Positive Emotional Expressions Research Articles

Intergenerational effects of childhood maltreatment: The relationships among parental childhood emotional neglect, emotional expressiveness and children's problem behaviors

BackgroundChildhood maltreatment has a severe impact on both the health and parenting styles of abused individuals in adulthood, and it even has a negative impact on the offspring of abused individuals. Although studies have confirmed the intergenerational effects of childhood maltreatment, relatively few have emphasized emotional neglect and its mechanism of intergenerational effects. Additionally, few studies have examined the unique role of fathers and how mothers and fathers interact with one another. ObjectiveThe current study aimed to employ the actor–partner interdependence mediation model to investigate the relationship between parental childhood emotional neglect and children's problem behaviors, as well as whether parents' positive and negative emotional expressiveness plays a mediating role. Methods, participants, and settingIn total, 397 dyads of mothers and fathers of children aged 6–9 were recruited and reported their childhood emotional neglect experience and emotional expressiveness, and mothers also rated their children's problem behaviors. ResultsThe findings revealed that (a) maternal childhood emotional neglect was associated solely with mothers' own negative emotional expressiveness, followed by their children's problem behavior and (b) paternal childhood emotional neglect showed no effect on children's problem behavior through fathers' own or their spouses' positive and negative emotional expressiveness. ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that childhood emotional neglect has intergenerational effects and that mothers' parenting behaviors are relatively important in preventing adverse effects on their children.

The socialization of positive emotions: Implications for physical health and psychological adjustment

Positive emotions have a wide range of benefits including increasing well-being, broadening cognitions, and buffering against the effects of stress, with implications for mental health. To date, however, research on positive emotions have not been integrated with developmental perspectives, particularly areas of emotion socialization, thus the development of positive emotions and its regulation in children is poorly understood. In this narrative review paper, we integrate positive psychology research with developmental science - particularly, the literature on emotion socialization, to examine how socialization processes in the family may affect the experience, expression, and regulation of positive emotions and consequently the extent to which positive emotions may in turn affect mental health. We first provide an overview of positive emotions, couch it in the context of emotion socialization, discuss relevant gaps, propose a conceptual model, and emphasize opportunities for future research.

Emotional Expectancies and Hostile Attributions as Predictors of Adolescents’ Expressions of Emotion with Parents

The present study examined associations between adolescents’ Emotional Expectancies (EE), Hostile Attributions of Intent (HAI), and emotions expressed during interactions with their mother and father. Data were collected from 96 14- to 16-year-olds (27 African Americans, 38 European Americans, and 31 Latinos; a total of 51 girls and 45 boys) and their parents over a period of 2 years. Questionnaires completed by adolescents were used to assess emotional expectancies and hostile attributions of parents’ behavior. In both year one and year two, adolescent emotional expressiveness with parents was observed in a laboratory interaction session. Data revealed that both adolescents’ EE and HAI in reaction to ambiguous situations predicted their expression of positive emotion with their mother and father 1 year later. EE of happiness were positively related and EE of anger were negatively related to the expression of positive emotion with their mother and father. HAI were negatively related to the expression of positive emotion. Only HAI were related to a higher expression of anger with their mother and father. The findings indicate that HAI and EE represent distinct cognitive-emotional processes that contribute to individual differences in adolescents’ expressions of emotion with parents.

Dynamic associations between emotion expressions and strategy use in Chinese American and Mexican American preschoolers.

Previous studies of emotion regulation in young children commonly used between-person approaches, which limit our understanding of dynamic and temporal relations between emotion expressions and strategy use. Further, previous work has mainly focused on temperamental reactivity among White children, and it is unclear whether these findings can generalize to children of Asian and Latinx origins. In the current study, we examined the within-person temporal associations between emotion expressions and strategy use among 3- to 5-year-old children in low-income Chinese American (CA) and Mexican American (MA) families. Children's emotion expressions (positive and negative) and strategy use (gaze aversion, self-soothing, fidgeting, and language) during an unfair social interaction task were coded by 10-s epoch. Executive functions were examined as between-person level predictors of strategy use. Multilevel modeling was conducted to examine whether positive and negative emotion expressions at one epoch (t-1) predicted strategy use at the following epoch (t). The results indicate that positive emotion expressions predicted an increase in fidgeting at the next epoch (β = .34, p < .01). Executive functions were unrelated to strategy use. Cultural group differences were found: CA children displayed lower intensity of positive emotion and fewer strategy use compared with MA children. The present findings inform theories on the dynamics of emotion regulation in young children and have implications for interventions with underrepresented immigrant populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of Preschooler’s Temperament, Mother’s Emotional Expressiveness and Empathy on the Preschooler’s Emotional Regulation Strategies

The purpose of this study is to examine the relative influence of preschooler’s temperament, mother’s emotional expressiveness and empathy on the preschooler’s emotional regulation strategies. The participants were 217 preschoolers(between age 3∼6) and their mothers. The frequency analysis, t/F-test, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were carried out. the major study results are as follows. First, boys used more attack strategy of emotional regulation than girls, and younger children used attack strategy more often. Second, the lower the emotional temperament and the higher the activity and sociality, the more often the active coping strategy was used. The higher the shyness, the more avoidance and emotional expression strategies were used. Third, the mother’s expression of positive emotions and less negative emotions were highly correlated with active coping strategy of emotional regulation. On the other hand, cognitive empathy was especially related to active coping strategy. Fourth, as a result of stepwise multiple regression analysis, it was found that the child’s temperament and mother’s emotional expression were the most influential variables for the emotion regulation strategy. Through this study, predictive factors for the development of children's emotional control strategies were identified, and clinical implications for play counseling and parent counseling were discussed.

How regulation strategies protected or worsened emotional experience during France's three lockdowns: Prepandemic versus pandemic comparisons and longitudinal approach

The COVID-19 pandemic remains hugely challenging, but its impact on emotional experience, especially over time, has often been neglected. The French Government imposed three COVID lockdowns with varying degrees of strictness that induced different types of emotional discomfort and emotion regulation. The present longitudinal study explored affect and emotion regulation strategies in each of these lockdowns, comparing samples assessed before and during the pandemic. The objective was to understand how government measures influenced subjective experience and how people adjusted their emotion regulation accordingly.The longitudinal lockdown sample comprised 164 participants (Mage = 37.60 years, SD = 12.50). Affect and emotion regulation were assessed in the first week of each of the three lockdowns (20–27 March 2020, 23–30 November 2020, and 19–26 April 2021). The 120 participants in the prepandemic (control) sample were drawn from previous studies focusing on affect and regulation strategies in natural everyday situations.Results indicated that affect deteriorated considerably, compared with prepandemic levels. Whereas activated negative affect (nervous and worried) tended to decrease, deactivated negative affect (sad and bored) increased. Regarding emotion regulation strategies, negative emotion expression was associated with more negative affect and less positive affect, while positive emotion expression and proactive behaviour were associated with a better emotional experience. A multivariate growth curve showed that in the absence of psychological support, stressful situations and repeated lockdowns do not induce people to make better emotion regulation strategy choices.As government restrictions had a negative impact on individuals' emotional experience, support programs should be implemented in future pandemics to promote emotion regulation.

In robot we trust? The effect of emotional expressions and contextual cues on anthropomorphic trustworthiness

Following the evolution of technology and its application in various daily contexts, social robots work as an advanced artificial intelligence (AI) system to interact with humans. However, limited research has been done to discuss the role of emotional expressions and contextual cues in influencing anthropomorphic trustworthiness, especially from the design perspective. To address this research gap, the current study designed a specific robot prototype and conducted two lab experiments to explore the effect of emotional expressions and contextual cues on trustworthiness via a combination of subjective ratings and physiological measures. Results showed that: 1) positive (vs. negative) emotional expressions enjoyed a higher level of anthropomorphic trustworthiness and visual attention; 2) regulatory fit was expanded in parasocial interaction and worked as a prime to activate anthropomorphic trustworthiness for social robots. Theoretical contributions and design implications were also discussed in this study.

How Do Team-Level and Individual-Level Linguistic Styles Affect Patients' Emotional Well-Being-Evidence from Online Doctor Teams.

In the post-epidemic era, online medical care is developing rapidly, and online doctor teams are attracting attention as a high-quality online medical service model that can provide more social support for patients. Using online doctor teams on the Haodf.com platform as the research subject, this study investigates the key factors in the process of doctor-patient communication, which affects patients' emotional well-being. We also explore the different roles played by doctors as leaders and non-leaders in doctor-patient communication. From the perspective of language style, we select representative factors in the process of doctor-patient communication, namely the richness of health vocabulary, the expression of emotions, and the use of health-related terms (including perceptual words and biological words). We extract both team-level and individual-level linguistic communication styles through textual and sentiment analysis methods and empirically analyze their effects on patients' emotional well-being using multiple linear regression models. The results show that the expression of positive emotions by the team and attention to patients' perceptions and biological conditions benefit patients' emotional well-being. Leaders should focus on the emotional expression, whereas non-leaders should focus on the use of perceptual and biological words. This study expands the application of linguistic styles in the medical field and provides a practical basis for improving patients' emotional well-being.

Understanding the role of positive emotions in healthcare communication - A realist review.

To explore how the expression of positive emotions during the interaction between patients and providers can cultivate the patient-provider relationship. We conducted a realist review guided by the Realist and Meta-narrative Evidence Syntheses: Evolving Standards. We systematically searched CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychINFO and Scopus from inception to March 2019. Study selection and data extraction were performed blinded in pairs. From 3146 abstracts blinded in pairs, 15 papers were included and analysed. From each included paper, we extracted contexts, mechanisms and outcomes that were relevant to answer our research questions, creating a configuration between these elements (CMO configuration). Our findings suggest that in the contexts of person orientation and positive outlook, patient-provider relationships improve by communication conveying and eliciting positive emotions. We found six underlying mechanisms for this that form either direct or indirect pathways between the context and the outcome.

Game-based Social Interaction Platform for Cognitive Assessment of Autism using Eye Tracking.

The design goals of recently developed serious games are to improve attention, affective recognition, and social interactions among individuals with autism. However, most previous studies on serious games used behavioral questionnaires to evaluate their effectiveness. The cognitive assessment of individuals with autism after behavioral intervention or drug treatment has become important because it provides promising biomarkers to assess improvement after cognitive intervention. In this study, we developed a game-based social interaction platform incorporating an eye-tracking system for children and preadolescents with autism. Three modules (focusing on gaze following, facial emotion recognition, and social interaction skills) are included in the platform; participants with autism learn these according to their cognitive abilities. The eye-tracking results showed decreased fixation durations when autistic children looked at positive emotional expressions and focused on multiple targets. Prolonged saccade durations and shorter fixation times for social-related facial emotion expressions were also found in preadolescents and teenagers with autism. Our findings suggest that these atypical gaze patterns are reliable biomarkers for evaluating the social and cognitive functions of autistic individuals while playing serious games. The proposed platform's game-based modules and the findings regarding aberrant gaze patterns in autistic individuals demonstrate the possibility of evaluating cognitive functions and intervention effectiveness by using eye-tracking signals in a serious game or real-life environment.

The Effects of Peer Competence According to Mothers' Attachment and Positive Emotional Expressiveness

The Effects of Peer Competence According to Mothers' Attachment and Positive Emotional Expressiveness

Emotional labor, occupational identity and work engagement in Portuguese police officers

Based on emotional labor theory, we aim to study the relationships between the dimensions of emotional labor (requirements and strategies), work engagement, and occupational identity in Portuguese police officers. Therefore, we intend to explore the possible effects of emotional labor both on work engagement and occupational identity, as well as ways of preventing and/or mitigating the impact of these relationships. We identified a gap in the studies on this subject in Portugal, particularly in the context of police professionals. Thus, a sample of 924 Portuguese police officers of the Public Security Police (PSP) was asked to answer a set of questionnaires: the Emotional Labour Scale, the Emotion Work Requirements Scale, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, and the Social Identity Scale. The data obtained was analyzed using correlation and multiple linear regression. Overall, the results revealed relationships between the emotional demands (i.e., suppression of negative emotions and expression of positive emotions) and strategies (i.e., deep and surface acting) of emotional labor and work engagement as well as occupational identity. We discuss these results and propose directions for future research, given the richness of the subject.

POSITIVE EMOTION EXPRESSION AND ADAPTIVE COPING BEHAVIORS FOR ADULT CHILDREN OF PARENTS WITH MEMORY LOSS

Abstract The broaden-and-build theory suggests that experiences of positive emotion may lead to enhanced utilization of adaptive coping strategies, and a decrease in maladaptive coping strategies (Gloria &amp; Steinhardt, 2016). This relationship between positive emotion and adaptive coping has yet to be studied directly in a sample of adult child caregivers of a parent with memory loss. As part of a larger study investigating relationship dynamics between adult children and their parents with memory loss, adult children 18 years of age and older (n= 67) responded to self-report surveys and engaged in a 6 minute, video recorded, positive interaction session, playing “name that tune” with each other. The session was observationally coded by two coders for “enjoyment/enthusiasm/fun” (k= .516), “laughter” (k= .631), and “positive affect displayed towards partner” (k=.464), using a reliable and valid support-seeking and caregiving behavior coding system (Collins &amp; Feeney, 2000). Spearman’s rank correlations between these behavior codes and the self-reported Brief COPE Inventory (BCI) scores suggested positive correlations between “laughter” and the emotional support subscale of the BCI (rs=.259, p= .034), and between “positive affect displayed towards partner” and the venting subscale of the BCI (rs= .256, p= .036). These findings suggest that the expression of positive emotions in the caregiving process might yield important psychological benefits to the caregiver, through increased utilization of specific coping mechanisms. More research in this area is needed to determine whether positive emotion expression is associated with the use of adaptive coping more so than maladaptive coping mechanisms in this population.

SOCIAL INTERACTION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF PERSONS LIVING WITH DEMENTIA IN LONG-TERM CARE

Abstract Although social interaction might play a critical role to improve psychological well-being of old adults with dementia in long-term care, lack of social interaction between staff and residents has been reported. The purpose of this study was to examine whether social interaction is associated with psychological well-being of persons living with dementia during care in long-term care. We analyzed 258 videos from 30 participants with dementia. Each participant was taken nine videos at 0, 3, and 6 months at three care events (i.e., personal care, mealtime, and activity). Social interaction was assessed by quality (i.e., positive, neutral, and negative), type (i.e., verbal, nonverbal, and both), and presence of interaction (i.e., no and yes). Psychological well-being was measured by positive and negative emotional expressions. A mixed model was chosen for the data analysis since these repeatedly measured observation data were nested within subjects. Mixed models showed that positive and neutral interactions were significantly associated with positive emotional expressions of residents after controlling covariates while negative interaction was significantly associated with negative emotional expressions. There was no significance between interaction type and emotional expressions. This study highlights the importance of positive care staff interactions in dementia care. In addition, the institutional efforts to create an environment to reduce negative interactions can be of great help in promoting the psychological well-being of persons living with dementia.

Bots with Feelings: Should AI Agents Express Positive Emotion in Customer Service?

The rise of emotional intelligence technology and the recent debate about the possibility of a “sentient” artificial intelligence (AI) urge the need to study the role of emotion during people’s interactions with AIs. In customer service, human employees are increasingly replaced by AI agents, such as chatbots, and often these AI agents are equipped with emotion-expressing capabilities to replicate the positive impact of human-expressed positive emotion. But is it indeed beneficial? This research explores how, when, and why an AI agent’s expression of positive emotion affects customers’ service evaluations. Through controlled experiments in which the subjects interacted with a service agent (AI or human) to resolve a hypothetical service issue, we provide answers to these questions. We show that AI-expressed positive emotion can influence customers affectively (by evoking customers’ positive emotions) and cognitively (by violating customers’ expectations) in opposite directions. Thus, positive emotion expressed by an AI agent (versus a human employee) is less effective in facilitating service evaluations. We further underscore that, depending on customers’ expectations toward their relationship with a service agent, AI-expressed positive emotion may enhance or hurt service evaluations. Overall, our work provides useful guidance on how and when companies can best deploy emotion-expressing AI agents.

Associations of sleep and emotion regulation processes in childhood and adolescence - a systematic review, report of methodological challenges and future directions.

Sleep and emotions are closely associated; however, the methodological challenges in the examination of sleep and the processes of emotion regulation in children and adolescents have not been investigated so far. Additionally, there is the demand to identify the levels of emotion regulating processes in which problematic or restricted sleep causes effect. Experimental sleep deprivation as well as prevalent sleep problems have been found to have negative influence on mental health and regulating functions. This review focuses first on the methodological protocols of the included studies. Subsequently, the results are summarized in the context of a multilevel model of emotion regulation. Thereafter, suggestions for future directions are given. Sleep problems and sleep deprivation are associated with a decrease of functional emotion regulating behavior and impaired emotion generation, and prolonged sleep enhances better mood and affect states, positive emotion expression, and faster sensory processing in response to emotional stimuli. This literature review highlights the limitations in current research, focusing on types of measurements, task characteristics, and data analysis. At the conclusion, suggestions are given for the future research direction in the field of sleep and emotion regulation in children and adolescents.

경도신경인지장애 노인의 노래 회상 활동 사례 연구

This study was conducted to confirm what kind of changes the song recall activity, centering on the identification of future support resources and positive emotional experiences brought to older adults with mild Neurocognitive Disorder with depression. The subjects were three older adults with mild Neurocognitive Disorder. The music therapy program consisted of 7 sessions with song recall, positive emotional experiences and expressions, and creating lyrics through positive self-expression activities. Geriatric Depression Scale(GDS) was conducted before, after, and upon completion of the session. Moreover, based on the recorded conversation and recalled memories, the process of emotional changes and identified future psychological resources and their meanings were analyzed. The findings are as follows. First, the participants continuously expressed positive emotions such as joy, appreciation, and confidence unlike the previous state of depression. Second, the participants recalled in detail by linking the songs with meaningful memories that provided them comfort and were able to identify, discovering the psychological support resources. Third, it was also confirmed that musical products with positive lyrics created by embracing the present self were also used as positive psychological resources. This study suggests that the positive emotions experienced in song recall can be used as a future-oriented psychological resource.

아버지의 놀이참여태도와 유아의 적응적 정서조절능력 관계에서 유아의 실행기능과 긍정정서표현성의 평행다중매개효과

This study focuses on the father’s play participation attitude as a factor in predicting children’s adaptive emotional regulation ability. This study examines the parallel multiple mediating effects of the executive function and positive emotional expression of children on the relationship between a father’s play participation attitude and the child’s adaptive emotion regulation ability. Data were collected by surveying the questionnaire response of 309 fathers with children aged 3 to 5 years. The data were analyzed using Model 4 of the SPSS PROCESS Macro. Results of this study confirmed the parallel multi-mediating effect of executive function and positive emotional expression in the relationship between a father’s play participation attitude and the child’s adaptive emotion regulation ability. Additionally, the indirect effects of children’s executive function and positive emotional expression were significant. Furthermore, the indirect effect of children’s positive emotional expression was confirmed to be more influential than the executive function. The results of this study meaningfully suggest the usefulness of father’s play interaction in that it derives a mechanism for relationship between the father’s play participation attitude and the children’s emotional regulation ability.

Examining Chinese Users' Feedback Comments on HIV Self-testing Kits From e-Commerce Platforms: Thematic and Content Analysis.

HIV self-testing is preferred by many Chinese people for its convenience and confidentiality. However, most studies on HIV self-testing (HIVST) uptake in China overfocused on men who have sex with men and overrelied on obtrusive methods such as surveys and interviews to collect data. We aimed to explore Chinese HIVST kit users' authentic experience via their feedback comments posted on e-commerce platforms using an unobtrusive approach. In total, 21,018 feedback comments about buying and using HIVST kits posted on Chinese e-commerce platforms (Tmall and Pinduoduo) were collected. An inductive thematic analysis based on a random sample of 367 comments yielded several thematic features. These thematic features were developed into coding categories for a quantitative content analysis of another random sample of 1857 comments. Four themes were identified in the first study, including the expression of positive and negative emotions after and before getting the test, respectively, calling for living a clean and moral life in the future, comments on the sellers and HIVST kits, and the reasons for buying HIVST kits. The results from the second study suggested that there were significant associations between different platforms and several thematic features. Nearly 50% of the comments were related to the product itself and the disclosures of HIV-negative test results. More than 25% of the comments showed users' feelings of gratefulness after receiving negative test results such as "thank heavens for sparing my life." The results suggested that Chinese users relied on HIVST kits to reduce and prevent HIV infection, while they also considered HIV infection a punishment related to moral violation such as being sexually promiscuous. The traditional Chinese health belief that health is influenced by one's morality still persists among some Chinese users. Many users also lacked appropriate knowledge about HIV transmission and self-testing kits.

The positive energy of netizens: development and application of fine-grained sentiment lexicon and emotional intensity model.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to a global health crisis and caused huge emotional swings. However, the positive emotional expressions, like self-confidence, optimism, and praise, that appear in Chinese social networks are rarely explored by researchers. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of netizens' positive energy expressions and the impact of node events on public emotional expression during the COVID-19 pandemic. First, a total of 6,525,249 Chinese texts posted by Sina Weibo users were randomly selected through textual data cleaning and word segmentation for corpus construction. A fine-grained sentiment lexicon that contained POSITIVE ENERGY was built using Word2Vec technology; this lexicon was later used to conduct sentiment category analysis on original posts. Next, through manual labeling and multi-classification machine learning model construction, four mainstream machine learning algorithms were selected to train the emotional intensity model. Finally, the lexicon and optimized emotional intensity model were used to analyze the emotional expressions of Chinese netizens. The results show that POSITIVE ENERGY expression accounted for 40.97% during the COVID-19 pandemic. Over the course of time, POSITIVE ENERGY emotions were displayed at the highest levels and SURPRISES the lowest. The analysis results of the node events showed after the outbreak was confirmed officially, the expressions of POSITIVE ENERGY and FEAR increased simultaneously. After the initial victory in pandemic prevention and control, the expression of POSITIVE ENERGY and SAD reached a peak, while the increase of SAD was the most prominent. The fine-grained sentiment lexicon, which includes a POSITIVE ENERGY category, demonstrated reliable algorithm performance and can be used for sentiment classification of Chinese Internet context. We also found many POSITIVE ENERGY expressions in Chinese online social platforms which are proven to be significantly affected by nod events of different nature.