Expressions For Error Rate Research Articles

Medical images transmission over MC-MC-CDMA based MRC detection

The increasing demand for high data rate multimedia transmission in wireless networks necessitates robust and spectrally efficient technologies. Multi-code multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-MC-CDMA) presents a promising solution by combining the advantages of multi-code CDMA and multi-carrier CDMA techniques. This paper comprehensively investigates the MC-MC-CDMA system for medical image transmission applications. A detailed system model is developed, including the transmitter, channel, and maximum ratio combining (MRC) receiver. Analytical expressions for the bit error rate (BER) performance are derived, and comparative studies demonstrate the superior BER performance of MC-MC-CDMA over multi-carrier CDMA and multi-code CDMA systems under varying system parameters. The highlight of this work is the evaluation of the MC-MC-CDMA system for transmitting medical images using MRC detection. Extensive simulations are conducted to analyze the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) as a measure of received image quality under different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. The results reveal that the proposed MC-MC-CDMA system with MRC detection achieves significantly improved PSNR performance compared to equal gain combining (EGC) receivers, enabling reliable and high-quality medical image transmission. The findings underscore the potential of the MC-MC-CDMA system for robust and efficient multimedia data delivery in future wireless healthcare and telemedicine applications.

Closed-form BER analysis of FBMC-OQAM system over long-distance horizontal underwater acoustic transmission in shallow water

The filter bank multi-carrier with offset quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC-OQAM) waveform demonstrates strong anti-interference capabilities due to its sub-carrier-level filtering. As a result, it is increasingly being adopted for underwater acoustic communication (UWAC) in challenging transmission environments. This paper presents a closed-form analytical expression for the bit error rate (BER) performance of FBMC-OQAM in shallow water, long-distance horizontal communication scenarios. The expression considers the residual Doppler frequency offset, multipath propagation, and ambient noise characteristic of underwater acoustic channels, accounting for the limitations of traditional non-uniform Doppler coarse compensation methods. Theoretical numerical results and Monte Carlo simulation results show that under any number of symbols, the derived closed-form expression consistently exhibits high computational accuracy, when facing the impact of Doppler spread or compression at any scale.

A novel carrier index M‐ary differential chaos shift keying modulation scheme

AbstractTo obtain better spectral efficiency and higher bit rate, a novel carrier index M‐ary differential chaos shift keying modulation scheme is proposed. In this system, part of subcarriers is assigned to the chaotic reference so that it can carry extra data bits through carrier index modulation, while one of the remaining subcarriers is activated to transmit the data‐bearing signal. In addition, M‐ary DCSK modulation is also applied to data‐bearing signals based on the constellation theory and Walsh codes. Theoretical bit error rate expressions are derived over the multipath Rayleigh fading and additive white Gaussian noise channels. Simulations and comparisons are performed with various combinations of chaotic sequence lengths, subcarrier numbers and constellation sizes. Results show that the proposed scheme can outperform other counterparts in both spectral efficiency and bit error rate performances.

Performance analysis of satellite-to-ground 16QAM coherent optical communication

Abstract Atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors are two major factors affecting satellite-to-ground coherent optical communication links. This study considers the effects of power scintillation and phase jitter caused by atmospheric turbulence, as well as active mode compensation for wavefront phase distortion. Additionally, residual pointing errors due to platform micro-vibrations are taken into account, and a statistical channel model is derived under the combined effects of atmospheric turbulence and residual pointing errors during tracking and acquisition. Based on this model, a closed-form approximate expression for the average bit error rate (BER) of 16QAM satellite-to-ground coherent optical communication is derived using the Meijer-G function. The results show that the derived BER expression matches well with numerical integration results, confirming its accuracy and applicability under various link conditions. Through numerical simulations, the effects of residual pointing error variance, turbulence strength, satellite zenith angle, and transceiver antenna aperture on the performance of 16QAM satellite-to-ground coherent optical communication are evaluated. The findings offer valuable theoretical insights for the design and optimization of future satellite-to-ground 16QAM coherent optical communication systems.

Empirical Mode Decomposition Based Amplify and Forward Technique for Cooperative Cognitive Radio System

The rapid growth in the mobile industry due to increase in number of users accessing diverse services causes a high demand for radio spectrum. Nonetheless, the radio spectrum allocated for different wireless communication services is restricted. Cooperative Cognitive Radio (CCR) technique with Amplify and Forward (AF) relaying protocol used to address the problem suffers from noise amplification resulting in poor reception at the destination. Hence, in this paper, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) based AF technique for CCR system was carried out to improve the performance of the existing CCR with AF relaying protocol. The transmitted signal from Primary User (PU) was received at the Secondary User (SU) where SU superimposed its own signal using Exclusive OR (XOR) rule. The combined signal from XOR was made to pass through EMD and amplified using AF by multiplying with the relay gain. The amplified signal was radiated to PU and SU receivers during the second hop transmission. The multiple copies of the receive signal at the SU receiver at different number of path (L = 2, 4) were combined at destination using Maximal Ratio Combiner (MRC). Mathematical expression for Bit Error Rate (BER) and Throughput (TP) were derived using the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the Nakagami-m fading distribution. Extensive simulations using MATLAB R2021a were employed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed technique and evaluated using BER and TP by comparing with the existing AF CCR. The EMD based AF technique proposed gave better performance with 75.2% reduction in BER and 21.86% increase in TP over the existing AF technique for CCR. The proposed technique can be deployed to improve the performance of cooperative cognitive radio system.

A novel differential chaos shift keying system based on joint time slot and code index of carrier phase modulation

This paper proposes a novel differential chaos shift keying (DCSK) system that utilizes carrier phase modulation in combination with time slot and code index modulation, referred to as CP-TCIM-DCSK system, to achieve high data rate transmission. In the proposed CP-TCIM-DCSK system, the carrier modulated by the carrier phase is used to transmit the information-bearing signal. In addition to physically transmitted information bits, extra information bits are conveyed through time slot and Walsh code modulation, as well as carrier phase modulation, making full use of the benefits of multidimensional modulation. To successfully estimate carrier phase bits and code index bits, an effective joint detection algorithm for carrier phase and code index tailored for the CP-TCIM-DCSK system is introduced. The theoretical Bit Error Rate (BER) expressions for the CP-TCIM-DCSK scheme are derived for both Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and multipath Rayleigh fading channels. Furthermore, a comparison of data rates, energy efficiency, and complexity between the CP-TCIM-DCSK system and the most advanced systems in the same category at present is conducted. The results validate the accuracy of theoretical analysis through simulation and demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms its competitive systems in terms of BER performance.

Performance evaluation of pre-equalized UVLC links over outdated lognormal turbulence channels

Underwater visible light communication (UVLC) is important for various underwater applications, including diver-to-diver information sharing, oil field exploration, port security, underwater surveillance systems, and environmental monitoring. However, it should be remembered that UVLC links are strongly affected by underwater optical turbulence (UOT). This may necessitate frequent adjustments in transmit power based on current channel state information (CSI) to mitigate fading effects. In some applications, such as diver-to-diver links, the quasi-static variations in the channel coefficient between transmission frames—attributable to the semi-fixed positions of the transmitting and/or receiving nodes—lead to practical implementations of the transmit power selection that may rely on outdated CSI. In this paper, we investigate the degradation in error rate performance caused by the use of outdated channel information in setting transmit power. Especially, we derive a closed-form expression for the bit error rate (BER) for a pre-equalized UVLC link over outdated lognormal turbulence channels. We verify the derived expression using Monte Carlo simulations.

Error Performance of a NOMA‐Based Satellite Communication System

ABSTRACTThe paper analyzes the error performance of a basic satellite‐terrestrial communication system, which uses a satellite as a source and receiver at the earth station as a destination. The system model accounts for an independent channel of fading and applies the theory of non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) to provide fair resource sharing and better connectivity among multiple users. The paper investigates the transmission characteristics and derives the expressions for the total symbol error rate (SER) of the proposed system model. Furthermore, it examines the transmission efficiency with the help of the elevation angle between the source and the destination. The paper also explores the impact of different fading environments on SER.

A Novel Hybrid FSO-mm Wave System for Enhanced Mobile Network Capacity and Reliability

The ever-growing demand for high-bandwidth communication in mobile networks necessitates innovative solutions that provide exceptional capacity and reliability. This paper introduces a novel dual hop hybrid system model that leverages the complementary strengths of free space optics (FSO) and millimeter-wave (mm W) communication, while incorporating a direct mm W link for added robustness. This paper analyzes the comprehensive performance of the proposed hybrid system using a single threshold selection combining. We consider a scenario where the channel state for the FSO link adheres to a Log-Normal distribution under conditions of weak turbulence. For the millimeter wave link, we assume it follows a Nakagami-m distribution, which encompasses a broad range of commonly encountered radio frequency (RF) fading distributions. The proposed system's performance is analyzed by deriving analytical expressions for average bit error rate (ABER) and outage probability (OP). The theoretical results of the proposed system, which are verified using Monte-Carlo simulations, unveil that under turbulence and adverse weather conditions, the performance of the proposed system over a standalone FSO system is improved significantly due to mm W backup link.

A noncoherent chaotic communication system with multidimensional index modulation based on cyclic permutation grouping

With the surge in technological advancements and application demands, the study of high-data-rate communication systems has become increasingly significant. To enhance the data transmission rate and spectral efficiency of traditional DCSK systems, we have designed a differential chaos shift keying (DCSK) system with multidimensional index modulation based on cyclic permutation grouping (CPG-MIM-DCSK). Multidimensional index resources are efficiently combined by the CPG-MIM-DCSK system using the proposed cyclic permutation grouping method. In the CPG-MIM-DCSK system, both selected and unselected subcarriers, as well as selected and unselected time slots, are distinguished through different groups of cyclic permutations. Permutation, carrier, and time slot resources are fully utilized by this modulation method, thereby enhancing the data rate and spectral efficiency of traditional DCSK systems. The theoretical Bit Error Rate (BER) expressions of the CPG-MIM-DCSK system under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and multipath Rayleigh fading channels are derived. The data rate, complexity, and spectral efficiency of the CPG-MIM-DCSK system are covered in further analysis. The simulation results highlight the superiority of the CPG-MIM-DCSK system in terms of data rate and spectral efficiency. Additionally, the proposed CPG-MIM-DCSK system exhibits better BER performance in both Gaussian and multipath Rayleigh fading channels compared to its comparative systems.

An intelligent impulsive noise mitigation with deep learning method

AbstractTo enable message transmission among sensors and equipment, power line communication (PLC) is a widely adopted smart grid. However, due to the occurrence of impulsive noise (IN), reliable transmissions over PLC channels in the smart grid are challenging. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an adaptive noise mitigation scheme to clip the IN with the sliding window‐based method, where the altitude of the received signal in the current time slots is obtained by computing the average altitude of signals in the previous and next time slots. To detect the states of IN and dynamically estimate the power threshold of signals for the IN mitigation scheme, we develop an intelligent algorithm based on the long short‐term memory network. To prevent the useful signals from being eliminated as IN signals, we propose the accelerated proximal gradient method (APGM) based on tone reservation to reduce the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) for the transmitting signals with low computational complexity. In addition, the closed‐form expression of the bit error rate (BER) is derived for the proposed sliding window‐based IN mitigation scheme according to the probability density function of the IN. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed IN mitigation scheme achieves a better BER performance than the conventional IN mitigation schemes. In addition, the APGM aided by IN mitigation can further improve BER performance due to the PAPR reduction.

Analysis and Mitigating Methods for Jamming in the Optical Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces-Assisted Dual-Hop FSO Communication Systems

In this paper, we present a study investigating the impact of jamming in a Dual-Hop free-space optical (FSO) communication system assisted by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) in the presence of a malicious jammer. We analyze the combined effects of atmospheric turbulence (AT), pointing error (PE), and angle of arrival (AoA) fluctuation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Closed-form expressions for the overall average bit error rate (ABER) are derived while considering these impairments. To mitigate the jamming effect, we explore a Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO) FSO system and derive the end-to-end Average Bit Error Rate (ABER) under various jamming scenarios. Additionally, we conduct a comprehensive study by examining different placements of the malicious UAV jammer and RIS, drawing insightful conclusions on system performance. The analytically derived expressions are validated through Monte Carlo simulations.

Performance analysis of two-way multi-users cooperative communication system based on GSPIM-DCSK scheme

Based on the Joint Grouping Subcarrier-Permutation Index Modulation-DCSK (GSPIM-DCSK) system, we provide a new two-way multi-user half-duplex cooperative communication system in this work. Given its many benefits, the GSPIM-DCSK modulation is specifically selected as a choice for network coding techniques. A permutation index is used in the GSPIM-DCSK system to incorporate additional data bits with the modulating and carrier index bits. Establishing a cooperative multiuser system where users attempt to make contact with one another over a common relay is the main goal of this effort. Multi-user nodes and a single relay with a cooperative operator on staff for decoding and forwarding make up this system. To avoid interference from other users, the user’s nodes multiplex across various time intervals. We derive analytical expressions for the average bit error rate (BER) of the GSPIM-DCSK multi-user cooperative communication system in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and multiple paths Rayleigh fading channels. The analytical and simulated average BER findings have been contrasted to verify the accurateness of the average BER analysis. Additionally, a comparison is presented between the average bit error rate (BER) performance of a novel GSPIM-DCSK cooperative system and an established DCSK cooperative system. The throughput and link spectral efficiency of this novel cooperative system are analyzed and compared with those of existing traditional cooperative systems. For the two-way two-user cooperative system, this comparison is done with two-way two-user systems like DCSK-CC and one-way cooperative system based on CIM-SR-DCSK-CC; for the two-way three-user cooperative system, it is done with scheme1 and scheme2. To compare and assess the performance of various systems, simulation results are employed. Furthermore, an analysis demonstrates how the proposed cooperative system, when combined with GSPIM-DCSK techniques, improves the efficiency of conventional cooperative DCSK systems.

Performance analysis of energy harvesting‐enabled relay networks inκ‐μfading channels

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the performance of an energy harvesting (EH)‐enabled multiple relay network operating over generalized‐fading channels. Our approach involves utilizing a partial relay selection strategy and employing an amplify and forward relay protocol for efficient EH from RF signals. Additionally, we integrate a selection combining scheme at the receiver to combine both direct and relaying path signals. In our research, we first obtain the exact closed‐form expression of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) for the system under investigation. Subsequently, we derive expressions for the outage probability (OP) and the moment generating function (MGF) using the derived CDF expression. Furthermore, with the assistance of a CDF‐based approach, we derive closed‐form expressions for the average symbol error rate (ASER) for coherent quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) schemes, including rectangular QAM (RQAM) and hexagonal QAM (HQAM). We also analyze the ASER expression for non‐coherent frequency shift keying (NCFSK), leveraging the derived MGF expression. To gain valuable insights into the performance of EH‐enabled multiple relay networks, we assess the asymptotic expression of the OP. The outcomes indicate how the behavior of the system is affected by various factors such as time switching ratio, channel fading components, number of relays, and the distance between nodes. To corroborate the accuracy of the analytical findings, Monte Carlo simulations are executed.

Security Analysis of Differential Chaotic Keying in Optical Communication

Space free optical communication (FSO) has the advantages of wide bandwidth resources, less susceptibility to attacks, strong resistance to interference, and low losses. The FSO system itself has high security, with the realization of single photon detection technology, the stealer can obtain information without blocking the beam propagation. So using chaotic encryption methods can further improve the security performance of communication systems. This article uses a gamma gamma turbulence model and utilizes the differential chaotic shift keying (DCSK) method of communication systems to improve the system’s resistance to attacks. The theoretical expression of the system error rate under this model is derived, and the security performance of the system is further analyzed. Through experimental simulation, it is proved that the system has better resistance to attacks and lower bit error rates.

Closed-form BER expression for multi-user downlink NOMA

Massive machine-type communication (MMTC) is an essential element for realizing the Internet of Things (IoT). However, certain challenges arise because MMTC should support a massive number of users. Recently, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been highlighted as a technology for MMTC in a limited frequency band. To design and operate a NOMA-based communication system for a massive number of users, an accurate performance analysis for an arbitrary number of users and a practical power assignment method for the channel condition of each user are required. In this study, the exact bit error rate (BER) expression for an arbitrary user number is derived in an explicit closed form for NOMA-based communication. In addition, for analytical purposes, an approximate expression with high accuracy is proposed. To achieve an extension to the fading channel, the average BER expressions for the Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading channels are presented in closed forms. Based on the derived BER expression, a power assignment algorithm that can achieve the target performance is proposed when each user is associated with a different signal-to-noise ratio. The derived BER expressions and the power assignment algorithm were verified based on computer simulations.

RIS-NOMA-assisted short-packet communication with direct links

Amidst the rapid evolution of next generation networks, meeting escalating demands for broad connectivity, minimal delay, and enhanced spectral efficiency is imperative. The fusion of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) emerges as a promising approach to tackle these challenges. Our study zooms into the downlink setup, emphasizing short-packet communications (SPCs) and direct links. We concentrate on optimizing the performance of this RIS-NOMA fusion, meticulously deriving precise expressions for the average block error rate (ABLER) for near and far users. These ABLER metrics are pivotal for gauging system efficacy. A key focus of our inquiry lies in balancing blocklength and the number of RIS elements, vital for optimizing system performance. Our study underscores the intricate trade-offs involved and showcases the superiority of NOMA and RIS integration over conventional orthogonal multiple access (OMA) and RIS setups, especially in SPC scenarios. Our findings underscore both the challenges and a viable solution by leveraging the synergies between RIS and NOMA to boost network performance.

Performance Analysis of UAV RF/FSO Co-Operative Communication Network with Co-Channel Interference

The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication network has emerged as a promising paradigm capable of independent operation and as a relay to enhance communication coverage and efficiency. However, densely distributed terrestrial base stations with shared communication frequencies inevitably generate co-channel interference (CCI). The interference effect can be effectively eliminated by implementing free-space optical (FSO) communication in the UAV communication network. This paper proposes a solution for the UAV communication network to address interference effectively, specifically by employing a hybrid millimeter-wave radio frequency (RF)/FSO communication system. The RF links serve as the primary means of communication, while the FSO links act as a backup means of communication in the case of CCI. The exact outage probability (OP) and average symbol error rate (SER) expressions are derived for the hybrid RF/FSO communication network. The decision to switch between them depends on the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). Furthermore, the SINR switching threshold value, which satisfies the target SER, has been calculated numerically for the proposed model. Simulation results indicate that the proposed network notably enhances the OP and attains a signal-to-noise ratio gain of approximately 4.6 dB in the average SER, particularly in scenarios where the RF links are subjected to severe interference or adverse weather conditions, as opposed to a pure RF communication network.

Analysis of STC-GFDM with Walsh Hadamard in generalized η−μ fading channel

ABSTRACT This manuscript presents a comprehensive analytical framework for Walsh-Hadamard Transform (WHT) precoding in Space-Time Coded Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (STC-GFDM) systems. The investigation specifically targets the η - μ fading channel and employs the moment generating function (MGF) approach to establish an exact closed-form expression for the Symbol Error Rate (SER). The derived expression enables the examination of one-sided Gaussian, Rayleigh, Nakagami-m and Hoyt-q fading channels as specific cases of the η - μ fading channel. Additionally, the paper also delves into the impact of crucial system parameters, including modulation order, channel fading parameters ( η and μ ) and the number of transmit and receive antennas, on the WHT-STC-GFDM system’s performance. Furthermore, the paper conducts an in-depth complexity analysis of the WHT precoder, shedding light on the computational demands associated with its implementation. In summary, this research enhances the understanding of WHT precoding in STC-GFDM systems operating in η - μ fading channels, providing valuable insights for the design and optimisation of future communication systems. The numerical results are validated through Monte-Carlo simulations.

Cooperative Terrestrial–Underwater FSO System: Design and Performance Analysis

In this paper, we propose, design, and evaluate a new hybrid terrestrial–underwater optical communication link for providing high-speed connectivity between land and underwater systems. A device based on an amplify-and-forward strategy is considered and used for the hybrid optical link. A performance analysis of the proposed hybrid system is then carried out, taking into account both the atmospheric and underwater channels and their respective degradation sources. Different networking scenarios and conditions are evaluated. To this end, the channel model of the terrestrial free-space optical (FSO) link is modeled using the Gamma–Gamma distribution, while the underwater optical link is modeled using the Weibull distribution. The former takes into account atmospheric and turbulence attenuation, geometric spread and pointing errors, while the latter takes into account underwater and turbulence attenuation and geometric spread. Accordingly, a new analytical closed-form expression for the bit error rate (BER), which depends on the cumulative distribution function of the holistic hybrid system, is derived. Analytical results show that pointing errors as well as atmospheric and oceanic turbulence seriously degrade the performance of the hybrid system. In addition, ocean turbulence leads to the occurrence of a BER floor in some scenarios. This is the first time that such a network is proposed and modeled under the assumption of critical channel impairments.