Expression Of Histone Deacetylase Research Articles

Tanshinone IIA potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of glucocorticoids in lipopolysaccharide-treated HEI-OC1 cells through modulation of the FOXP3/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used to treat sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), although some patients are resistant to this therapeutic approach. Clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of tanshinone IIA (TA) in combination with GC for managing various human ailments. However, it remains unclear whether TA can mitigate GC resistance in SSNHL. Our aim is to elucidate the role of NRF2-induced transcriptional regulation of HDAC2 in influencing GC resistance and investigate the involvement of TA-related molecular pathways in GC resistance. Here, HEI-OC1 cells are treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish an in vitro model for SSNHL. The cells are subsequently treated with dexamethasone (DXE) or DXE+TA. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis are used to measure the mRNA and protein levels of Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays are carried out to assess cell proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis is performed to evaluate apoptosis. Mechanistic studies involve chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), luciferase reporter, and DNA pull-down assays. Our results show that treatment with TA+DEX significantly increases proliferation and suppresses apoptosis in LPS-treated HEI-treated OC1 cells. TA upregulates HDAC2 expression by activating NRF2-mediated transcription of HDAC2, with the NRF2-HDAC2 binding site located at bases 419-429 (ATGACACTCCA) in the promoter sequence of HDAC2. Furthermore, TA upregulates FOXP3 expression to activate NRF2 transcription, with the predicted FOXP3-binding site located at bases 864-870 (GCAAACA) in the promoter sequence of NRF2. In summary, these findings suggest that TA enhances the therapeutic effects of GC on the proliferation and apoptosis of HEI OC1 cells by increasing FOXP3/Nrf2 expression. These results indicate that TA may be promising for ameliorating GC resistance in patients with SSNHL.

Epigenetic Mechanisms of Aluminum-Induced Neurotoxicity and Alzheimer's Disease: A Focus on Non-Coding RNAs.

Aluminum (Al) is known to induce neurotoxic effects, potentially contributing to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Recent studies suggest that epigenetic modification may contribute to Al neurotoxicity, although the mechanisms are still debatable. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to summarize existing data on the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in Al-induced neurotoxicity, especially AD-type pathology. Existing data demonstrate that Al exposure induces disruption in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA expression in brains. Alterations in DNA methylation following Al exposure were shown to be mediated by changes in expression and activity of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and ten-eleven translocation proteins (TETs). Al exposure was shown to reduce histone acetylation by up-regulating expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and impair histone methylation, ultimately contributing to down-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. Neurotoxic effects of Al exposure were also associated with aberrant expression of non-coding RNAs, especially microRNAs (miR). Al-induced patterns of miR expression were involved in development of AD-type pathology by increasing amyloid β (Aβ) production through up-regulation of Aβ precursor protein (APP) and β secretase (BACE1) expression (down-regulation of miR-29a/b, miR-101, miR-124, and Let-7c expression), increasing in neuroinflammation through NF-κB signaling (up-regulation of miR-9, miR-125b, miR-128, and 146a), as well as modulating other signaling pathways. Furthermore, reduced global DNA methylation, altered histone modification, and aberrant miRNA expression were associated with cognitive decline in Al-exposed subjects. However, further studies are required to evaluate the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to Al-induced neurotoxicity and/or AD development.

HDAC1-mediated regulation of KDM1A in pemphigus vulgaris: unlocking mechanisms on ERK pathway activation and cohesion loss.

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune skin disorder characterized by the loss of cell cohesion, with the histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and lysine demethylase 1A (KDM1A) playing critical roles in its pathogenesis. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind PV, focusing on the function of HDAC1 and KDM1A in disease onset and progression. Based on in vitro and in vivo PV models, we observed a significant increase in HDAC1 mRNA and protein levels in skin tissues of PV patients. Inhibition of HDAC1 ameliorated cell damage and reduced the loss of cell cohesion in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) induced by PV-IgG. Our findings suggest that HDAC1 regulates KDM1A expression through deacetylation, with a notable deficiency in KDM1A expression in PV. Overexpression of KDM1A mitigated cell damage and cohesion loss. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway serves as a downstream executor of the HDAC1/KDM1A axis. Inhibiting HDAC1 and increasing KDM1A expression suppressed ERK phosphorylation, reducing PV-related apoptosis. These insights provide a new perspective on treating PV, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting HDAC1 expression. The regulatory mechanism of the HDAC1/KDM1A/ERK axis offers crucial clues for understanding PV pathogenesis and developing novel treatments.

METTL14 Promotes Ischemic Stroke-induced Brain Injury by Stabilizing HDAC3 Expression in an m6A-IGF2BP3 Mechanism.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most abundant post-transcriptional modification of mRNAs and has been identified to play critical roles in ischemic stroke (IS). Herein, this study aimed to investigate the function and mechanism of Methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) methylase in cerebral IS. Murine BV-2 microglial cell OGD/R models and rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models were established to mimic IS-induced neuronal damage in vitro and brain injury in vivo. Levels of METTL14, Histone Deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and cGAS-STING axis-related proteins were detected using qRT-PCR or western blotting. Cell proliferation and inflammation were assessed by CCK-8 assay, EdU assay and ELISA. Flow cytometry detected microglia polarization. Cell pyroptosis was analyzed by detecting related-protein markers by western blotting. The m6A modification was determined by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation assay. Brain injury was analyzed by evaluating infarct volume and neurologic score. METTL14 levels were higher in OGD/R-induced microglial cells, primary microglia and infarct brain tissues of rat MCAO models. Functionally, METTL14 silencing reversed OGD/R-induced proliferation inhibition, inflammation and pyroptosis in microglial cells and primary microglia in vitro, and ameliorated cerebral ischemic injury in rat MCAO models. Mechanistically, METTL14 induced HDAC3 m6A modification in an IGF2BP3-dependent manner, and could activate cGAS-STING pathway through HDAC3. Moreover, HDAC3 overexpression reversed the neuroprotective effects of METTL14 silencing. METTL14 silencing reversed ischemic stroke-induced brain injury by inducing HDAC3 m6A modification in an IGF2BP3-dependent mechanism, recommending a novel insight for ameliorating cerebral ischemic stroke.

Preliminary study of the role of histone deacetylase (HDAC) in steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head induced by BMSC adipogenic differentiation

Our previous research revealed a close association between the acetylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) histone H3K27 and the adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). We preliminarily explored the epigenetic mechanism of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head (SANFH) development, but the specific histone deacetylase (HDAC) involved in this regulatory process remains unknown. In this study, we combined cell, animal, and clinical specimen experiments to screen for specific HDAC genes that could regulate BMSC adipogenic differentiation and to explore their roles. The results showed that dexamethasone (DEX) significantly exacerbated the imbalance between the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and there were differences in HDAC expression in the adipogenic differentiation cell models, with histone deacetylase 10 (HDAC10) showing the most significant decrease in expression. Subsequent use of a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay kit and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChIP‒qPCR) revealed a decrease in HDAC10 expression at predicted potential sites within the PPARγ promoter, indicating a significant decrease in HDAC10 enrichment in the PPARγ promoter region of BMSCs, thereby promoting sustained PPARγ expression. Additionally, immunohistochemistry of samples collected from mice and humans with SANFH and normal femoral heads revealed an imbalance between adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in the necrotic area of femoral heads, with a significant decrease in the relative expression of HDAC10 in the necrotic area of femoral heads with SANFH. In summary, we speculate that HDAC10 affects the progression of SANFH by regulating BMSC adipogenic differentiation, a process possibly related to PPARγ histone acetylation. These findings provide a promising direction for the treatment of SANFH.Graphical abstract

7574 Diabetes Stem Cells: A Common Target for Abnormal Insulin Secretion and Insulin Resistance

Abstract Disclosure: H. Kojima: None. M. Katagi: None. J. Okano: None. T. Nakagawa: None. Diabetes is based on chronic inflammation and cannot be cured using only drugs that lower blood glucose levels. A culprit was lurking there that was hindering healing. We discovered abnormal hematopoietic stem cells that caused persistent chronic inflammation in the bone marrow of diabetic model animals. The real culprit is born after several days of hyperglycemia, never dies, and each time glycemic control deteriorates, it moves its progeny in large numbers throughout the body, fusing with unique cells in various organs and producing TNF-α from the organ cells. We have named these worst stem cells, which resemble cancer stem cells, "diabetes stem cells," and attempted to induce complete remission in diabetic model animals by eliminating them with drugs. In this study, we used streptozotocin (STZ)-induced insulin-deficient diabetes model mice. "Diabetes stem cells" were included in the CD106-positive short-term hematopoietic stem cell fraction, in which progenitor cells that play an important role in the regeneration of the thymus and peripheral tissues, and were characterized by abnormal expression of proinsulin and TNF-α. Furthermore, like cancer cells, the expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) increased, and once the cells were born, they would not disappear. Therefore, we aimed to eliminate diabetes by administering an HDAC inhibitor and subcutaneously injecting insulin pellets to temporarily correct blood glucose levels. We treated diabetic mice with HDAC inhibitor for 8 weeks, along with several weeks of insulin therapy. Insulin aims to prevent the formation of new abnormal cells in the bone marrow and to prevent the inhibition of pancreatic islet wasting due to the forced insulin secretion caused by hyperglycemia. The combination therapy allowed the beta cells to regenerate and produce enough insulin to normalize blood glucose levels and maintain them even after treatment was discontinued. It also solved the mystery of how the abnormal cell population evades attacks from the T cells. In STZ diabetes, the supply of normal CD106-positive progenitor cells from the bone marrow for thymic regeneration was completely blocked, resulting in marked thymic atrophy. As a result, the thymus, which had lost its progenitor cells, was unable to establish an immune surveillance system to eliminate mutated cells throughout the body. In other words, the combination therapy completely broke the vicious cycle caused by atrophies in both the islet and the thymus. Moreover, when the thymus was surgically removed along with the adventitia to prevent regeneration, diabetes remission was completely inhibited, supporting the importance of thymic normalization. Diabetes is a hematopoietic stem cell disease accompanied by thymic dysfunction, and the removal of "diabetes stem cells" paves the way for the cure of diabetes. Presentation: 6/2/2024

7260 Nuclear Corepressor 1 (NCoR1) plays important role in the regulation of insulin gene transcription in mouse Min6 pancreatic beta cells

Abstract Disclosure: H. Shimizu: None. Y. Horibata: None. I. Amano: None. M.J. Ritter: None. M. Ohyama: None. M. Domae: None. H. Sugimoto: None. A.N. Hollenberg: None. Background: Nuclear Corepressor 1 (NCoR1) is a transcriptional corepressor which has been recognized as an important player in the regulation of hepatic lipogenesis and hematopoiesis in mouse embryo. NCoR1 is also widely expressed in mouse insulin sensitive organs, for instance adipocyte, skeletal muscle, and hepatocytes. Mouse genetic deletion strategies of either NCoR1 or SMRT(NCoR2; an ortholog corepressor of NCoR1) demonstrated that each corepressor effects the insulin sensitivity in the tissues. However, the role of each corepressor in pancreatic beta cell is not still elucidated. Methods: To clarify this, we took the gene-targeting strategy for NCoR1 using CRISPR Cas-9 and made the pancreatic beta Min6 clone which lacks NCoR1 protein (Min6-NCoR1KO; NKO cells). For this study, wild type Min6 cells (WT) and NKO cells were cultured in the Dulbecco's DMEM medium with 10% fetal bovine serum for 4-5 days, and the expression analyses compared between two cell types were performed. Results: Both comprehensive proteomics and following expression analyses compared between WT and NKO cells demonstrated that NKO cells have significantly lower expression level of insulin (INS-1 and INS-2), accompanied with high expression of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). For further analyses, we also made the Min6 clone which lacks SMRT(Min6-SMRTKO; SKO cells). Interestingly, SKO cell had higher insulin and lower HDAC6 levels, accompanied with significant up-regulation of NCoR1. Conclusion: Taken together, these data indicate that NCoR1 has dominant effects in the regulation of both histone deacetylation and insulin gene transcription in Min6 cells. Further investigations for the function of NCoR1 in the insulin gene transcription observed in Min6 cells will be needed. Presentation: 6/2/2024

Histone deacetylase expression following cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in male and female mice.

The chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin accumulates in the kidneys, leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated sex-dependent outcomes of cisplatin-AKI. Deranged histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity is hypothesized to promote the pathogenesis of male murine cisplatin-AKI; however, it is unknown whether there are sex differences in the kidney HDACs. We hypothesized that there would be sex-specific Hdac expression, localization, or enzymatic activity, which may explain sexual dimorphic responses to cisplatin-AKI. In normal human kidney RNA samples, HDAC10 was significantly greater in the kidneys of women compared with men, whereas HDAC1, HDAC6, HDAC10, and HDAC11 were differentially expressed between the kidney cortex and medulla, regardless of sex. In a murine model of cisplatin-AKI (3 days after a 15 mg/kg injection), we found few sex- or cisplatin-related differences in Hdac kidney transcripts among the mice. Although Hdac9 was significantly greater in female mice compared with male mice, HDAC9 protein localization did not differ. Hdac7 transcripts were greater in the inner medulla of cisplatin-AKI mice, regardless of sex, and this agreed with a greater HDAC7 abundance. HDAC activity within the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla was significantly lower in cisplatin-AKI mice but did not differ between the sexes. In agreement with these findings, a class I HDAC inhibitor did not improve kidney injury or function. In conclusion, even though cisplatin-AKI was evident and there were transcript level differences among the different kidney regions in this model, there were few sex- or cisplatin-dependent effects on kidney HDAC localization or activity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Kidney histone deacetylases (HDACs) are abundant in male and female mice, and the inner medulla has the greatest HDAC activity. A low dose of cisplatin caused acute kidney injury (AKI) in these mice, but there were few changes in kidney HDACs at the RNA/protein/activity level. A class I HDAC inhibitor failed to improve AKI outcomes. Defining the HDAC isoform, cellular source, and interventional timing is necessary to determine whether HDAC inhibition is a therapeutic strategy to prevent cisplatin-AKI in both sexes.

PET imaging assist investigation of HDAC6 expression change in MDD and evaluating antidepressant efficacy of a newly developed HDAC6 inhibitor

The histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is closely related to the pathogenesis of depression in epigenetic regulation. However, it remains unclear how HDAC6 expression changes in depression pathophysiology and whether it is a target for antidepressant treatment. Herein, we investigate the expression change of HDAC6 in major depressive disorder (MDD) and evaluate the efficacy of a novel HDAC6 inhibitor, PB200, using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. PET imaging studies with an HDAC6 PET probe [18F]Bavarostat allied with in vitro experiments demonstrated significantly increased HDAC6 expression in the brains of MDD mice. To investigate if pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6 can exert antidepressant effects, a series of naphthyridine-based HDAC6 inhibitors were designed and synthesized, among which PB200 demonstrated high selectivity and inhibitory activity against HDAC6, favorable metabolic stability, and excellent brain uptake. Moreover, PB200 exhibited significant antidepressant effects by restoring abnormal HDAC6 expression level and alleviating neuroinflammation. These results imply that targeting HDAC6 shows promise as a therapeutic strategy for depression, and PB200 is a potential therapeutic option for treating MDD.

The Systemic Effect of Ischemia Training and Its Impact on Bone Marrow-Derived Monocytes.

Monocytes are innate immune cells that play a central role in inflammation, an essential component during neovascularization. Our recent publication demonstrated that ischemia training by 24 h unilateral occlusion of the femoral artery (FA) can modify bone marrow-derived monocytes (BM-Mono), allowing them to improve collateral remodeling in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia. Here, we expand on our previous findings, investigating a potential systemic effect of ischemia training and how this training can impact BM-Mono. BM-Mono from mice exposed to ischemia training (24 h) or Sham (same surgical procedure without femoral artery occlusion-ischemia training) procedures were used as donors in adoptive transfer experiments where recipients were subjected to hindlimb ischemia. Donor cells were divided corresponding to the limb from which they were isolated (left-limb previously subjected to 24 h ischemia and right-contralateral limb). Recipients who received 24 h ischemic-trained monocytes isolated from either limb had remarkable blood flow recovery compared to recipients with Sham monocytes (monocytes isolated from Sham group-no ischemia training). Since these data suggested a systemic effect of ischemic training, circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) were investigated as potential players. EVs were isolated from both groups, 24 h-trained and Sham, and the former showed increased expression of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), which is known to downregulate 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (Dhcr24) gene expression. Since we previously revealed that ischemia training downregulates Dhcr24 in BM-Mono, we incubated EVs from 24 h-trained and Sham groups with wild-type (WT) BM-Mono and demonstrated that WT BM-Mono incubated with 24 h-trained EVs had lower gene expression of Dhcr24 and an HDAC1 inhibitor blunted this effect. Next, we repeated the adoptive transfer experiment using Dhcr24 KO mice as donors of BM-Mono for WT mice subjected to hindlimb ischemia. Recipients who received Dhcr24 KO BM-Mono had greater limb perfusion than those who received WT BM-Mono. Further, we focused on the 24 h-trained monocytes (which previously showed downregulation of Dhcr24 gene expression and higher desmosterol) to test the expression of a few genes downstream of the desmosterol pathway, confirm the Dhcr24 protein level and assess its differentiation in M2-like macrophage phenotype. We found that 24 h-trained BM-Mono had greater expression of key genes in the desmosterol pathway, such as liver X receptors (LXRs) and ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA1), and we confirmed low protein expression of Dhcr24. Further, we demonstrated that ischemic-trained BM-Mono polarized towards an anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage phenotype. Finally, we demonstrated that 24 h-trained monocytes adhere less to endothelial cells, and the same pattern was shown by WT BM-Mono treated with Dhcr24 inhibitor. Ischemia training leads to a systemic effect that, at least in part, involves circulating EVs and potential epigenetic modification in BM-Mono. These ischemic-trained BM-Mono demonstrated an anti-inflammatory phenotype towards M2 macrophage differentiation and less ability to adhere to endothelial cells, which is associated with the downregulation of Dhcr24 in those cells. These data together suggest that Dhcr24 might be an important target within monocytes to improve the outcomes of hindlimb ischemia.

SMP30 alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal injury by inhibiting HDAC4/PSD-95 to preserve mitochondrial function

Abstract Ischemic stroke is a major cause of global death and permanent disability. Major consequences of ischemic stroke include neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction. We investigated the effects of senescence marker protein 30 (SMP30) on mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4)/postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) signaling in stroke models in vivo and in vitro. Rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) were used to simulate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. SMP30 was downregulated in the brain tissues of rats after I/R induction. SMP30 overexpression decreased MCAO/R-induced infarct volumes and improved neurologic function and histopathological changes. Increasing SMP30 expression suppressed neuronal apoptosis and reduced mitochondrial dysfunction. SMP30 overexpression in SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) decreased HDAC4 and PSD-95 expression; PSD-95 could bind to HDAC4. Furthermore, HDAC4 upregulation abolished the effects of SMP30 overexpression on OGD/R-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in SH-SY5Y cells. Together, these findings indicate that SMP30 alleviates cerebral I/R-induced neuronal injury by inhibiting HDAC4/PSD-95 to preserve mitochondrial function. These interactions might provide new treatment methods for patients with ischemic stroke.

Testosterone-Induced H3K27 Deacetylation Participates in Granulosa Cell Proliferation Suppression and Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the leading cause of infertility in reproductive-age women. Hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries and chronic anovulation are its typical clinical features. However, the correlation between hyperandrogenism and ovarian follicle growth aberrations remains undisclosed. To advance our understanding of the molecular alterations in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) with excessive androgen, epigenetic changes and affected gene expression in human granulosa-lutein cells (hGCs) and immortalized human GCs (KGN) were evaluated. A PCOS mouse model induced by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was also established. This study found excessive testosterone significantly decreased the acetylation of lysine 27 on Histone H3 (H3K27ac). H3K27ac chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) data showed down-regulated expression of cell cycle-related genes (CCND1/CCND3/PCNA), which was confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot. Testosterone application impeding cell proliferation was also proved by Ki-67 immunofluorescence and flow-cytometric analysis. Moreover, testosterone influenced CK2α nuclear translocation, which increased the phosphorylation level of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). Inhibition of CK2α nuclear translocation or silenced HDAC2 expression efficiently retarded H3K27 acetylation. Meanwhile, PCOS mouse model experiments also demonstrated decreased H3K27ac and enhanced HDAC2 phosphorylation in GCs. Cell proliferation-related genes were also downregulated in PCOS mouse GCs. In conclusion, hyperandrogenism in human and mouse GCs caused H3K27Ac aberrations, which are associated with CK2α nuclear translocation and HDAC2 phosphorylation, participating in abnormal follicle development in PCOS patients.

Expression patterns of HDAC6 in correlation to ARID1A status in different subtypes of endometriosis: A retrospective tissue microarray analysis

Endometriosis is a disease affecting approximately 10% of reproductive age women. Loss of the tumor suppressor gene AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A) occurs in some endometriosis cases. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC-6) is an enzyme with implication in several diseases including different cancer types and immunological disorders, where it is involved in protein trafficking and degradation, cell shape, and migration. In ARID1A-deficient ovarian cancer increased HDAC-6 expression lead to apoptosis-inhibiting post-translational modification of p53. It is not known if HDAC-6 expression is also altered in ARID1A-deficient endometriosis. The aim of this study was to assess HDAC-6 expression in endometriotic lesions in correlation to ARID1A-status.Two tissue-microarrays with 168 endometriotic lesions, including ovarian (64/168, 38 %), peritoneal (66/168, 39 %) and deep-infiltrating (38/168, 23 %) subtypes, and 73 endometrium of women without endometriosis were assessed. Mean ARID1A immunoreactivity score (IRS) in endometriosis group was 10.83 (±2.36) and 10.78 (±1.94) in the epithelium and stroma, respectively, while the respective mean HDAC6 IRS were 9.16 (±2.76) and 5.94 (±2.88). The comparison of the HDAC6 expression between endometriosis subtypes showed higher expression in deep-infiltrating endometriosis, in both, epithelium (p = 0.032) and stroma (p = 0.007). In ARID1A negative cases, epithelial expression of HDAC6 was higher in endometriosis compared to women without endometriosis (p = 0.031), and this was also specifically observed in the subset of ovarian endometriosis (p = 0.037). There were no significant differences in the stromal expression of HDAC6.In conclusion, our results demonstrate a complex expression pattern of HDAC6 depending on ARID1A status in different endometriosis subtypes. Further studies on HDAC6 and ARID1A are important to elucidate mechanisms involved in malignant transformation of endometriosis.

Pterostilbene improves neurological dysfunction and neuroinflammation after ischaemic stroke via HDAC3/Nrf1-mediated microglial activation

BackgroundStroke is a type of acute brain damage that can lead to a series of serious public health challenges. Demonstrating the molecular mechanism of stroke-related neural cell degeneration could help identify a more efficient treatment for stroke patients. Further elucidation of factors that regulate microglia and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 1 (Nrf1) may lead to a promising strategy for treating neuroinflammation after ischaemic stroke. In this study, we investigated the possible role of pterostilbene (PTS) in Nrf1 regulation in cell and animal models of ischaemia stroke.MethodsWe administered PTS, ITSA1 (an HDAC activator) and RGFP966 (a selective HDAC3 inhibitor) in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion–reperfusion (MCAO/R) and a model of microglial oxygen‒glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). The brain infarct size, neuroinflammation and microglial availability were also determined. Dual-luciferase reporter, Nrf1 protein stability and co-immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to analyse histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3)/Nrf1-regulated Nrf1 in an OGD/R-induced microglial injury model.ResultsWe found that PTS decreased HDAC3 expression and activity, increased Nrf1 acetylation in the cell nucleus and inhibited the interaction of Nrf1 with p65 and p65 accumulation, which reduced infarct volume and neuroinflammation (iNOS/Arg1, TNF-α and IL-1β levels) after ischaemic stroke. Furthermore, the CSF1R inhibitor PLX5622 induced elimination of microglia and attenuated the therapeutic effect of PTS following MCAO/R. In the OGD/R model, PTS relieved OGD/R-induced microglial injury and TNF-α and IL-1β release, which were dependent on Nrf1 acetylation through the upregulation of HDAC3/Nrf1 signalling in microglia. However, the K105R or/and K139R mutants of Nrf1 counteracted the impact of PTS in the OGD/R-induced microglial injury model, which indicates that PTS treatment might be a promising strategy for ischaemia stroke therapy.ConclusionThe HDAC3/Nrf1 pathway regulates the stability and function of Nrf1 in microglial activation and neuroinflammation, which may depend on the acetylation of the lysine 105 and 139 residues in Nrf1. This mechanism was first identified as a potential regulatory mechanism of PTS-based neuroprotection in our research, which may provide new insight into further translational applications of natural products such as PTS.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuroinflammation by protecting against traumatic spinal cord injury through the histone deacetylase 3/ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator pathway.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) attenuate inflammatory responses in the central nervous system, leading to neuroprotective effects. Inhibition of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) has neuroprotective effects after spinal cord injury (SCI) through the SIRT1 pathway, but the pathophysiological mechanisms of SCI are complex and the interactions between ω-3 PUFAs and organelles remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ω-3 PUFAs on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced neuroinflammation through the HDAC3/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1ɑ pathway after SCI. To this end, a contusion-induced SCI rat model was established to evaluate the effects of ω-3 PUFAs on ER stress-mediated inflammation in SCI. ER stress was rapidly induced in spinal cord lesions after SCI and was significantly reduced after ω-3 PUFA treatment. Consistent with reduced ER stress, HDAC3 expression levels and inflammatory responses were decreased, and PGC-1ɑ expression levels were increased after SCI. We found that ω-3 PUFA treatment attenuated ER stress through HDAC3 inhibition, thereby reducing SCI-induced inflammation. Taken together, these results suggest a role for ω-3 PUFA in protecting against SCI-induced neuroinflammation and promoting neurological functional recovery by regulating the histone deacetylase 3/ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivatorpathway.

Differential Expression of DNA Methyltransferase (DNMT1 and DNMT3), Histone Deacetylase (HDAC1 and HDAC2), and Upstream Target Regulators MiR-145 and Mir-152 among Oral Cancers

Epigenetic modulation of DNA and histones facilitated by and histone deacetylases (HDAC) is associated with the development and progression of many cancers, although less is known about DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) in oral cancers and the regulation of these targets. Using commercially available cell lines, oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCC4, SCC9, SCC15, SCC25, and CAL27), and normal gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1), growth assays and mRNA expression were evaluated using ANOVA. These results revealed homeostasis enzyme DNMT1 expression was significantly higher among slow-growing HGF-1 cells than among fast-growing oral cancers, p < 0.05. In contrast, DNMT3A and DNMT3B expression was significantly higher among oral cancers compared with HGF-1 cells, p < 0.05. However, differential expression of HDAC1 and HDAC2 was observed among SCC4, SCC25, and CAL27 cells. Further analysis of miR-152 (regulation and control of DNMT expression) and miR-21, miR-221, and miR-145 (regulation of HDAC expression) revealed all oral cancers produced miR-21, but none produced miR-221. However, differential expression of miR-145 (SCC15) and miR-152 (SCC25) suggested alternative epigenetic pathways and mechanisms of DNMT and HDAC regulation may be responsible for some of the observations revealed in this study.

HDAC2 promotes autophagy-associated HCC malignant progression by transcriptionally activating LAPTM4B

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant global health challenge. The activation of autophagy plays an essential role in promoting the proliferation and survival of cancer cells. However, the upstream regulatory network and mechanisms governing autophagy in HCC remain unclear. This study demonstrated that histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) regulates autophagy in HCC. Its expression was elevated in HCC tissues, and high HDAC2 expression was strongly associated with poor prognosis in individuals with HCC. Integrated in vitro and in vivo investigations confirmed that HDAC2 promotes autophagy and autophagy-related malignant progression in HCC. Mechanistically, HDAC2 bound specifically to the lysosome-associated protein transmembrane 4-β (LAPTM4B) promoter at four distinct binding sites, enhancing its transcriptional activation and driving autophagy-related malignant progression in HCC. These findings establish LAPTM4B as a direct target gene of HDAC2. Furthermore, the selective inhibitor of HDAC2 effectively alleviated the malignant development of HCC. In addition, multivariate Cox regression analysis of 105 human HCC samples revealed that HDAC2 expression is an independent predictor of HCC prognosis. This study underscores the crucial role of the HDAC2-LAPTM4B axis in regulating autophagy in the malignant evolution of HCC and highlights the potential of targeting HDAC2 to prevent and halt the malignant progression of HCC.

SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein promotes self-deacetylation by inducing HDAC6 to facilitate viral replication

BackgroundThe global outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has led to millions of deaths. This unanticipated emergency has prompted virologists across the globe to delve deeper into the intricate dynamicity of the host-virus interface with an aim to identify antiviral targets and elucidate host and viral determinants of severe disease.AimThe present study was undertaken to analyse the role of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) in regulating SARS-CoV-2 infection.ResultsGradual increase in HDAC6 expression was observed in different SARS-CoV-2-permissive cell lines following SARS-CoV-2 infection. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N protein) was identified as the primary viral factor responsible for upregulating HDAC6 expression. Downregulation of HDAC6 using shRNA or a specific inhibitor tubacin resulted in reduced viral replication suggesting proviral role of its deacetylase activity. Further investigations uncovered the interaction of HDAC6 with stress granule protein G3BP1 and N protein during infection. HDAC6-mediated deacetylation of SARS-CoV-2 N protein was found to be crucial for its association with G3BP1.ConclusionThis study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the disruption of cytoplasmic stress granules during SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlights the significance of HDAC6 in the process.

Hippocampal HDAC5-mediated histone acetylation underlies stress susceptibility in mice exposed to chronic social defeat stress

Chronic stress leads to social avoidance and anhedonia in susceptible individuals, a phenomenon that has been observed in both human and animal models. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms underpinning stress susceptibility and resilience remain largely unclear. There is growing evidence that epigenetic histone deacetylase (HDAC) mediated histone acetylation is involved in the modulation of depressive-related behaviors. We hypothesized that histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), which is associated with stress-related behaviors and antidepressant response, may play a vital role in the susceptibility to chronic stress. In the current study, we detected the levels of HDAC5 and acetylation of histone 4 (H4) in the hippocampus subsequent to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) in C57BL/6J mice. We found that CSDS induces a notable increase in HDAC5 expression, concomitant with a reduction in the acetylation of histone H4 at lysine 12 (H4K12) in the hippocampus of susceptible mice. Meanwhile, intrahippocampal infusion of HDAC5 shRNA or HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) both reversed the depression susceptibility in susceptible mice that subjected to CSDS. Furthermore, HDAC5 overexpression was sufficient to induce depression susceptibility following microdefeat stress, accompanied by a significant reduction in H4K12 level within the hippocampus of mice. Additionally, the Morris water maze (MWM) results indicated that neither CSDS nor HDAC5 exerted significant effects on spatial memory function in mice. Taken together, these investigations indicated that HDAC5-modulated histone acetylation is implicated in regulating the depression susceptibility, and may be serve as potential preventive targets for susceptible individuals.

Interplay between DOT1L and HDAC1 regulates Leishmania donovani infection in human THP-1 cells

Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, causes visceral leishmaniasis. The parasite modifies the global gene expressions of the host genome, facilitating its survival within the host. Thus, the host epigenetic modulators play important roles in host-pathogen interaction and host epigenetic modification in response to infection. Previously, we had reported that the host epigenetic modulator, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) expression was upregulated on Leishmania donovani infection. This upregulation led to the repression of host defensin genes in response to the infection. In this paper, we have investigated the interplay between the host DOT1L, a histone methyltransferase, and HDAC1 in response to Leishmania donovani infection. We show that the expression of DOT1L is upregulated both at transcript and protein level following infection leading to increase in H3K79me, H3K79me2, and H3K79me3 levels. ChIP experiments showed that DOT1L regulated the expression of HDAC1. Downregulation of DOT1L using siRNA resulted in decreased expression of HDAC1 and increased transcription of defensin genes and thereby, lower parasite load. In turn, HDAC1 regulates the expression of DOT1L on Leishmania donovani infection as downregulation of HDAC1 using siRNA led to reduced expression of DOT1L. Thus, during Leishmania donovani infection, an interplay between DOT1L and HDAC1 regulates the expression of these two histone modifiers leading to downregulation of defensin gene expression.