Carbonic Anhydrase Gene Expression Research Articles

Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor operation under high pressure for energy-rich biogas production

Autogenerative high-pressure digestion has an advantage of producing CH4-rich biogas directly from the reactor. However, its continuous operation has rarely been reported, and has never been attempted in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB). Here, UASB was continuously operated at 10 g COD/L/d with increasing pressure from 1 to 8 bar. As the pressure increased, the CH4 content in the biogas increased gradually, reaching 96.7 ± 0.8% at 8 bar (309 MJ/m3 biogas). The pH was dropped from 8.2 to 7.2 with pressure increase, but COD removal efficiency was maintained > 90%. The high pressure up to 8 bar did not adversely impact the physicochemical properties of granules, which was due to the increased production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), particularly, tightly bound EPS (34% increase). With pressure increase, there was no changes in the microbial community and ATPase gene expression, but 41% increase in carbonic anhydrase gene expression was observed.

Gene expression of carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) in de novo acute leukemia as a predictive marker for prognosis

Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) is a marker for decreased O2 concentration and acidosis, associated with poor prognosis in cancerous patients. The current study suggested that the changes in CA9 gene expression level might be used as a predictive marker to assess early prognosis at the time of detection of de novo leukemia, and then monitor tumor progress during treatment. This study highlights the level of CA9 gene expression in leukemic patients. A total of 44 cases (acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) group: 23 cases; acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL) group: 13 cases; control group: 8 healthy volunteers) were selected for this study. The CA9 gene expression was assessed by a real-time PCR with the SYBR green assay. A high level of CA9 gene expression was noticed in AML patients compared to the control group, while the results were not significant in ALL patients. After treatment follow-up, significant differences were observed in CA9 gene expression between a complete response and no response in AML patients. As a result, the CA9 tumor gene could act as a potential early marker for acute leukemia prognosis. A low level of CA9 expression was associated with better clinical outcomes, while a high level was related to a negative prognosis in patients with AML.

Carbonic Anhydrases in Photosynthesizing Cells of C3 Higher Plants.

The review presents data on the location, nature, properties, number, and expression of carbonic anhydrase genes in the photosynthesizing cells of C3 plants. The available data about the presence of carbonic anhydrases in plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplast stroma and thylakoids are scrutinized. Special attention was paid to the presence of carbonic anhydrase activities in the different parts of thylakoids, and on collation of sources of these activities with enzymes encoded by the established genes of carbonic anhydrases. The data are presented to show that the consistent incorporation of carbonic anhydrases belonging to different families of these enzymes forms a coherent system of CO2 molecules transport from air to chloroplasts in photosynthesizing cells, where they are included in organic molecules in the carboxylation reaction. It is discussed that the manifestation of the activity of a certain carbonic anhydrase depends on environmental conditions and the stage of ontogenesis.

Drought-introduced variability of mesophyll conductance in Gossypium and its relationship with leaf anatomy.

Mesophyll conductance (gm ) is one of the major determinants of photosynthetic rate, for which it has an impact on crop yield. However, the regulatory mechanisms behind the decline in gm of cotton (Gossypium. spp) by drought are unclear. An upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) genotype and a pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense) genotype were used to determine the gas exchange parameters, leaf anatomical structure as well as aquaporin and carbonic anhydrase gene expression under well-watered and drought treatment conditions. In this study, the decrease of net photosynthetic rate (AN ) under drought conditions was related to a decline in gm and in stomatal conductance (gs ). gm and gs coordinate with each other to ensure optimum state of CO2 diffusion and achieve the balance of water and CO2 demand in the process of photosynthesis. Meanwhile, mesophyll limitations to photosynthesis are equally important to the stomatal limitations. Considering gm , its decline in cotton leaves under drought was mostly regulated by the chloroplast surface area exposed to leaf intercellular air spaces per leaf area (Sc /S) and might also be regulated by the expression of leaf CARBONIC ANHYDRASE (CA1). Meanwhile, cotton leaves can minimize the decrease in gm under drought by maintaining cell wall thickness (Tcw ). Our results indicated that modification of chloroplasts might be a target trait in future attempts to improve cotton drought tolerance.

Effects of the recombinant crustacean hyperglycemic hormones rCHH-B1 and rCHH-B2 on the osmo-ionic regulation of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to acute salinity stress.

The Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is a euryhaline organism that copes with salinity fluctuations in the environment; therefore, its osmotic and ionic regulation abilities are vital. Osmoregulation may be controlled by the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), a neuropeptide mainly expressed in the eyestalks. In L. vannamei, CHH-B1 and CHH-B2 are CHH isoforms isolated from the eyestalks whose expression is influenced by environmental salinity. It has been suggested that they are involved in the response to salinity stress. To clarify this, we investigated the effect of the recombinant peptides, rCHH-B1 and rCHH-B2, on the osmo-ionic regulation of shrimp acutely exposed to different salinity conditions (8, 26 and 45‰). Both rCHHs promoted differential effects on the osmoregulatory capacity (OC) and the ionoregulatory capacity (IC) for hemolymph Na+ and Cl- during iso-osmotic (26‰) and hyper-osmotic (45‰) transfers. These changes were linked to the changes observed in Na+/K+ ATPase and carbonic anhydrase gene expression in gills, especially under high salinity conditions, suggesting that the hormones may regulate the expression of these genes. Glucose and protein levels measured during acute salinity transfer suggest their roles as sources of metabolic energy for osmotic regulation or as organic osmolytes. These results taken together suggest that both the CHH-B1 and CHH-B2 peptides are important regulators of the physiological response of L. vannamei to acute salinity fluctuations.

The selective expression of carbonic anhydrase genes of Aspergillus nidulans in response to changes in mineral nutrition and CO2 concentration.

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) plays an important role in the formation and evolution of life. However, to our knowledge, there has been no report on CA isoenzyme function differentiation in fungi. Two different CA gene sequences in Aspergillus nidulans with clear genetic background provide us a favorable basis for studying function differentiation of CA isoenzymes. Heterologously expressed CA1 was used to test its weathering ability on silicate minerals and real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect expression of the CA1 and CA2 genes at different CO2 concentrations and in the presence of different potassium sources. The northern blot method was applied to confirm the result of CA1 gene expression. Heterologously expressed CA1 significantly promoted dissolution of biotite and wollastonite, and CA1 gene expression increased significantly in response to soluble K-deficiency. The northern blot test further showed that CA1 participated in K-feldspar weathering. In addition, the results showed that CA2 was primary involved in adapting to CO2 concentration change. Taken together, A. nidulans can choose different CA to meet their survival needs, which imply that some environmental microbes have evolved different CAs to adapt to changes in CO2 concentration and acquire mineral nutrition so that they can better adapt to environmental changes. Inversely, their adaption may impact mineral weathering and/or CO2 concentration, and even global change.

Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase Genes, CA3 and CA12, Transformed with ENO1, Relate to Copy Numbers of EGFR or RNF139 and XIAP, and Gender in Glioblastomas Using PCR Assays

Relationships between amplified oncogenes and glycolysis were studied in glioblastomas (GBs) using ENO1 to define supraphysiologic metabolic gene expressions. Copy numbers (CN) of 78 oncogenes were quantified in 24 GBs using multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification. Expressions were obtained in 22 by real‐time qPCR for genes encoding lactate dehydrogenases(LDHA, LDHC), carbonic anhydrases(CA3, CA12), monocarboxylate transporter(SLC16A3/MCT4), ATP citrate lyase(ACLY), glycogen synthase(GYS1) & enolase1(ENO1). Expressions were transformed by division with ENO1 expression after routine normalization. All GBs harbored oncogene gains. 20 oncogenes in 18 GBs were amplified at least 3X, up to 6/tumor, most frequently EGFR. Positive correlations with 6 oncogenes were shared by CA3, CA12, LDHC, LDHA, & SLC16A3, whereas + correlations with 5 different oncogenes were shared by ACLY, GYS1, LDHA, & LDHC. CN of XIAP correlated negatively. Differences (Wilcoxon Rank Sum) for >= 2X oncogene CN gains in GBs versus those without occurred for EGFR with CA3 (p<0.03) and RNF139 with CA12 (p<0.004). Difference for tumors with <2X CN gains versus those with gains occurred for XIAP with CA12 (p<0.05). Male gender associated with CA12 (p<0.02). Thus, transformation by ENO1 revealed strong relationships between genes encoding carbonic anhydrases and EGFR, RNF139, XIAP, and gender in GBs. The Pittsburgh Foundation Walter L. Copeland Fund for Cranial Research & Louisiana State Univ Hlth Sci Cen in Shreveport Grant‐in‐Aid.

Regulation of photosynthesis and stomatal and mesophyll conductance under water stress and recovery in olive trees: correlation with gene expression of carbonic anhydrase and aquaporins.

The hypothesis that aquaporins and carbonic anhydrase (CA) are involved in the regulation of stomatal (g s) and mesophyll (g m) conductance to CO2 was tested in a short-term water-stress and recovery experiment in 5-year-old olive plants (Olea europaea) growing outdoors. The evolution of leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and plant water status, and a quantitative analysis of photosynthesis limitations, were followed during water stress and recovery. These variables were correlated with gene expression of the aquaporins OePIP1.1 and OePIP2.1, and stromal CA. At mild stress and at the beginning of the recovery period, stomatal limitations prevailed, while the decline in g m accounted for up to 60% of photosynthesis limitations under severe water stress. However, g m was restored to control values shortly after rewatering, facilitating the recovery of the photosynthetic rate. CA was downregulated during water stress and upregulated after recovery. The use of structural equation modelling allowed us to conclude that both OePIP1.1 and OePIP2.1 expression could explain most of the variations observed for g s and g m. CA expression also had a small but significant effect on g m in olive under water-stress conditions.

Differences in the gene expressive quantities of carbonic anhydrase and cysteine synthase in the weathering of potassium-bearing minerals by Aspergillus niger

We investigated the differences in the gene expression of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and cysteine synthase (CysM) between two weathering conditions, with either soluble potassium or insoluble potassium. We cultured a strain of A. niger by adopting a variant Czapek medium (using Na2HPO4 as a substitute for K2HPO4) in two groups, Group A (containing silicate minerals bearing potassium but without KCl) and Group B (with KCl). We extracted the mRNAs of CA and CysM from these two groups and performed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions (RT-qPCR). We constructed relative standard curves by using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as the reference to confirm a consistent amplification efficiency of the target genes (CA and CysM) and the reference gene and quantified the gene expression of the targets in a relative manner. Our results showed that CA and CysM in Group A were upregulated for 1.7 times and 11.7 times, respectively, compared with those in Group B. Furthermore, we also analyzed some metabolic pathways and functions of the A. niger-induced weathering of potassium-bearing minerals, which involved the synthesizing of these two enzymes. Thus our work provides materials for further study of the roles of A. niger in the metabolic regulation during the weathering process of potassium-bearing minerals.

Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase Genes Under Dehydration and Osmotic Stress in Arabidopsis Thaliana Leaves

Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase Genes Under Dehydration and Osmotic Stress in Arabidopsis Thaliana Leaves

Dual farnesoid X receptor/TGR5 agonist INT-767 reduces liver injury in the Mdr2 −/− (Abcb4 −/− ) mouse cholangiopathy model by promoting biliary HCO 3− output

Chronic cholangiopathies have limited therapeutic options and represent an important indication for liver transplantation. The nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the membrane G protein-coupled receptor, TGR5, regulate bile acid (BA) homeostasis and inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized that activation of FXR and/or TGR5 could ameliorate liver injury in Mdr2(-/-) (Abcb4(-/-)) mice, a model of chronic cholangiopathy. Hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, as well as bile secretion and key genes of BA homeostasis were addressed in Mdr2(-/-) mice fed either a chow diet or a diet supplemented with the FXR agonist, INT-747, the TGR5 agonist, INT-777, or the dual FXR/TGR5 agonist, INT-767 (0.03% w/w). Only the dual FXR/TGR5 agonist, INT-767, significantly improved serum liver enzymes, hepatic inflammation, and biliary fibrosis in Mdr2(-/-) mice, whereas INT-747 and INT-777 had no hepatoprotective effects. In line with this, INT-767 significantly induced bile flow and biliary HCO 3- output, as well as gene expression of carbonic anhydrase 14, an important enzyme able to enhance HCO 3- transport, in an Fxr-dependent manner. In addition, INT-767 dramatically reduced bile acid synthesis via the induction of ileal Fgf15 and hepatic Shp gene expression, thus resulting in significantly reduced biliary bile acid output in Mdr2(-/-) mice. This study shows that FXR activation improves liver injury in a mouse model of chronic cholangiopathy by reduction of biliary BA output and promotion of HCO 3--rich bile secretion.

Immunohistochemical Localization and Gene Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase Isoenzymes CA-II and CA-VI in Canine Lower Airways and Lung

The immunohistolocalization and gene expression of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoenzymes CA-II and CA-VI in the canine lower airways and lung were examined using specific canine CA-II and CA-VI antisera and the RT-PCR method. Laryngeal, tracheal and bronchial epithelia, serous acinar and bronchiolar secretory cells and pulmonary great alveolar cells showed immunopositive reactions to anti-CA-II and anti-CA-VI antisera. However, all mucous cells showed immunonegative reactions. The physiological roles of CA-II and CA-VI in the lower airways and lung may involve the maintenance of pH balance and the protection of mucosal surfaces against the acidic milieu.

Effect of egg turning and incubation time on carbonic anhydrase gene expression in the blastoderm of the Japanese quail ( Coturnix c. japonica )

1. The gene expression of carbonic anhydrase, a key enzyme for the production of sub-embryonic fluid (SEF), was assessed in turned and unturned eggs of the Japanese quail. The plasma membrane-associated isoforms CA IV, CA IX, CA XII, CA XIV, and the cytoplasmic isoform CA II, were investigated in the extra-embryonic tissue of the blastoderm and in embryonic blood. 2. Eggs were incubated at 37·6°C, c.60% RH, and turned hourly (90°) or left unturned. From 48 to 96 h of incubation mRNA was extracted from blastoderm tissue, reverse-transcribed to cDNA and quantified by real-time qPCR using gene-specific primers. Blood collected at 96 h was processed identically. 3. Blastoderm CA IV gene expression increased with the period of incubation only in turned eggs, with maxima at 84 and 96 h of incubation. Only very low levels were found in blood. 4. Blastoderm CA II gene expression was greatest at 48 and 54 h of incubation, subsequently declining to much lower levels and unaffected by turning. Blood CA II gene expression was about 25-fold greater than in the blastoderm. 5. The expression of CA IX in the blastoderm was the highest of all isoforms, yet unaffected by turning. CA XII did not amplify and CA XIV was present at unquantifiable low levels. 6. It is concluded that only gene expression for CA IV is sensitive to egg turning, and that increased CA IV gene expression could account for the additional SEF mass found at 84 to 96 h of incubation in embryos of turned eggs.

Effect of phytoestrogens on gene expression of carbonic anhydrase II in rat uterus and liver

The aim of this study was to characterize carbonic anhydrase II (CA2), as novel estrogen responsive gene, towards its usefulness to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of phytoestrogen action. Effects of estradiol-17beta (E2), and the phytoestrogens genistein (Gen), daidzein (Dai), as well as 8-prenylnaringenin (8PN) on CA2 mRNA expression were investigated in vivo in the uterus and liver of Wistar rats, and in vitro in Fe33 hepatoma cells. Relative amounts of mRNA levels of CA2 were measured by real-time RT-PCR. In vivo CA2 expression in uterus and liver is down-regulated by estrogen in time dependent manner with the most pronounced effect detectable 72 h after treatment. Treatment with Gen results in a slight down-regulation of CA2 expression in the uterus. In liver a response to Gen is detectable only after 7 h, where the expression of the gene is down-regulated to 60%. Treatment with Dai and 8PN for 72 h results in a slight down-regulation of CA2 in both tissues. In contrast in Fe 33 cells CA2 gene expression was up-regulated in response to the treatment with E2 for 7 h. In summary, we could demonstrate that the modulation of CA2 gene expression following treatment with E2 and Gen in rat uterus is comparable to the uterotrophic response of these substances, but with an inverted pattern. Remarkably, of all phytoestrogens 8PN exhibited the strongest uterotrophic response but only induced a very faint decrease of CA2 expression. In addition, we provide the first pieces of evidence that 8PN, like Gen and Dai, cannot be considered as a pure agonist. In conclusion, CA2 shows estrogen sensitivity not only in both tissues studied, but also in many others. Further, it exhibits a differential sensitivity thereby being capable to discriminate between different molecular qualities of phytoestrogens, like demonstrated for Gen and 8PN.

Chelation of Cellular Calcium Modulates Hypoxia-inducible Gene Expression through Activation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1) is the key transcription factor in control of the expression of hypoxia-inducible genes needed by cells to adapt to decreased oxygen availability. Herein, we investigated the HIF-1alpha-mediated gene expression of carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) in response to hypoxia and changes of intracellular calcium levels in the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Decreasing the intracellular calcium level by BAPTA (1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) induced HIF-1alpha nuclear accumulation and enhanced HIF-1 DNA binding within 1 h of incubation. Like hypoxia, BAPTA stimulated HIF-1-dependent transcription by increasing the activity of the C-terminal transactivation domain of HIF-1alpha and greatly enhanced expression of the HIF-1 target gene CA9. Detailed analysis of HIF-1alpha accumulation revealed that BAPTA attenuated the interaction of HIF-1alpha with von-Hippel-Lindau protein thus decreasing proteasomal degradation of HIF-1alpha. Knock down of HIF-1alpha mRNA and protein by small interference RNA for HIF-1alpha revealed that both hypoxia and the BAPTA-induced gene expression of CA9 were strictly dependent on HIF-1alpha. In contrast, elevation of cytosolic calcium level by thapsigargin reduced the BAPTA-mediated effects. Measurements of intracellular calcium under hypoxia revealed a change in the cellular calcium distribution. BAPTA-dependent induction of HIF-1 activity was not caused by its in vitro capability to chelate iron. Instead, effective chelation of cellular calcium caused the accumulation of HIF-1alpha protein through inhibition of HIF-prolyl hydroxylases and activated HIF-1-dependent gene expression under normoxic conditions.

A Lotus japonicus β-type carbonic anhydrase gene expression pattern suggests distinct physiological roles during nodule development

A full-length cDNA clone, designated Ljca1, coding for a β-type carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC: 4.2.1.1) was isolated from a Lotus japonicus nodule cDNA library. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that Ljca1 codes for a nodule-specific CA, transcripts of which accumulate at maximum levels in young nodules at 14 days post-infection (d.p.i.). In situ hybridization and immunolocalization revealed that Ljca1 transcripts and LjCA1 polypeptides were present at high levels in all cell types of young nodules. In contrast, in mature nodules both transcripts and polypeptides were confined in a few cell layers of the nodules inner cortex. However, the central infected tissue of both young and mature nodules exhibited high CA activity, indicating the presence of additional CA isoforms of plant and/or microbial origin. This was supported by the finding that a putative Mesorhizobium loti CA gene was transiently expressed during nodule development. In addition, the temporal and spatial accumulation of phospho enolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC; EC: 4.1.1.31) was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunolocalization. The results suggest that LjCA1 might fulfill different physiological needs during L. japonicus nodule development.

Regulation of carbonic anhydrase gene expression in cotyledons of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings during post-germinative growth.

Recently, plastidial carbonic anhydrase (CA) cDNA clones encoding functional carbonic anhydrase enzymes were isolated from a 48 h dark-grown cotton seedling (cotyledons) cDNA library (Hoang et al., Plant Cell Physiol. 40: 1999). Here we examined the levels of relative transcript abundance and enzyme activities in cotyledons at different developmental stages and under different environmental conditions (i.e. altering CO2 and light conditions), during post-germinative seedling growth. Relative CA transcript levels and total CA enzyme activity in cotyledons of cotton seedlings increased from 18 h to 72 h of post-germinative growth in the dark, although somewhat later than the glyoxylate cycle enzyme, MS. When 24 h old seedlings were exposed to light for an additional 24 h, CA activity in greening cotyledons increased about 2-fold (compared with controls kept in the dark), whereas relative CA transcript levels were essentially the same. Removal of seed coats from cotyledons of 24 h old seedlings dramatically increased relative CA transcript abundance (measured 24 h later) in the dark, but did not influence CA enzyme activity. Manipulation of external CO2 environments (zero, ambient, or high) modulated coordinately the relative transcript abundance of CA (and rbcS) in cotyledons, but did not affect enzyme activity. On the other hand, regardless of the external CO2 conditions, cotyledons of seedlings exposed to light exhibited increased CA activity, concomitant with increased Rubisco activity and increased chlorophyll content. Collectively, our data suggest that steady-state levels of CA and rbcS transcripts are increased in response to environmental CO2 conditions, while CA (and Rubisco) enzyme activities are likely modulated at the post-transcriptional level following exposure of seedlings to light, and in parallel with development of functional chloroplasts.

The mechanism of RGD-insulin anti-osteoclastic bone resorption

Objective: This study is to explore the mechanism of anti-bone resorption of RGD-insulin using multinuclear giant cells (MGC) as a model of osteocalst-like cells (OLCs) in vitro. RGD-insulin is a new polypeptide containing RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) sequence with insulin-like structure, but it has no physiologic activity of insulin. Methods: OLCs were incubated with 10 −5,10 −6,10 −7 mol/L RGD-insulin for 24 or 48 hours. The OLCs were stained by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and acid phosphatase (AP). OLCs were dected by in situ hydridization for the gene expression of carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) and stained by in situ apoptosis using TUNEL. Also attachment tests were performed after RGD-insulin treatment. Results: (1) OLCs and osteoclasts had similar characteristics with multinuclei, TRAP positive and bone resorptive function. (2) RGD-insulin was able to inhibit the attachment function of OLCs and induced OLCs apoptosis in dose dependent manners. (3) 10 −7 mol/L RGD-insulin significantly inhibited the gene expression of CA II, which relative with bone resorption. Conclusion: RGD-insulin induced OLCs apoptosis in dose-dependent manners and the apoptosis of OLCs might be related with the expression of CA II mRNA.

Transfer RNA reduces the formation of primer artifacts during quantitative PCR.

BioTechniquesVol. 27, No. 1 BenchmarksOpen AccessTransfer RNA Reduces the Formation of Primer Artifacts During Quantitative PCRStephen R. StürzenbaumStephen R. Stürzenbaum*Address correspondence to Dr. Stephen R. Stürzenbaum, University of Wales, Cardiff, School of Biosciences, Biomedical Building, Cardiff, Wales, UK. Internet: E-mail Address: sturzenbaumsr@cardiff.ac.ukUniversity of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UKSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:22 Aug 2018https://doi.org/10.2144/99271bm08AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail "Transfer RNA Reduces the Formation of Primer Artifacts During Quantitative PCR." , 27(1), pp. 50–52FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByThe identification and semi-quantitative assessment of gastrointestinal nematodes in faecal samples using multiplex real-time PCR assays9 August 2021 | Parasites & Vectors, Vol. 14, No. 1Reporting the limits of detection and quantification for environmental DNA assays16 September 2019 | Environmental DNA, Vol. 2, No. 3Effect of egg turning and incubation time on carbonic anhydrase gene expression in the blastoderm of the Japanese quail ( Coturnix c. japonica )British Poultry Science, Vol. 49, No. 5Deoxynucleotide Triphosphates and Buffer ComponentsUse of a PNA probe to block DNA-mediated PCR product formation in prokaryotic RT-PCRMikkel Bender, William E. Holben, Søren J. Sørensen & Carsten S. Jacobsen16 May 2018 | BioTechniques, Vol. 42, No. 5Analysis of strawberry genes differentially expressed in response to Colletotrichum infectionPhysiologia Plantarum, Vol. 128, No. 4Factors Affecting Quantitative PCR Assay of Plesiomonas shigelloidesFood Biotechnology, Vol. 20, No. 2Molecular cloning and characterization of Cpn60 in the free-living nematode Plectus acuminatusCell Stress & Chaperones, Vol. 10, No. 2The Application of Real-Time PCR to Food and Agricultural Systems. A Review6 February 2007 | Food Biotechnology, Vol. 18, No. 1LightCycler qPCR optimisation for low copy number target DNAJournal of Immunological Methods, Vol. 270, No. 1Comparison of Different Approaches To Quantify Staphylococcus aureus Cells by Real-Time Quantitative PCR and Application of This Technique for Examination of CheeseApplied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 67, No. 7A multiplex PCR assay for differentiating economically important gastrointestinal nematodes of cattleVeterinary Parasitology, Vol. 97, No. 3Detection of Mycobacterium bovis in Bovine Clinical Specimens Using Real-Time Fluorescence and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Probe Rapid-Cycle PCRJournal of Clinical Microbiology, Vol. 39, No. 4 Vol. 27, No. 1 Follow us on social media for the latest updates Metrics Downloaded 142 times History Published online 22 August 2018 Published in print July 1999 Information© 2018 Author(s)PDF download

Circadian expression of the carbonic anhydrase gene, Cah1, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

We have investigated whether the expression of carbonic anhydrase genes (Cah1 and Cah2) is regulated by a circadian clock in Chlamydomonas. When cells were grown in ordinary air under 12 h light/12 h dark (LD) cycles, the levels of the Cah2 mRNA hardly altered during the cycles, while the Cah1 mRNA showed a strong diurnal rhythm. The rhythm of about 24 h continued at least 3 days even under continuous light. Temperature compensation of the rhythm was demonstrated, using cultures maintained at 16, 22, and 28 degrees C. These results indicate that the abundance of the Cah1 transcript is controlled by a circadian clock.