National Expression Research Articles

A Study on the Construction of Patriotism in Main Theme Film and Television Works

Mainstream cinematic works, with their distinctive perspectives and narrative styles, have emerged as vital vehicles for the promotion of patriotic sentiments. These productions, through their diverse and emotionally profound subject matter, not only provide audiences with visual and auditory delights but also ignite a strong sense of identity with the nation and its people. In recent years, as times evolve, the standard of creating such works has been continuously elevated, with themes becoming increasingly relatable to real life, striving to awaken dormant patriotism within viewers. Amid the global wave of cultural integration and collision, there is an ever-growing need for cinematic works to disseminate and fortify patriotic ideals. These mainstream films are not merely artistic creations but also cultural missions, employing in-depth explorations of history and modernity, individual and collective narratives, to forge novel expressions of patriotism.

Useful or not? The discussion of traditional Chinese medicine to treat COVID-19 on a Chinese social networking site

The use of traditional medicine is a global phenomenon, and the WHO advocated its appropriate integration into modern healthcare systems. However, there is a hot debate about the legitimacy of...

Patriotism among Slovenian Youth: Empirical Research

Abstract Research in Slovenia shows a low level of expression of patriotism among young people, which points to the fact that we are unable to express this value because we are not convinced of its quality and necessity. The belief that we will love and respect our homeland, which has also been a state since 1991, is based on completely false assumptions. Those who were emotionally present at the founding of our country naturally have a keener sense of patriotism, but the younger generations see the emergence of an independent and sovereign Slovenia as a historical fact, and therefore without any emotional overtones. Therefore, the results on the poor knowledge of the facts related to the establishment of an independent and sovereign Slovenian state, analysed in this article, are not really surprising.

Resonance across Millennia: An Analysis of the Connection between Song Dynasty Culture and Generation Z

This paper delves into the characteristics of Song Dynasty culture and its resonances with Generation Z culture. First, through an analysis of the social and cultural background of the Song Dynasty, and using classic works such as “Song Ci” and “Along the River During the Qingming Festival” as examples, it reveals the unique charm of Song Dynasty literature, painting, and music. The paper analyzes the cultural characteristics of Generation Z in the context of digitization, globalization, and diversification, especially their values, aesthetics, and cultural expressions. Then, it discusses in detail the commonalities between Song Dynasty culture and Generation Z culture in their reverence for nature and expression of patriotism, as well as the inheritance and influence of Song Dynasty culture in contemporary times. Finally, the paper summarizes the connections between Song Dynasty culture and Generation Z culture, emphasizing the resonance across millennia. Facing the future, the paper proposes thoughts and suggestions on the inheritance and innovation of traditional culture to promote its sustainable development and integration with modern society.

Pashtun Neo-Ethnonationalism

The aim of this paper is threefold. Firstly, it seeks to examine the genesis and widespread adoption of a more inclusive and expansive political trend known as Pashtun neo-ethnonationalism in Pakistan. Secondly, it aims to investigate the various dimensions, trajectories, and growing influence of neo-ethnonationalism among diverse social forces, including left-leaning groups, Islamists, developmentalists, modern professionals, and others. Lastly, the paper aims to discuss the key factors and dynamics that have contributed to the emergence and proliferation of neo-nationalism within the diverse Pashtun social fabric. Contrary to stereotypical assumptions that depict Pashtun nationalist expression as static and primordial and characterized by violence and conflict, this research delves into the dynamics of ruptures, negotiations, and assimilations that shape the evolving neo-Pashtun identity.

From Pemuda to Remaja

ABSTRACT This study investigates how the civic nationalism of the current millennial generation is perceived and expressed in contemporary Indonesia. We define civic nationalism as nationalism in which the foundations of citizenship are civic ties that ensure equality for people of different religions or ethnicities. Since the post-New Order period, religious nationalism promoted by vocal Islamist groups such as Laskar Jihad, Front Pembela Islam (Islamic Defence Front, FPI), and Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) has contested Indonesian civic nationalism. Despite this challenge, we argue that Indonesian civic nationalism has been vibrantly reproduced, with the current millennial generation playing an active role, despite studies that frequently portray them as apolitical remaja (consumerist youth). We use NusantaRun and SabangMerauke as examples of youth communities that actively promote civic nationalist narratives. We also contend that their ideas on civic nationalism emphasise interfaith engagement in activities centred on consumer culture, self-development, and volunteerism, all of which fit into the broader neoliberal milieu of post-New Order Indonesia. These findings, deriving from our interviews and analyses of their social media discourse, will help to advance research on changing nationalist expressions across Indonesian generations.

Critical Nationalists: A Discourse Analysis of Quotidian Nationalist Expression Among Chinese Elite Urbanites

ABSTRACT This study systematically examines, deconstructs, and maps the quotidian nationalist discourse among Chinese netizens and analyzes their ‘liking’ behavior on the social media platform, Zhihu, in order to investigate what and how they talk about nationalism. The analysis of the quotidian expression of nationalism marks a shift from the previous practice of relying on high-profile nationalist movements as evidence which may create an incomplete or inaccurate impression that much of Chinese nationalism is virulent and over-zealous. This study finds that Zhihu users are critical nationalists who are competitive but judicious. The existence of levelheaded nationalists in China’s online space suggests the limits of strident nationalist contagion and nationalist mobilization.

Factors Affecting the Intention to Buy Traditional Ao Dai Products: A Case Study of Generation Z in Vietnam

The traditional Ao Dai is the national garment of Vietnam, embodying the soul and essence of its people. In this research paper, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used to examine the factors affecting one’s “Intention to buy Vietnamese traditional Ao Dai” by analyzing survey data of 292 young people in the generation Z group of Vietnam. By including the 4 factors in the model: "Attitude towards the product", "Subjective norms", "Perceived behavioral control" and "Ethnocentrism", the impact of the factor "Intention to buy Vietnamese traditional Ao Dai" is examined. The results of the model highlight that the factor "Perceived behavioral control" has the largest impact on the participants’ decision to buy traditional Ao Dai, followed by the factor "Subjective norms”. At the 5% significance level, these factors have a positive correlation effect. Similarly, at the 10% significance level, the results show that the factors "Ethnocentrism" and "Attitude towards the product" also have a positive impact on an individual’s "Intention to buy Vietnamese traditional Ao Dai". This research aims to raise the awareness of young people, specifically Generation Z, of the significance of traditional products such as Ao Dai, to encourage the understanding and usage of traditional Ao Fai products as an expression of patriotism and national spirit.

Elegans, grace och kanoner. Utförsåkningens pionjärfas i svensk skidlitteratur 1926 – 1939

The main purpose of this article is to analyze the pioneer phase of Swedish downhill skiing, especially slalom, from a gender perspective. The research period stretches from 1926 to 1939. I have performed an analysis based on which words are used in skiing literature to describe female versus male skiers. The main source for the study is yearbooks of the Swedish outdoor organization. The results show that there was a re-negotiation on which ideals were elevated in skiing, for male skiers as well as for female skiers. The cross-country skiing ideal was dominated by the silent and persistent male, as opposed to the cheeky and brave man in downhill skiing. Female downhill skiers were commonly appraised for their beauty, elegance, and grace, while male skiers were often described in words related to weapons, war and the military. The study also shows how Swedish nationalist expressions differed in cross-country skiing as compared to downhill skiing. Previous research on cross-country skiing has shown that a domestic sort of nationalism based on Swedish nature and culture has been dominant, whilst this study shows that the nationalist expressions, with regards to downhill skiing, rather asserted Sweden in relation to the Alp countries.

Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook on Philippine Music History, 1880–1921 ed. by Arwin Q. Tan, and: Saysay Himig: An Anthology of Transcultural Filipino Music (1880–1941) ed. by Arwin Q. Tan

Reviewed by: Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook on Philippine Music History, 1880–1921 ed. by Arwin Q. Tan, and: Saysay Himig: An Anthology of Transcultural Filipino Music (1880–1941) ed. by Arwin Q. Tan Frederick J. Schenker (bio) Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook on Philippine Music History, 1880–1921. Edited by Arwin Q. Tan. Music and Culture Book Series. Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Press, 2018. xxiv + 396 pp., illustrations, index. ISBN:928-971-542-858-3 (paperback), ₱ 850.00 ($16.60). Saysay Himig: An Anthology of Transcultural Filipino Music (1880–1941). Produced, supervised, and edited by Arwin Q. Tan. Quezon City: University of the Philippines College of Music, 2017. Three CDs (71, 51, and 77 minutes). 12 pages of notes. ₱ 1,000.00 ($19.50). What is the place of music and expressive culture amid a struggle for sovereignty and independence from colonial rule? What are the sounds of this struggle? The edited collection Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook on Philippine Music History, 1880–1941, and the three- CD set Saysay Himig: An Anthology of Transcultural Filipino Music, 1880–1941, explore these questions during a tumultuous period in the history of the Philippines when the archipelago was emerging from Spanish governance only to be confronted with a rapidly expanding US imperial state. The stated purpose of these publications is to provide an accessible entry point into the understudied history of the intersections of musical practices and developing nationalist expression in the Philippines between 1880 and 1941. They examine a period when Filipinos attempted to imagine and express themselves as a nation through various media, including musical performance. The Sourcebook and Anthology (as well as a third publication edited by José S. Buenconsejo titled Philippine Modernities: Music, Performing Arts, and Language, 1880 to 1941) came on the heels of the 2016 centennial of the University of the Philippines College of Music. Festivities marking this important date included concerts and research symposia that, among other things, celebrated the significance of music in the making of a Philippine nation. The items reviewed here continue this celebratory project by exploring how Filipino composers engaged with and helped shape the emerging possibilities of Philippine nationalism. They show how composers were able to craft their own aesthetic and national expression despite the oppression of imperialism [End Page 139] and the prevailing and often inescapable sounds of European classical and American popular music. Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook1 introduces a wide range of topics and ideas about music in the Philippines around the turn of the twentieth century. As editor Arwin Tan writes in his preface, the “book is intended to be used in the teaching of Philippine music history” and is meant to “cater to the general public’s interest” (xvi). The result is a volume of 50 chapters averaging six to nine pages from a group of 29 scholars, most of whom have connections of some sort to the University of the Philippines. Authors include faculty members of the University of the Philippines College of Music, esteemed figures in Philippine art and academia such as Ramón Santos and Resil Mojares, recently minted PhDs, and a small number of doctoral students and musician- scholars. The chapters are organized around six general themes. These include (1) transmission of music, (2) musical heritage, (3) politics and music, (4) music economy, (5) popular culture, and (6) music communities. Individual topics include but are not limited to audience reception of and writing about music in Manila in various decades; overviews of particular genres or styles— including folk music traditions, rondalla, zarzuela (sarsuwela), bodabil, and opera—in the Philippines; music pedagogy in the Philippines; systems for printing, publishing, selling, and copyrighting music in Manila; and the intersections of US imperialism with music education and performance. The chapters can broadly be grouped into two general approaches. First, many authors offer an encyclopedic- type entry about a particular topic. For example, Isi Miranda outlines a brief history of the musical- theater form zarzuela, Raul Casantusan Navarro provides a history of the Philippines national anthem, José Buenconsejo (who wrote three chapters) analyzes a medley of Tagalog songs from the 1880s, and Arwin Tan (six chapters) covers topics such as the first Tagalog music...

When organizational crises meet nationalism: Crisis communication of multinational corporations in the Chinese context

The purpose of this study is to explore how nationalism shapes the public perception of multinational corporations’ crises on Chinese social media. Using qualitative content analysis, this study examines 1000 public comments from the top 10 hashtag posts and explores the interaction between nationalist expression (i.e., content and sentiment of nationalism) and the public’s perception of the United Airlines crisis in 2017. The findings demonstrate how nationalist content impinged upon the interpretation of United Airlines’ misconduct. Six concrete emotions (anger, hared, amusement, pride, encouragement, and disgust) were identified from the sample comments, which were categorized into inward-directed and outward-directed nationalist sentiments. Given the findings, this study argues that nationalist expression has driven the evolution of the United Airlines crisis beyond the discussion of organizational misconduct. While inward-directed sentiment served to strengthen the Chinese public’s national identity, outward-directed sentiment was utilized to exclude multinational corporations as “out-groups.” The theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.

Review: Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium, by Anthony Kaldellis

Review: <i>Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium</i>, by Anthony Kaldellis

The legacy of the École des Beaux-Arts in twentieth-century Iran: the architecture of Mohsen Foroughi

The first Iranian to graduate from the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris was Mohsen Foroughi. A leading architect and educator who played a key role in the professionalisation of architecture in Iran, Foroughi maintained his status as a respected national and international figure in the architectural discipline from the early 1960s until the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Through a focused investigation of Foroughi’s teaching and architectural works from the 1930s to the 1960s, this article foregrounds a convergence that occurred between Beaux-Arts practices and the Iranian will towards a nationalist expression. This convergence was not simply an exportation of the Beaux-Arts methods abroad; it explicitly began in the setting of the Beaux-Arts in France where such a convergence found a productive ‘testing ground’ before its eventual transfer to Iran. The article’s findings are based on archival research conducted in Paris and Tehran, and a close comparative analysis of Foroughi’s student projects at the École with his significant architectural projects in Iran. What emerges is a surprisingly subtle transformation of architectural expression from one context to the other, made possible by the particular operations of the Beaux-Arts methods within the Iranian context.

Keeping the Memories of the Malvinas/Falklands War Alive: Exploring Memorial Sites in the UK, Argentina and the Falkland Islands

The remembrance of war and commemoration practices shape the collective memories of society and, as such, war has been one of the most productive topics in memory studies. Commemorating past wars is one of the ways of constructing a commonly shared memory that would enhance group cohesion and shape collective identity. This paper will provide three examples of sites of memory in reference to the Malvinas/Falklands War, one from each side of the dispute— United Kingdom, Argentina and a third example from the actual territory of the Falkland Islands to illustrate how war memorials are an expression of patriotism, built to frame the deaths in terms of a national narrative of glorious sacrifice for cause and nation. Therefore, war commemoration recalls past experiences of suffering, but at the same time, of resistance.

An expression of patriotism in the works of Muhammad Yusuf

An expression of patriotism in the works of Muhammad Yusuf

A Tug of War: The Israeli Sports Media During the Second Lebanon War

In times of conflict or crisis, the media tends to “rally round the flag” and express mostly patriotic views in its news coverage. The current study aims to examine whether this phenomenon is also true for other covered topics that are not hard news related—while focusing on the coverage of the sports section. Examining the coverage of the sports sections in three leading Israeli newspapers during the Second Lebanon War (July–August 2006), the findings show that the rally effect was salient in sports coverage in the initial stages of the war. Three central themes were identified: (a) expressions of patriotism, (b) discussions about the foreign players, and (c) minimal criticism. In accordance with previous literature, the evidence suggests that the rally-round-the-flag concept has an effect on coverage of sports news not directly related to the conflict. Here, too, it is shown that sport plays a significant component in the formation and strengthening of the national spirit.

Diasporic South Vietnam

As Vietnam was caught in wartime narrative austerity from the 1950s to the 1970s, followed by the communist state’s intolerance of dissent, Vietnamese writers in the French and American diaspora have offered literary texts that challenge both Vietnamese discursive stricture and dominant perspectives in France and the United States. This essay studies two novel sequences from the diasporic Vietnamese literary archive: Vietnamese French author Ly Thu Ho’s trilogy and Vietnamese American writer Lan Cao’s pair of historical novels. Taking a historicist approach, the essay reveals complex nationalist expressions, aspirations, challenges, and desires in Ly Thu Ho’s and Lan Cao’s works of fiction.

Selling the past. The use of history as a marketing strategy in Spain, 1900-1980

ABSTRACT History can represent an effective marketing resource because it can establish an emotional relationship with consumers. This article examines trademark applications in order to show how Spanish companies used the past in their branding strategy during the twentieth century. The article analyses which historical themes were used the most, over which periods, for what types of products and services and according to which Spanish regions. The study indicates that this commercial use of the past was closely linked to the spread of Spanish nationalism. Brands try to connect emotionally with consumers by evoking historical national myths and, therefore, their use increased during the periods of intensive nationalist expression.

“It would be for the best to suspend publication”: The German–American Press and Anti-German Hysteria During World War I

During World War I, the German-American press became a lightning rod for anti-German sentiment. New rules required German-language papers to supply English translations, and many publications faced bankruptcy. Some of the most strident attacks came from English-language journalists. Analysis of content of German-language newspapers reveals how editors of those newspapers positioned their publications during World War I, responded to attacks from other journalists, and how they articulated their professional stance in relation to loyalty to the government. Questions about journalists’ obligations to expressions of patriotism and support of their government have arisen on a regular basis up to the present, and this research helps shed light on how notions of journalistic independence are reconciled with a sense of patriotic obligation.

Subversive Nationalism through Memes: A Dota 2 Case Study

AbstractChina is home to the world's largest audience for e‐sports, or competitive videogames. While competitive videogames have become popular within a borderless, digital environment, the e‐sports fan base has a decidedly nationalist element to it. This article argues that new forms of digital nationalism are part and parcel of normal discourse within the Chinese competitive videogames environment. Through a case study of one specific competitive videogame, this article shows how nationalist narratives are enacted by the community itself at the grass roots, creating bottom‐up forms of nationalism. Combining digital fieldwork with offline interviews and observations, the study sheds light on new forms of nationalist expression appearing online in China. It focuses in particular on memes and how these serve as micro expressions of nationalism, maintaining and reinforcing nationalist narratives originating within state discourses.