Expression Levels Of Pro-apoptotic Proteins Research Articles

The effects of Ganoderma leucocontextum triterpenoids treatment on the D-galactose and aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer-like pathology in mouse brain

Ethnopharmacology relevanceGanoderma leucocontextum T.H. Li, W. Q. Deng M. Wang & H.P.Hu. is a highland herbal medicine that has been shown to nourish the nervesand prolong life. Nevertheless, there is no evidence to indicate that Ganoderma leucocontextum triterpenoids (GLTs) reduce the damage triggered by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aim of the studyThe aim of this investigation was to ascertain the protective effects of GLTs on AD mice models and cells, as well as to look into potential pathways. Materials and methodsIn this study, the phytochemical characterization of GLTs was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The AD mouse model was induced by injecting intraperitoneally with D-galactose (120 mg/kg) and administering orally with aluminum chloride (20 mg/kg) daily for 28 days. After that, donepezil (5 mg/kg) and GLTs (0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/kg) were administered orally for 35 days. During the treatment period, aluminum chloride (20 mg/kg) and D-galactose (120 mg/kg) were continuously administered. And the behavior of the animals and the molecular changes of the hippocampus were determined after the whole experimental procedure. Furthermore, BV-2 cells were employed to validate GLTs' anti-neuroinflammatory properties. ResultsThe total triterpenoids content was 443.12 ± 0.21 g/kg and was inferred to contain 19 classes of substances such as organic acids, amino acids, vitamins, flavonoids, and other chemicals in GLTs. Treatment of D-galactose/aluminum chloride-induced mouse with GLTs can ameliorate AD symptoms, counteract cognitive decline, improve Aβ1-42 deposition, reduce the expression level of pro-apoptotic proteins, and attenuate the activation of hippocampal microglia and astrocytes. GLTs significantly increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes and significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory factors. GLTs inhibits nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) nuclear translocation and preserves myd88/traf6-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, GLTs (2 and 5 mg/mL) inhibited the generation of nitric oxide and protected lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/L)-induced neuroinflammation in BV-2 cells. ConclusionsTaken together, Ganoderma leucocontextum triterpenoids can improve cognitive functions, including learning and memory, by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, preventing apoptosis, and controlling amyloid genesis.

Kuwanon C inhibits proliferation and induction of apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway in MDA-MB231 and T47D breast cancer cells

Breast cancer ranks as the most prevalent malignancy, presenting persistent therapeutic challenges encompassing issues such as drug resistance, recurrent occurrences, and metastatic progression. Therefore, there is a need for targeted drugs that are less toxic and more effective against breast cancer. Kuwanon C, an isoamylated flavonoid derived from mulberry resources, has shown promise as a potential candidate due to its strong cytotoxicity against cancer cells. The present study focused on investigating the anticancer activity of kuwanon C in two human breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB231 and T47D cells. MTS assay results indicated a decrease in cell proliferation with increasing concentrations of kuwanon C. Furthermore, kuwanon C upregulated the expression levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and effectively inhibited cell DNA replication and induced DNA damage. Flow cytometry confirmed that kuwanon C induced cell apoptosis and upregulated the expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and c-caspase3). Additionally, it stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells. Transmission electron microscopy and Fluo-4 AM-calcium ion staining experiments provided insights into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), revealing that kuwanon C induced ER stress. Kuwanon C upregulated the expression levels of unfolded protein response-related proteins (ATF4, GADD34, HSPA5, and DDIT3). Overall, the present findings suggested that kuwanon C exerts a potent inhibitory effect on breast cancer cell proliferation through modulating of the p21, induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, activation of ER stress and induction of DNA damage. These results position kuwanon C as a potential targeted therapeutic agent for breast cancer.

Effects of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine on a diabetic mice model.

To investigate the role of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) on a diabetic mice model (DM) and the potential mechanism. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a normal control group (NC group) and an DM group. DM were induced by multiple low-dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) 60 mg/kg·d for 5 consecutive days. DM mice were randomly subdivided into untreated group (DM group), 3-MA (10 mg/kg·d by gavage) treated group (DM+3-MA group) and chloroquine (CQ; 50 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection) treated group (DM+CQ group). The fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were recorded every week. At the end of experiment, retinal samples were collected. The expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) and Bax, anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, fibrosis-associated proteins Fibronectin and type 1 collagen α1 chain (COL1A1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, as well as autophagy related proteins LC3, Beclin-1 and P62 were determined by Western blotting. The oxidative stress indicators 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected by commercial kits. Both 3-MA and CQ had short-term hypoglycemic effect on FBG and reduced the expression of VEGF and inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α in DM mice. 3-MA also significantly alleviated oxidative stress indicators 8-OHdG and MDA, decreased the expression of fibrosis-related proteins Fibronectin and COL1A1, pro-apoptotic proteins cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP1, as well as the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. CQ had no significant impact on the oxidative stress indicators, fibrosis, and apoptosis related proteins. The results of Western blotting for autophagy related proteins showed that the ratio of LC3 II/LC3 I and the expression of Beclin-1 in the retina of DM mice were decreased by 3-MA treatment, and the expression of P62 was further increased by CQ treatment. 3-MA has anti-apoptotic and anti-fibrotic effects on the retina of DM mice, and can attenuate retinal oxidative stress, VEGF expression and the production of inflammatory factors in the retina of DM mice. The underlying mechanism of the above effects of 3-MA may be related to its inhibition of early autophagy and hypoglycemic effect.

Exploring the Pharmacological Action and Molecular Mechanism of Salidroside in Inhibiting MCF-7 Cell Proliferation and Migration.

Salidroside (Sal) contains anti-carcinogenic, anti-hypoxic, and anti-inflammatory pharmacological activities. However, its underlying anti-breast cancer mechanisms have been only incompletely elucidated. Hence, this protocol intended to decode the potential of Sal in regulating the PI3K-AKT-HIF-1α-FoxO1 pathway in the malignant proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. First, the pharmacological activity of Sal against MCF-7 was evaluated by CCK-8 and cell scratch assays. Moreover, the resistance of MCF-7 cells was measured by migration and Matrigel invasion assays. For cell apoptosis and cycle assays, MCF-7 cells were processed in steps with annexin V-FITC/PI and cell cycle-staining detection kits for flow cytometry analyses, respectively. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ were examined by DCFH-DA and Fluo-4 AM immunofluorescence staining. The activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase were determined using the corresponding commercial kits. The protein and gene expression levels in apoptosis and the PI3K-AKT-HIF-1α-FoxO1 pathway were further determined using western blot and qRT-PCR analyses, respectively. We found that Sal treatment significantly restricted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of MCF-7 cells with dose-dependent effects. Meanwhile, Sal administration also dramatically forced MCF-7 cells to undergo apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The immunofluorescence tests showed that Sal observably stimulated ROS and Ca2+ production in MCF-7 cells. Further data confirmed that Sal promoted the expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax, Bim, cleaved caspase-9/7/3, and their corresponding genes. Consistently, Sal intervention prominently reduced the expression of the Bcl-2, p-PI3K/PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, mTOR, HIF-1α, and FoxO1 proteins and their corresponding genes. In conclusion, Sal can be used as a potential herb-derived compound for treating breast cancer, as it may reduce the malignant proliferation, migration, and invasion of MCF-7 cells by inhibiting the PI3K-AKT-HIF-1α-FoxO1 pathway.

A novel biflavone from Reineckia carnea induces apoptosis of human renal cancer 786-O cells.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system, which is highly invasive, metastatic, and insensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Chinese herbal medicine has always been an important source of anti-tumor drug development. Reineckia carnea Kunth is a traditional herb commonly used by the Miao nationality in southwest China. In this study, the extract of Reineckia carnea was isolated and purified by reverse phase preparative chromatography and other chromatographic techniques. According to the physicochemical properties and spectral data, the structure of the compound was identified, and a novel biflavone compound named Reineckia-biflavone A (RFA) was obtained. The result of antiproliferative activity showed that RFA had cytotoxicity on 786-O cells with an IC50 value of 19.34μmol/L. The results of CCK-8 and hemolysis assays showed that RFA was not significantly cytotoxic to both red blood cells (RBC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). By Hoechst 33258 apoptosis staining, typical apoptotic morphology was observed under fluorescence microscope. RFA could induce the apoptosis of 786-O cells with the increase of apoptosis rate. The cell cycle tests showed that the cell proportion was obviously arrested in the S phase. At the same time, RFA could decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential and increase the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration. Western blot showed that the expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, Caspase-3, Cleaved Caspase-3, and Cytochrome c) in cells rose, while the expression level of anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2) declined significantly. In conclusion, this study suggests that the RFA is a new biflavone determined by SciFinder retrieval. The apoptosis may be triggered by RFA through the mitochondrial pathway, which is mediated by up-regulating the intracellular calcium ion, down-regulating the mitochondrial membrane potential, and changing the apoptosis-related proteins.

PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Cross-regulate NF-κB Signaling in TNF-α-induced Human Lgr5+ Intestinal Stem Cells.

Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are responsible for intestinal proliferation, differentiation, and neoplasia, and also play a crucial role in inflammation. Thus, it is important to investigate the effect of TNF-α on the activities of NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. The Lgr5+ intestinal cells were isolated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting from NCM460 spheroid cells, and the potential molecular mechanisms were investigated via short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transfection or the use of an inhibitor. The Lgr5+ cells were termed ISCs because of the higher expression of stem cell genes, including Sox2, Nanog, Oct4, Lgr5, and CD133. The Lgr5+ ISCs had a higher proliferation capacity, invasive ability, and drug resistance to 5-fluorouracil, as well as higher expression levels of anti-apoptotic proteins but lower expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins, compared with Lgr5~ cells. The PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways were triggered by the TNF-α-induced activation of NF-κB signaling. Notably, when p65 expression was knocked-down via shRNA transfection in Lgr5+ ISCs, the TNF-α-induced activation of the NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways were reversed. The same effect was observed with regards to β-catenin shRNA transfection. Moreover, the Akt inhibitor MK2206 inhibited the TNF-α-induced activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, as well as the NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling cross-regulate NF-κB signaling in TNF-α-induced human Lgr5+ ISCs.

Effect of low energy shock wave on testicular microenvironment homeostasis in rats

ObjectiveTo further investigate whether two sets of low-energy extracorporeal shock waves (LESWs) impulse parameters, i.e., 0.02 mJ/mm2 for 500 impulses and 0.04 mJ/mm2 for 500 impulses, which have been shown to directly affect the testes, can promote testicular spermatogenesis or positively regulate homeostasis of the testicular microenvironment. Methods(1) Twenty-four experimental rats were randomly divided into a 0.02 mJ/mm2 500 impulses group (L1 group), a 0.04 mJ/mm2 500 impulses group (M1 group), a sham intervention group (S group) and a blank control group (N group). The experiment period was 8 weeks. (2) Apoptosis of the spermatogenic cells in the left testicle was detected by the TUNEL method, VEGF and eNOs protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry, and histomorphological changes were observed in PAS-stained sections. Moreover, the morphologies of the spermatogenic tubules and testicular stroma were quantitatively analyzed by stereological analysis. The right testicle was used for Western blot detection of the protein expression levels of Bax, Cytochrome C, Caspase-3, Bcl-2, VEGF and eNOs. ResultsCompared with the other three groups, the rate of M1 testicular germ cell apoptosis induced by shock treatment was higher, the expression levels of proapoptotic proteins increased significantly while that of the antiapoptotic protein was lower, and the suppression of cell proliferation correlated with the protein expression levels. Additionally, with respect to the absolute volume of the seminiferous tubules, the absolute interstitial testicular volume notably increased, producing a series of biological effects working against testicular sperm production and function. However, there was no significant difference between the L1 group and the N and S groups. ConclusionsLESWs treatment with impulse parameters of 0.02 mJ/mm2 for 500 impulses showed a better protective effect on testicular spermatic function in rats and has a positive regulatory biological effect.

Engineered Zinc Finger Protein Targeting 2LTR Inhibits HIV Integration in Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell-Derived Macrophages: In Vitro Study.

Human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC)-based gene therapy is a promising direction for curing HIV-1-infected individuals. The zinc finger protein (2LTRZFP) designed to target the 2-LTR-circle junction of HIV-1 cDNA was previously reported as an intracellular antiviral molecular scaffold that prevents HIV integration. Here, we elucidate the efficacy and safety of using 2LTRZFP in human CD34+ HSPCs. We transduced 2LTRZFP which has the mCherry tag (2LTRZFPmCherry) into human CD34+ HSPCs using a lentiviral vector. The 2LTRZFPmCherry-transduced HSPCs were subsequently differentiated into macrophages. The expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins of the 2LTRZFPmCherry-transduced HSPCs showed no significant difference from those of the non-transduced control. Furthermore, the 2LTRZFPmCherry-transduced HSPCs were successfully differentiated into mature macrophages, which had normal phagocytic function. The cytokine secretion assay demonstrated that 2LTRZFPmCherry-transduced CD34+ derived macrophages promoted the polarization towards classically activated (M1) subtypes. More importantly, the 2LTRZFPmCherry transduced cells significantly exhibited resistance to HIV-1 integration in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that the 2LTRZFPmCherry-transduced macrophages were found to be functionally and phenotypically normal, with no adverse effects of the anti-HIV-1 scaffold. Our data suggest that the anti-HIV-1 integrase scaffold is a promising antiviral molecule that could be applied to human CD34+ HSPC-based gene therapy for AIDS patients.

Long non‑coding RNA PCAT1 sponges miR‑134‑3p to regulate PITX2 expression in breast cancer.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women. Long non‑coding (lnc)RNAs and microRNAs (miRs) both regulate the expression of key genes in tumorigenesis. The present study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of the prostate cancer‑associated transcript 1 (PCAT1)/miR‑134‑3p/pituitary homeobox 2 (PITX2) in BC. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR was performed to examine the expression of miR‑134‑3p. Cell proliferation, viability, cell cycle, apoptosis and migration were analyzed using Cell Counting Kit‑8, colony formation, flow cytometry, wound healing and Transwell assays. Protein expression levels were determined by western blotting. The present study demonstrated that PCAT1 was significantly highly expressed in BC cells. Knockdown of PCAT1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but promoted apoptosis in human BC cell lines. The results of the dual‑luciferase assay showed that PCAT1 targeted miR‑134‑3p, and PITX2 was a potential target of miR‑134‑3p. Western blotting results demonstrated that PCAT1 knockdown significantly reduced the protein expression levels of anti‑apoptotic protein Bcl‑2, and significantly upregulated the protein expression levels of proapoptotic proteins, Bax, cleaved caspase‑3 and cleaved caspase‑9. Furthermore, the effect of a miR‑134‑3p inhibitor on BC progression was rescued by the knockdown of PITX2 in cells transfected with short hairpin RNA‑lncRNA PCAT1. To conclude, the results of the present study indicated that the PCAT1/miR‑134‑3p/PITX2 axis could be a promising therapeutic target in BC treatment.

Electroacupuncture Regulates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Ameliorates Neuronal Injury in Rats with Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Ischemic stroke is a common cause of morbidity, mortality, and disability worldwide. Electroacupuncture (EA) is an effective method for alleviating brain damage after ischemic stroke. However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to determine whether endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) could contribute to the protective effects of EA in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) to provide a rationale for the widespread clinical use of EA. Rats were divided into the sham-operated (sham) group, the CIRI (model) group, and the EA group. Rats in the model group were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h followed by 72 h of reperfusion. Rats with CIRI were treated daily with EA at GV20 and ST36 for a total of 3 days. The Longa scoring system and adhesive removal somatosensory test were applied to evaluate neurological deficits. Then, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was performed to measure the infarct volume. Immunofluorescence staining for NeuN and GFAP and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase- (TdT-) mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining were performed to detect apoptotic cells in brain tissue. Immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and western blotting were used to measure the levels of ERS indicators (GRP78, CHOP/GADD153, p-eIF2α, and caspase 12). The results showed that EA significantly reduced the cerebral infarct volume, improved neurological function, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis. In the EA group compared with the model group, the mRNA expression levels of GRP78 were significantly increased, and the expression levels of proapoptotic proteins (CHOP/GADD153, p-eIF2α, and caspase 12) were significantly decreased. These results suggest that the possible mechanism by which EA protects cells against neuronal injury in CIRI may involve inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Lysionotin induces apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via caspase-3 mediated mitochondrial pathway

As the sixth most prevalent cancer, liver cancer has been reported as the second cause of cancer-induced deaths globally. Lysionotin, a flavonoid compound widely distributed in Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim, has attracted considerable attention due to its multiple biological activities. The present study analyzes the anti-liver cancer effects of lysionotin in cells and mouse models. In HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells, lysionotin significantly reduced the viability of cells, inhibited cell proliferation and migration, enhanced cell apoptosis, promoted the increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and alternated the content of apoptosis-related proteins. In HepG2-and SMMC-7721-xenograft tumor mouse models, lysionotin inhibited tumor growth, reduced the expression levels of anti-apoptotic proteins and enhanced the expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins in tumor tissues. Additionally, the pre-treatment of Ac-DEVD-CHO, an inhibitor of caspase-3, strongly restored the low cell viability, the enhanced apoptosis rate, the dissipation of MMP caused by lysionotin exposure, as well as prevented the lysionotin-caused enhancement on expressions of apoptosis related proteins, especially cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), Fas Ligand (FasL), cleaved caspase-3 and Bax in both HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells. Altogether, lysionotin showed significant anti-liver cancer effects related to caspase-3 mediated mitochondrial apoptosis.

Circular RNA hsa_circ_0001666 sponges miR‑330‑5p, miR‑193a‑5p and miR‑326, and promotes papillary thyroid carcinoma progression via upregulation of ETV4.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a group of regulators that affect the aggressive behaviors of several types of cancer. Hsa_circ_0001666 (also referred to as hsa_circ_000742) is a newly discovered circRNA that is upregulated in human papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) based on microarray analysis. However, the role of hsa_circ_0001666 in PTC progression remains unknown. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the potential function and underlying mechanism of hsa_circ_0001666 in PTC. The results demonstrated that hsa_circ_0001666 was upregulated in both PTC clinical samples and cell lines. Its expression was associated with lymph node metastasis of patients with PTC. Knocking down hsa_circ_0001666 expression inhibited cell proliferation, as evidenced by decreased cell viability, arrest of cell cycle progression at the G1 phase and an increase in cell cycle-associated proteins. Apoptosis rates and expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins were also increased by silencing hsa_circ_0001666. In xenograft experiments, the oncogenic effect of hsa_circ_0001666 on tumor growth was verified. Additionally, luciferase reporter assays showed that hsa_circ_0001666 and ETS variant transcription factor 4 (ETV4) shared common binding sites with three microRNAs [(miRNA/miR)-330-5p, miR-193a-5p and miR-326]. Knockdown of these miRNAs separately reversed the inhibitory effect of hsa_circ_0001666 small interfering RNAs on PTC tumor aggressiveness, and ETV4 overexpression also induced a similar effect to that of miRNA inhibitors. Thus, hsa_circ_0001666 may function as an oncogene, promoting PTC tumorigenesis via the miR-330-5p/miR-193a-5p/miR-326/ETV4 pathway. This provides a basis for identifying potential novel therapeutic targets for PTC.

Alprostadil Injection Attenuates Coronary Microembolization-Induced Myocardial Injury Through GSK-3β/Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling-Mediated Apoptosis Inhibition.

ObjectiveCoronary microembolization (CME) results in progressive contractile dysfunction associated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Alprostadil injection improves microcirculation, which is effective in treating various cardiovascular disorders. However, the therapeutic effects of alprostadil in CME-induced myocardia injury remain unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of alprostadil injection on cardiac protection in a rat model of CME and explored the underlying mechanisms.MethodsA rat model of CME was established by injecting polyethylene microspheres into the left ventricle. After injection of microspheres, rats in the alprostadil group received alprostadil via tail vein within 2 minutes. Cardiac function, histological alterations in myocardium, serum c-troponin I (cTnI) levels, myocardium adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in myocardium, and myocardial apoptosis-related proteins were detected 12 hours after CME modeling.ResultsCompared with the Sham group, ATP concentrations, SOD activity in the myocardium, and cardiac function were significantly decreased in a rat model of CME. In addition, serum cTnI levels, MDA content, expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins, and the number of TUNEL-positive nuclei were remarkably higher in CME group than those in the Sham group. However, alprostadil treatment notably reduced serum cTnI levels and expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins, while noticeably improved cardiac function, and accelerated SOD activity in the myocardium following CME. Additionally, it was unveiled that the protective effects of alprostadil injection inhibit CME-induced myocardial apoptosis in the myocardium potentially through regulation of the GSK-3β/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.ConclusionAlprostadil injection seems to significantly suppress oxidative stress, alleviate myocardial apoptosis in the myocardium, and improve cardiac systolic and diastolic functions following CME by regulating the GSK-3β/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Heat-killed Salmonella Typhimurium protects mice against carbon ion radiation.

ObjectivePatients receiving carbon-ion radiation therapy and astronauts exploring outer space are inevitably exposed to heavy ion radiation. The aim of this study was to develop radioprotectors to minimize the injuries induced by carbon ion radiation.MethodsHeat-killed Salmonella Typhimurium (HKST) was administered to mice by gavage prior to irradiation with a 12C6+ heavy ion accelerator. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunofluorescence TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling staining were used to assess the radioprotective effect of HKST on organ damage and levels of apoptosis, respectively, in mice. To investigate the mechanism underlying the radioprotective effect of HKST, levels of the pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and caspase 3 as well as interferon-regulatory factor (IRF) 3/7 in the femur, testis and intestine were assessed using immunofluorescence.ResultsInjuries induced by carbon ion radiation were significantly eased by pretreatment with HKST. Both apoptosis and high expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins induced by heavy ion radiation were inhibited by HKST pretreatment. The radioprotective effect of HKST was associated with stimulation of Toll-like receptor signaling mediated by enhanced IRF3 and IRF7 signaling.ConclusionHKST was an effective radioprotector alleviating damage to multiple organs caused by heavy ion radiation.

MicroRNA-135a-5p Promotes the Functional Recovery of Spinal Cord Injury by Targeting SP1 and ROCK

Emerging evidence indicates that microRNAs play a pivotal role in neural remodeling after spinal cord injury (SCI). This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of miR-135a-5p in regulating the functional recovery of SCI by impacting its target genes and downstream signaling. The gene transfection assay and luciferase reporter assay confirmed the target relationship between miR-135a-5p and its target genes (specificity protein 1 [SP1] and Rho-associated kinase [ROCK]1/2). By establishing the H2O2-induced injury model, miR-135a-5p transfection was found to inhibit the apoptosis of PC12 cells by downregulating the SP1 gene, which subsequently induced downregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, cleaved caspase-3) and upregulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. By measuring the neurite lengths of PC12 cells, miR-135a-5p transfection was found to promote axon outgrowth by downregulating the ROCK1/2 gene, which subsequently caused upregulation of phosphate protein kinase B (AKT) and phosphate glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). Use of the rat SCI models showed that miR-135a-5p could increase the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores, indicating neurological function recovery. In conclusion, the miR-135a-5p-SP1-Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3 and miR-135a-5p-ROCK-AKT/GSK3β axes are involved in functional recovery of SCI by regulating neural apoptosis and axon regeneration, respectively, and thus can be promising effective therapeutic strategies in SCI.

Secondary Metabolites of Saussurea costus Leaf Extract Induce Apoptosis in Breast, Liver, and Colon Cancer Cells by Caspase-3-Dependent Intrinsic Pathway.

Background Apoptosis, a major form of programmed cell death, plays a vital role in regulating tissue development and maintenance of homeostasis in eukaryotes. Apoptosis can occur via a death receptor-dependent extrinsic or a mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic pathway and can be induced by various chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, the anticancer activity of Saussurea costus and its mode of intervention in human cancer cells of breast, colon, and liver were investigated. Results In this study, the bioactives of S. costus leaves were extensively extracted in five solvents of different polarity. The cytotoxicity and anticancer effect of the extracted secondary metabolites were investigated against breast (MCF-7), liver (HepG2), and colon (HCT116) cancer cell lines using a Sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay. Secondary metabolites extracted using hexane, methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform had the highest cytotoxicity and thus the greatest anticancer effect on all the cancer cell lines tested (IC50; ranging from 0.25 to 2.5 μg/ml), while butanol was comparatively less active (IC50; ranging from 23.2 to 25.5 μg/ml). Further investigation using DNA flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy revealed that the extract arrested the cells in the G1 phase of cell cycle and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the elevated expression level of proapoptotic proteins and decreased expression level of antiapoptotic proteins confirmed that the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway was involved in mediating the apoptosis of cancer cells upon treatment with S. costus extract. These results altogether suggest that S. costus could be a potential anticancer agent. Conclusion These results suggest that the S. costus extract is the potential source of the secondary metabolites that could be used as anticancer agent to treat diverse cancers of breast, colon, and liver.

Densely functionalized cinnolines: Controlled microwave-assisted facile one-pot multi-component synthesis and in vitro anticancer activity via apoptosis induction.

There is an urging continuous need for novel anti-cancer agents due to persistent chemoresistance. Herein, newly synthesized cinnolines are evaluated for their possible anticancer activities and suggested mechanisms. In the current study, a simple and efficient synthesis of densely functionalized cinnolines has been developed that relied on multi-component reaction of ethyl 5-cyano-4-methyl-1-aryl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridazine-3-carboxylates with aromatic aldehydes and nitromethane in dioxane/pipridine under controlled microwave heating. Selected cinnolines (4a-c, e, h, j-n, q-v) were tested for possible anticancer activity using in vitro one dose assay at National Cancer institute, USA. Only cinnoline 4b stood out as the most potent cinnoline derivative (mean GI%=26.33) with broad-spectrum antitumor activity against the most tested cancer cell lines from all subpanels. The target cinnoline 4b emerged as the most active derivative against both leukemia RPMI-8226 and melanoma LOX IMVI cell lines (GI% = 106.06 and 82.1) respectively, with IC50 values equal to 17.12±1.31 and 12.32±0.75μg/mL, which are comparable to those of staurosporin; 24.97±1.47 and 8.45±0.42μg/mL, respectively. Cinnoline 4b influenced cell cycle distribution causing pre-G1 apoptosis and cell growth arrest at G2/M phase. It also induced apoptosis in both cell lines as manifested by significant increase in the percent of annexin V-FITC positive apoptotic cells in leukemia RPMI-8226 cells (from 1.09% to 12.47%) and melanoma LOX IMVI (from 1.32% to 19.05%). In addition, it showed lower expression levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, and higher expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins; Bax, p53, cytochrome c, caspases 3 and 9. CONCLUSION: Induction of mitochondrial intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is a possible mechanism by which cinnoline 4b may confer its anticancer activity.

Bcl-2/Bcl-xl inhibitor APG-1252-M1 is a promising therapeutic strategy for gastric carcinoma.

Gastric carcinoma is the third major cause of cancer‐related death in China. Bcl‐2 and other BH3 family proteins are critically important in the process of apoptosis pathway, which may be a promising target. APG‐1252‐M1 specifically connects to Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xl. The antitumor effect of APG‐1252‐M1 in six gastric cancer cells was identified by the Cell Counting Kit‐8 assay. The expression level of proapoptotic proteins was evaluated by Western blot. Meanwhile, the cell cycle and apoptosis distributions were analyzed by flow cytometry and JC‐1. Xenograft models were used to investigate the roles of APG‐1252‐M1 in suppressing the growth of tumors and enhancing the chemotherapy antitumor effect. The antitumor effect of APG‐1252‐M1 was time‐ and dose‐dependent and acted by initiating apoptosis. The change of cell cycle distribution was not discovered in gastric cancer cells treated with APG‐1252‐M1. APG‐1252‐M1 also exhibited synergy with chemotherapy in vivo. The combined group inhibited xenograft tumor growth more obviously than the other groups. Moreover, Ki‐67 was remarkably decreased in the combination group compared to other groups. In conclusion, APG‐1252‐M1 had a strong antitumor effect by inducing apoptosis and was synergistic with chemotherapy.

Metformin in combination with JS-K inhibits growth of renal cell carcinoma cells via reactive oxygen species activation and inducing DNA breaks.

Metformin (MET) is taken as a principal medication for remedying Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its anti-tumor effect has been reported increasingly, but the precise mechanism of it remains unclear. This study aims to explore the efficacy of MET and MET combined with nitric oxide donor prodrug JS-K on the proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells, and investigate the possible molecular mechanism involved. The cell proliferation was tested through methyl-tetrazolium assay and cell apoptosis was ascertained by flow cytometry. The dihydroethidium and JC-1 fluorescent methods were used to detect Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm), respectively. Proteins associated with apoptosis and DNA damage were evaluated by Western blotting. Results showed that MET and JS-K could suppress cell growth, and the inhibition concentration 50 of treatment with MET combined with JS-K (MET + JS-K) showed more toxicity than individual agents on RCC cells. This augmented toxicity was associated with intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, mitochondrial membrane potential alteration, and induced DNA breaks. The results of Western blotting showed that the expression level of pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, caspase-3, and caspase-9, was up-regulated, and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was down-regulated after treatment using MET alone and MET + JS-K, correspondingly. Moreover, MET + JS-K inhibited the expression of cellular PCNA and Rad51, and immunofluorescence analysis of γH2AX proved that MET + JS-K enhanced DNA damage. In summary, the results of this research indicated that MET and JS-K inhibited RCC cell growth by activating ROS, targeting mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathways, and inducing DNA breaks.

Protective effects of hepatocyte growth factor gene overexpression against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in mesenchymal stem cells.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has recently been reported to exhibit antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. Therefore, we investigated the effect of overexpression of HGF gene in H2 O2 -treated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). HGF-overexpression increased the cell viability from 50% to 84%, decreased the population of apoptotic cells from 20% to 16%, and decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels from 127% to 100% in cells treated with H2 O2 . HGF suppression decreased the cell viability from 58% to 36%, increased the population of apoptotic cells from 23 to 81%, and increased the intracellular ROS levels from 181% to 240% in cells exposed to H2 O2 . HGF-overexpression also reduced the expression levels of proapoptotic proteins in MSCs treated with H2 O2 . Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, c-Jun amino-terminal kinases, and p38, which was induced by H2 O2 , decreased in MSCs overexpressing the HGF gene. Taken together, our results suggest that HGF has a protective effect on H2 O2 -induced apoptosis in MSCs.