Modal Expressions Research Articles

Determination of Modal Constant for Fundamental Frequency of Perforated Plate by Rayleigh's Method using Experimental Values of Natural Frequency

In the present work, an expression for the modal constant of the fundamental frequency of the perforated plate was determined experimentally. Rayleigh’s formulation was used to calculate the modal constant. The displacement solution was considered to be a linear combination of cosines. In Rayleigh’s formulation, fundamental frequency values were taken from experimental analysis. This problem was solved in reverse order by considering known experimental values of the fundamental frequency. Thus, the modal constant expression for fundamental frequency was discovered.

Modeling of Capacitive MEMS Microphone with Square Membrane or Plate Using Integral Method

An analytical approach describing the acoustic pressure field inside a thin layer of thermo-viscous fluid trapped between the square membrane or plate and planar backing electrode of the electrostatic receiver, which involves integral formulation, is presented. The use of integral formulation enables to choose between a model of membrane and plate easily and to avoid the limitations of the classical method whereby the acoustic field is expressed as a sum of eigenmodes coupled with modal expression of the diaphragm displacement. The analytically calculated pressure sensitivity of the receiver is compared to the numerically calculated one and the discrepancies are discussed.

Corpus stylistics of drama in drama translation studies

Drama translation studies used to be the most neglected area in translation studies due to its prescriptive approaches and reductionist illusion of polarization of performability and readability. Corpus stylistics of drama, with the aid of computer technology as well as the understanding of the true nature of drama as the dialectical combination of both literary and theatrical characteristics, appears to be a remarkable theoretical framework and methodology for drama translation studies. The study of (im)politeness in Death of a Salesman and its two Chinese versions is undertaken as a case study. ICTCLAS and Concordance 3.0 were used to calculate the high frequent expressions concerning (im)politeness in both the original text and the Chinese versions, followed by the analysis of their stylistic function. It is found that modal particles and slang expressions in Chinese are useful to reconstruct the characterization, plot as well as performability of the translated drama. In conclusion, corpus stylistics of drama is of high feasibility in drama translation studies.

Cisão morfológica em construções bitransitivas em Nheengatu

In Tupi-Guarani languages, referential hierarchies have proven valuable for analyzing differential patterns of marking objects in transitive sentences (Jensen, 1990) for a comparative view). Unlike other languages of the family, Nheengatu (Amazonian lingual geral) treats speech-acts participants and 3rd person in transitive sentences the same. Nheengatu further differentiates itself by its innovative use of referential hierarchies in the ditranstive constructions: referential effects lead to a split in the form of marking goals/recepients. Additionally, the marking of goals/recepients may also be associated with the expression of purposive modality. This paper describes the patterns used for indicating goals/recepients, and analyzes the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors correlated to each of the possible constructions.

English

This paper discusses the grammatical category of modality and the variety of linguistic resources available for the expression of it and presents a research that aimed at analyzing the expression of modality through the use of adverbs in academic writing. More specifically, the study presented investigated how Brazilian learners of English express modality through adverbs in their academic essays. Two corpora were used: a sub-corpus taken from the Corpus of Brazilian Learners of English (CABrI) and another sub-corpus taken from the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (LOCNESS). The prevalent adverbial items found in both corpora were identified and described, using Corpus Linguistics tools. The analysis conducted revealed the rigidity of the expression of modality through adverbs in the learners’ written discourse as opposed to a more varied way of this expression in the native speakers’ data. This paper also discusses the way native speakers and learners differ in their written production and the possible pedagogical implications of these findings.

How many kinds of reasoning? Inference, probability, and natural language semantics

The “new paradigm” unifying deductive and inductive reasoning in a Bayesian framework (Oaksford & Chater, 2007; Over, 2009) has been claimed to be falsified by results which show sharp differences between reasoning about necessity vs. plausibility (Heit & Rotello, 2010; Rips, 2001; Rotello & Heit, 2009). We provide a probabilistic model of reasoning with modal expressions such as “necessary” and “plausible” informed by recent work in formal semantics of natural language, and show that it predicts the possibility of non-linear response patterns which have been claimed to be problematic. Our model also makes a strong monotonicity prediction, while two-dimensional theories predict the possibility of reversals in argument strength depending on the modal word chosen. Predictions were tested using a novel experimental paradigm that replicates the previously-reported response patterns with a minimal manipulation, changing only one word of the stimulus between conditions. We found a spectrum of reasoning “modes” corresponding to different modal words, and strong support for our model’s monotonicity prediction. This indicates that probabilistic approaches to reasoning can account in a clear and parsimonious way for data previously argued to falsify them, as well as new, more fine-grained, data. It also illustrates the importance of careful attention to the semantics of language employed in reasoning experiments.

Reportative evidentials and modal subordination

Modal subordination is the phenomenon whereby a proposition in the scope of a modal expression is semantically subordinated to a proposition in the scope of another modal expression in a preceding sentence. This paper discusses to what extent reportative evidentials participate in modal subordination by describing and analyzing the modal subordination behavior of the German modal verb sollen in its reportative use. In doing so it contributes, indirectly, to the ongoing discussion in the literature on whether evidentials are a subcategory of epistemic modals, providing further evidence for the position that not all evidentials have an epistemic meaning component. It is shown that reportative sollen licenses modal subordination in first position, but can itself not be subordinated. This is explained by analyzing it as taking an informational rather than a realistic modal base (which is what epistemic modals combine with). While sollen cannot be subordinated, it nevertheless licenses inter-sentential anaphoric dependencies for anaphora in its scope when it occurs in second position, a property that is usually taken to be evidence for modal subordination. The paper puts forth the hypothesis that this is made possible by sollen being interpreted in coordination with the first modal, instead of subordination.

On Necessity and Comparison

AbstractThe ability to compare possibilities and designate some as ‘better’ than others is a fundamental aspect of our use of modals and propositional attitude verbs. This article aims to support a proposal bySloman (1970) that certain modal expressions, in particular,ought, in fact have a more pronounced comparative backbone than others (e.g.must). The connection between ‘ought’ and ‘better’ is supported by linguistic data (some of it, on the lack of direct translations of weak necessity crosslinguistically, is new) and a proposal is advanced for modeling ideals in a way that makes room for non‐comparative, strong, priority‐type necessity.

Limit cycles and acoustic radiation analysis of a van der Pol oscillator-plate-medium system

The approximate analytical solution of the limit cycle and the acoustic radiation characteristics of a nonlinear vibro-acoustic coupling system consisting of a non-autonomous van der Pol oscillator, a plate, and the surrounding acoustic medium are investigated. The nonlinear coupling equations of the vibro-acoustic coupling system under external excitation are derived using variational theory. The modal expression method and the incoherent superposition assumption are employed to discretize the displacements and the surface acoustic pressure of the plate, and then the incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method is used to drive the approximate analytical expressions for the limit cycles of the coupling system. The acoustic radiation power level and the surface average velocity under multi-frequency excitation are defined to describe the response of the plate. The results are that there are limit cycle motions in the vibration of the vibro-acoustic coupling system due to the van der Pol oscillator’s excitation, and there are more harmonic components in the system when the parameters are increased. The vibro-acoustic characteristics of the plate present nonlinear variation because of the oscillator’s nonlinear damping force. The method combining the IHB method and the modal expression method can be used to investigate the nonlinear vibro-acoustic coupling characteristics of a structure under external and self-excited excitation.

Strain Gauges Applied to the Lightweight Structures Modal Testing

Dynamic characteristics of the structure have a significant effect on the performance of the structure. Modal test is a common method to obtain structural dynamic characteristics. However, due to the mass effect of the transducer, the measured results of lightweight structure are inaccurate. This paper proposes using strain gauges to test the mode of lightweight structures, and we take the cantilever beam as an example. The paper derived strain modal expressions. We use the strain gauges, the accelerometers and the finite element simulation to test the modal of the cantilever. To compare and analyze the experimental data, it illustrates that the strain modal test methods can measure the bending mode of the beam effectively.

Correlation of clinical, cytological and histological findings in oral squamous cell carcinomas.

The present study aimed to investigate the efficiency of exfoliative cytology by correlating the clinical lesions of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with exfoliative cytology and histopathological findings. Cases of OSCC diagnosed between 1984 and 2010 were analyzed. The inclusion criteria for the present study were the availability of detailed clinical findings and a diagnosis of the disease through exfoliative cytology and histopathology. The cases were assessed and assigned scores, which were then submitted to modal expression analysis, which considers the higher frequency scores, thus relating the variables. The cytological findings demonstrated that the majority of the cases had malignant potential. Exfoliative cytology should be used as a supplementary tool for the diagnosis of OSCC, as it enables the early detection of these lesions. However, cytology should not be used as a substitute for histopathological examination.

Pasivum v hospodářské němčině kontrastivně

Passive constructions are a typical morphological feature of business German. At the same time, this phenomenon is signifi cantly affected by interlingual interference. Its occurrence is frequent even in the Czech language of economics but in fact also other, corresponding means of expression may be used in Czech: active constructions, refl exive passive voice, or modal expressions. This paper looks into the occurrence of different tenses in the passive voice; examines using agents in both the languages; shows the reasons for preferring passive constructions in German and for using various equivalents of these in Czech. Finally, attention is paid to continuous and state passive verb forms in German and to diffi culties in choosing correct Czech equivalents.

A Comparison of Discourse Participants in the Press Release of Greenpeace Korea and Greenpeace UK

This paper compares participants in the process of imposing obligation in the press release of Greenpeace Korea and Greenpeace UK. Since deontic modal expressions in discourse provoke assumptions about social positions between interlocutors, it has been argued that there are two participants in this process: ‘the obligation-imposer’ and ‘the obligation-imposed’(Kim and Thompson, 2010). The present analysis shows that there are roughly four different types of entities functioning as these two participants: environmental NGOs, nations(or governments), ordinary people, and companies. In addition, it is found that each corpus has its own preferred entity for the two participants. In line with the premise of critical discourse analysis, it can be argued that these contrasting results recontextualize the situations of how environmental campaigns are differently undertook in both discourse communities. (Kyungsung University)

Bound Noun swu in Korean

Across languages, modal constructions are often ambiguous. It has been observed by Ha (2007) that a modal expression swu ‘way/possibility’ + iss ‘exist’ (‘CAN’) in Korean can be ambiguous between Root Modality and Epistemic Modality. In this paper, I argue that the distinction between Root Modality and Epistemic Modality lies in an adnominal T that bound noun swu takes and theta-role assigning capability of small n with the bound noun: specifically, in the case of Root Modality, the adnominal T takes VP (but not vP) without an external argument, and a bound noun assigns a theta-role to the external argument. On the other hand, in the case of Epistemic Modality, the adnominal T takes vP with an external argument, and a bound noun does not assign a theta-role.

I think,I meanandI believein political discourse

This article examines the distribution, collocates and function of the first-person-singular cognitive-verb-based syntagmatic configurationsI think,I meanandI believein argumentative political discourse, considering their status as parenthetical construction and pragmatic marker in two sets of spoken data: monologic speech and dialogic interview. Its goal is to identify discourse-domain-specific discourse patterns, which manifest themselves in patterned co-occurrences with other pragmatic markers, and with expressions of modality and evidentiality. The explicit accommodation of local context allows for a fine-grained analysis of the three constructions, filtering out those contextual configurations in whichI think,I meanandI believemay count as a pragmatic marker.

Transverse Free Vibration of Timoshenko Beams Resting on Viscoelastic Foundations

The complex modal analysis is developed to study the transverse vibration of Timoshenko beams resting on viscoelastic Pasternak foundation. Complex frequency equations and modal function expressions are obtained for pinned-pinned ends. In numerical examples, the characteristics of natural frequencies and decrement coefficients of Timoshenko beams are compared with Euler-Bernoulli beams. The numerical results show that with increase in the length, the natural frequencies of Timoshenko beams are slightly less than Euler-Bernoulli beams, and the decrement coefficients of Timoshenko beams are not constant as that of Euler-Bernoulli beams.

L2 Learner Corpus Analysis of Modal Expressions in Written Text

This study aims to compare different uses of epistemic modality used in both non- native texts (NNT) and native texts (NT) of writers based on the frequency of epistemic modality. In addition, there is an insightful exploration of how these different usage of modality should be tackled in order to foster the pragmatic competence of L2 learners in second language teaching and learning environment since the use of epistemic modality is a crucial area of pragmatic failure in the work of L2 learners. In order to answer the research questions, the range and frequency corpus program was used to show the total frequency of word usage including different types of epistemic modality. 180 NNT and 152 NT were collected and analyzed based on the categorization of epistemic modality. The study shows that can and should are prominent features, taking a higher frequency in NNT of writers among other modal expressions used. On the other hand, would and might are the ones much less used in comparison to ones in NT. In addition, NNT of writers tend to overuse a number of epistemic modality such as think, know, always, and a lot of, indicating the lack of awareness of using various types of epistemic modality particularly used by NT of writers such as would, might, seem, perhaps, likely and so on. This study also demonstrates a number of misused examples of epistemic modality which are corrected by native writers. These cases indicate the possibility of first language transfer and weak pragmatic competence of learners in second language learning environment.

Discourse Markers and Modal Expressions in Speakers with and without Asperger Syndrome: A Pragmatic-perceptive Approach

From a theoretical point of view, this paper offers a new framework for the analysis of discourse markers: a pragmatic-perceptive model that emphasizes the point of the communication process in which such particles become more relevant. Furthermore, this approach tries to give an account of the modal expressions (attenuators and intensifiers) that speakers use in oral speech. The quotients of absolute and relative frequency with regard to the use of textual, interactive and enunciative markers – focused on the message, the addressee and the addresser respectively – are compared in two samples of 20 subjects with typical development and other 20 with Asperger syndrome. The general results of this research suggest that these latter speakers display a suitable command of textual markers, whereas they overexploit the enunciative ones in conversation.

Modal verbs and modal constructions in Ladakhi

Abstract The paper describes different types of modal expressions, particularly expressions of ability, in Ladakhi, a Tibetic language spoken in Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India. A special focus lies on the unexpected syntactic behaviour of complex modal verb constructions, where the semantics of both the modal verb and the event verb contribute to the realisation of surface case marking, so that the event verb can no longer be analysed as being a complement of the modal verb. This intertwined syntax appears to be the result of a compositional process. The observable variation in syntactic behaviour across dialects and idiolects further allows for reconstruction of the compositional process.

Expressions of Propositional Modality in Japanese and Chinese

This study investigates expressions of propositional modality (epistemic and evidential) in Japanese and Chinese. It aims to highlight some fundamental characteristics of and differences between the modal systems in the two languages. It has been found that adverbs in Chinese play a more important role than adverbs in Japanese in expressing modal meanings. This study has also found that more modal expressions are used in the Japanese text than in the Chinese translations. That is to say, Chinese language speakers seem to prefer straightforward assertions to marked epistemic forms. In other words, Chinese speakers often choose realis modality when describing things, situations or their own ideas, unless the speaker thinks it is very necessary to clearly indicate that the proposition is not an absolute fact, or has not been confirmed to be a truth. Data of this study are collected from a Japanese-Chinese bilingual corpus, and the discussion is based on a concept of realis/irrealis.