the expression of prejudicial attitudes. Furthermore, we examine the mediational effect of moral exclusion on this relationship. The literature has shown a strong correlation between SDO and prejudice. However, we hypothesize that the processes of moral exclusion (i.e., covert and institutionalized forms of excluding social groups from the community to which the rules of justice apply) should mediate the effect of SDO on the expression of prejudice, particularly with regard to subtle forms of prejudice. The results from 276 Italian participants support this hypothesis. The effects of SDO are mediated by the inclusive level of the moral community, and this effect is stronger for subtle prejudice than for blatant prejudice. The results suggest that modern prejudice is hidden by subtle forms of moral exclusion.

Cognitive and conversational strategies in the expression of ethnic prejudice

Cognitive and conversational strategies in the expression of ethnic prejudice

Modern Racism: A TA Perspective

Defines racism at the personal level, using the example of white-black relations. A distinction is drawn between “old fashioned” and “modern” expressions of prejudice. The TA concept of contaminati...

Wallace and the Middle Class: The White Backlash in Wisconsin

From comparative studies in Wisconsin of suburbs and counties favorable and opposed to Governor Wallace of Alabama; of the Wallace and normal party votes; and of the Wallace and former Senator McCarthy votes, Professor Rogin finds that much of the political expression of white prejudice is concentrated among middleand upper-class conservatives. Michael Rogin is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley.

Gradations in Later Municipal Society

The legislation of the Roman Empire, as exemplified in the two great Codes, may often be regarded as the consolidation in law of practices already current. This tendency, however, is most obvious in respect of those practices which were of administrative utility in the eyes of the government. Thus, while there is much information concerning the organization or regimentation of certain sections of the population in which the government, for good or ill, showed its interest, the more unofficial expressions of bias and prejudice arising from existing social convention tend to escape notice. Yet even the convention of snobbery has its place in the history of a society, and the purpose of this paper is to examine it, in certain aspects, in the life of the East in the fourth century.

Psychological aspects of prejudice with special reference to desegregation.

We began by describing prejudice as a minor psychological symptom, an expression of blurred perceptions and unclear thinking. We mentioned its principal origin in fear and its frequent support by a need to reduce guilt through projecting blame onto others. We emphasized the deep roots of prejudicial thinking within the personality. In the later sections of this article we described a number of factors which can modify the expression of prejudice and its influence on behavior. We pointed out that statements of prejudice and, still more, overt behavior based on prejudice are strongly influenced by groups and by a person's judgment of what the group to which he principally belongs wishes. This section of our paper may make prejudice appear a great deal more plastic than our first sections supposed. We think this apparent inconsistency can be harmonized by distinguishing prejudicial thinking and individual prejudices. Such faults of thinking as overgeneralization and responses to categories rather than to individuals cannot readily be given up, especially when they are sustained by fear and have been practiced for many years. But individual errors of judgment can be corrected by new experiences. People can change their ways of looking at a particular problem, even though it takes much longer for them to change their general habits of approach to any problem. These new ways of looking at a problem may come through new experiences brought about by legislative, judicial or administrative acts. Changes of behavior will follow awareness of new laws or customs; changes of attitudes may come later as the new experiences correct misperceptions and as the changing person seeks to bring his attitudes into line with his conforming behavior.

Outlines of a Relational Theory of Value

is paper has two aims, first, to | analyze the situation in which hu1 man values occur and, second, to suggest certain hypotheses regarding the principles of evaluation. Before proceeding with either aim, however, I would like to say a few words about experience, empirical method, and value theory In the field of value theory it is a thesis of certain logical empiricists that only statements describing what people value or have valued are scientific and empirical. Only descriptive psychological and sociological generalizations or reports are admissible by empirical method, while all other statements, particularly regarding norms, principles of evaluation, the ought or the should be, are merely expressions of private prejudice and have no scientific or empirical standing or validity. The paradox of this position, that it asserts what should be the case in value theory and does not merely describe past or present practice, is obvious enough. But the root of the difficulty, I believe, is different. lies in a faulty conception of experience. According to this view, experience is sensory apprehension. is the awareness of sensory presentations, sense data, or sensa. This conception is combined with the view that all knowledge that is not analytic consists of statements, such as psychological and sociological statements, whose content is reducible to descriptions of what is or has been or, more specifically, to sense data. One elementary defect of this conception, I think, is that it omits the telic structure of experience. conceives experience as mechanical, a mere recording of the given; whereas experience in its major modes is an apprehension of the given in terms of needs, purposes, and goals. The experience of the scientist himself illustrates this. A physicist wishes to make a measurement. Of the thousand and one possible combinations of data that a free sensibility might record when it is directed toward a clock or a measuring rod, the physicist concentrates on one combination, e.g., the positions of the hands of the clock or the incidence points of the ends of the measuring rod. Why? Obviously, because the combination is to his purpose. Similarly, in preparing and conducting an experiment, the physicist sets up and manipulates his object field in terms of an aim. If the aim requires that certain elements appear and operate in the object field and no others, these elements are introduced, arranged, and controlled, so far as possible, as the aim requires. Both in observation and in experiment, experience in science contains ordering purposes and goals, and what is, is caught within a network of oughts and should-bes springing from these telic elements. As a matter of fact, when logical positivists themselves discuss science, they often speak, as in value theory, of oughts and should-bes, of demands and requirements. Thus, Carnap writes: It is a just demand that Science should have not merely subjective interpretation but sense and validity for all subjects who participate in it., Either this statement is merely an expression of private prej-