Expression Levels Of Catalase Research Articles

Maternal Supplementation of Collagen Peptide Chelated Trace Elements Enhances Skeletal Muscle Development in Chicks.

Maternal nutrition plays an important role in regulating the growth and development of offspring. Collagen peptide chelated trace elements (PTE), as a new additive, have been proven to have a positive maternal effect on the intestinal health of offspring, but its effect on the growth anddevelopment is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of maternal PTE supplementation on the skeletal muscle development of offspring. A total of 270 breeder hens were randomly divided into 3 groups, and fed basal diet (CON), basal diet + 500mg/kg PTE (L-PTE), and 1000mg/kg PTE (H-PTE) for 8weeks. A total of 180 eggs were collected from each group for incubation, and then the hatched male chicks (6 replicates, 12 chicks/replicate) were allocated according to maternal treatment for a 14-day feeding experiment. The results showed that maternal PTE supplementation significantly increased the deposition of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in the egg yolk (P < 0.05). In comparison with the CON group, the body weight (days 1 and 14), breast muscle weight (day 14), and muscle fiber density (day 14) of broilers were increased in the L-PTE group (P < 0.05). The serum creatinine (CREA) levels in 1-day-old broilers were reduced in the L-PTE group and H-PTE group(P < 0.05). Additionally, maternal PTE supplementation could upregulate the relative expression level of catalase (CAT) mRNA in breast muscle (P < 0.05). The relative mRNA levels of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1) in the H-PTE group were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05). Moreover, PTE treatment upregulated the mRNA expression of skeletal muscle development-related genes (Pax7 and MyoG) and the IGF signaling pathway (mTOR, IGF-1R, and IGF-2R) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, maternal PTE supplementation may improve the growth performance and skeletal muscle development of offspring by activating the IGF signaling pathway.

Effects of the Aquatic Extract of Cinnamon Zeylanicum on STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats: A Molecular and Histopathological Study

Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has increased over the past few decades, making it a significant public health challenge of the twenty-first century. Cinnamon, as a traditional medicine, has been used in several regions of the world for its anti-diabetic properties. Objectives: The current study was conducted to determine the effect of Cinnamon Zeylanicum extract on blood glucose levels, oxidative stress markers, and antioxidant enzyme gene expression in diabetic rats. Methods: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups, each containing 10 rats. A single dose of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, IP) was used to induce diabetes. In this investigation, 40 mg/kg body weight of cinnamon extract was administered orally. After eight weeks, the levels of glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined using biochemical methods. Additionally, the expression levels of catalase and glutathione reductase in the rat liver homogenate were evaluated using real-time PCR. The effect of cinnamon extract on histopathological changes in the rats' liver was also investigated. Results: The findings indicated that the administration of cinnamon extract resulted in a considerable reduction in blood glucose (210 ± 29.9 vs. 449 ± 48.4 mg/dL; P &lt; 0.001) and liver MDA levels (2.01 ± 0.35 vs. 3.05 ± 0.47; P &lt; 0.001) in diabetic rats after eight weeks. However, this extract had no significant effect on GSH levels (4.71 ± 0.25 vs. 4.75 ± 0.42; P = 0.79) in diabetic rats compared to diabetic control rats. The mRNA expression of catalase and glutathione reductase genes in the liver of diabetic control rats (0.73 ± 0.23 and 0.90 ± 0.18, respectively) was significantly lower than that of the healthy control group (1.33 ± 0.37 and 1.46 ± 0.54, respectively) (P = 0.001, P = 0.012). Administration of cinnamon extract increased the expression levels of these antioxidant enzyme genes, but these changes were statistically not significant (P = 0.72 and P = 0.48, respectively). Furthermore, the creation of hyperglycemia led to slight hypertrophic degeneration and lymphocyte infiltration in hepatocytes. Notably, the administration of cinnamon extract was unable to reverse these abnormalities. Conclusions: The findings of our study support cinnamon's anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties in diabetic rats. However, the histological abnormalities in the diabetic rats' livers could not be altered by the administration of cinnamon.

Effects of cadmium on the growth, muscle composition, digestion, gene expression of antioxidant and lipid metabolism in juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Cadmium could induce various degrees of harm to aquatic organisms. A 30-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of cadmium on growth, muscle composition, digestive enzyme activity, gene expression of antioxidants and lipid metabolism in juvenile genetic improvement of farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus, Initial weight: 21.36 ± 0.24 g). Four cadmium concentrations of aquaculture water were designed: 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/L Cd2+. The main results are as follows: Compared with the control group (0 mg/L Cd2+), the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), daily growth index (DGI), and spleen index (SI) of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress were significantly decreased (p&amp;lt; 0.05). The contents of crude protein and crude lipid in muscle were significantly decreased (p&amp;lt; 0.05), and the ash was significantly increased (p&amp;lt; 0.05). The activities of trypsin, lipase, and α-amylase in the intestinal were significantly decreased (p&amp;lt; 0.05). The relative expression levels of carnitine palmityl transferase 1 (cpt-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (pparα), pparγ, hormone-sensitive lipase (hsl), lipoprotein lipase (lpl), malate dehydrogenase (mdh), leptin (lep), fatty acid synthetase (fas), cholesterol response element binding protein 1 (srebp1), squalene cyclooxygenase (sqle), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (scd) genes in liver were significantly decreased (p&amp;lt; 0.05). The relative expression levels of catalase (cat), superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione S-transferase (gst), and glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) genes in the liver were significantly decreased (p&amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, exposure to cadmium stress could impact growth, muscle composition, digestive enzyme activity, gene expression of antioxidant and lipid metabolism in juvenile GIFT.

Dietary supplementation with succinic acid improves growth performance and flesh quality of adult Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed a high-carbohydrate diet

To evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with succinic acid on growth performance, flesh quality, glucose, and lipid metabolism of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD), five iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets were prepared as follows: HCD (control group) consisting of 55% corn starch and HCD supplemented with 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 4.0% succinic acid, respectively. Tilapia with an initial body weight of 204.90 ± 1.23 g randomly assigned to 15 tanks with 3 replicates per group and 10 fish per tank fed for 8 weeks. Increasing dietary succinic acid supplementation resulted in significant second-order polynomial relationship in the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency rate (PER), viscerosomatic index, condition factor, and contents of muscular crude lipid and glycogen (P < 0.05). The hepatosomatic index, mesenteric fat index, liver glycogen content and crude lipid contents of the whole-body and liver demonstrated significantly linear and second-order polynomial relationship (P < 0.05). Quadratic curve model analysis based on WGR, SGR, PER, and FCR demonstrated that optimal supplementation with succinic acid in the HCD of Nile tilapia ranged from 1.83% to 2.43%. Fish fed with 1.0% succinic acid had higher muscular hardness, increased the contents of alkali-soluble hydroxyproline in collagen, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3PUFA) in muscle, and lower total fatty acid content in muscle (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. Compared to the control group, dietary supplementation with 1.0% succinic acid significantly increased the contents of total bounding amino acid (arginine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, alanine, proline), total flavor amino acid (free aspartic acid), the catalase (CAT) activity and total antioxidant capacity, and the mRNA relative expression levels of CAT, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nuclearfactor erythroidderived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) in muscle (P < 0.05). Furthermore, succinic acid supplementation significantly up-regulated mRNA relative expression levels of glycolysis genes (hexokinase 2 [HK2], phosphofructokinase, muscle-A [PFKMA], and phosphofructokinase, muscle-B [PFKMB]), a key glycogen synthesis gene (glycogen synthase [GYS]), and lipid catabolism genes (carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1B [CPT1B], hormone sensitive lipase [HSL], and lipoprotein lipase [LPL]), while down-regulating the mRNA relative expression level of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in muscle (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 1.83% to 2.43% succinic acid improved muscle quality by increasing muscle antioxidant capacity and hardness, changing muscle amino acid and fatty acid composition, and regulating muscle glucose and lipid metabolism.

Enrichment of Flavonoids in Short-Germinated Black Soybeans (Glycine max L.) Induced by Slight Acid Treatment.

Exogenous abiotic stimulant treatments are a straightforward and effective method for enhancing secondary metabolites in plants. In this study, the response surface optimization method was used to optimize the conditions for enriching flavonoids in short-germinated black soybeans under a slight acid treatment, and the mechanism of flavonoid accumulation during black soybean germination was explored. The results show that the use of a 126.2 mM citric acid-sodium citrate buffer (pH 5.10) as a slight acid treatment resulted in the highest flavonoid content when the black soybeans were germinated for 24 h. Under these conditions, the isoflavonoid (glycitin, daidzein, and genistein) increased significantly, and the flavonoid content reached 2.32 mg/g FW. The microacidified germination treatment significantly increased the activities and relative gene expression levels of key enzymes involved in flavonoid metabolism (4-coumarate-CoA ligase and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, etc.). However, the slight acid treatment inhibited the growth of the black soybeans and caused damage to their cells. This was evidenced by significantly higher levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide anion, and hydrogen peroxide compared to the control group. Furthermore, the antioxidant system in the short-germinated soybeans was activated by the slight acid treatment, leading to a significant increase in the activities and relative gene expression levels of catalase and peroxidase. The results above show that a slight acid treatment was beneficial in inducing the accumulation of flavonoids during the growth of black soybean sprouts. This lays a technical foundation for producing black soybean products that are rich in flavonoids.

Cellular Pre-Adaptation to the High O2 Concentration Used in Standard Cell Culture Confers Resistance to Subsequent H2O2-Induced Cell Death.

The addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to cultured cells is widely used as a method to modulate redox-regulated cellular pathways, including the induction of programmed cell death in cell culture experiments and the testing of pro- and antioxidant compounds. Here, we assessed the effect on the cellular response to H2O2 of pre-adapting squamous cell carcinoma cells (A431) to the standard cell culture oxygenation of 18.6% O2, compared to cells pre-adapted to a physiological skin O2 concentration (3.0% O2). We showed that cells pre-adapted to 18.6% O2 resisted H2O2-induced cell death compared to cells pre-adapted to 3.0% O2 for 96 h prior to treatment with H2O2. Moreover, the enzymatic activities of catalase and glutathione reductase, as well as the protein expression levels of catalase, were higher in cells pre-adapted to 18.6% O2 compared to cells pre-adapted to 3.0% O2. H2O2-resistant cells, pre-adapted to 18.6% O2, exhibited increased nuclear Nrf-2 levels. It is concluded that A431 cells pre-adapted to standard cell culture oxygenation conditions resist H2O2-induced cell death. This effect may be related to their heightened activation of Nrf-2.

An integrated approach for the assessment of the electrochemical oxidation of diclofenac: By-product identification, microbiological and eco-genotoxicological evaluation

Diclofenac (DCF), a contaminant of emerging concern, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely detected in water bodies, which demonstrated harmful acute and chronic toxicity toward algae, zooplankton and aquatic invertebrates, therefore its removal from impacted water is necessary. DCF is recalcitrant toward traditional treatment technologies, thus, innovative approaches are required. Among them, electrochemical oxidation (EO) has shown promising results. In this research, an innovative multidisciplinary approach is proposed to assess the electrochemical oxidation (EO) of diclofenac from wastewater by integrating the investigations on the removal efficiency and by-product identification with the disinfection capacity and the assessment of the effect on environmental geno-toxicity of by-products generated through the oxidation.The electrochemical treatment successfully degraded DCF by achieving >98 % removal efficiency, operating with NaCl 0.02 M at 50 A m−2. By-product identification analyses showed the formation of five DCF parental compounds generated by decarboxylic and CN cleavage reactions.The disinfection capacity of the EO technique was evaluated by carrying out microbiological tests on pathogens generally found in aquatic environments, including two rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), one rod-shaped Gram-positive bacterium (Bacillus atrophaeus), and one Gram-positive coccus (Enterococcus hirae).Eco-toxicity was evaluated in freshwater organisms (algae, rotifers and crustaceans) belonging to two trophic levels through acute and chronic tests. Genotoxicity tests were carried out by Comet assay, and relative expression levels of catalase, manganese and copper superoxide dismutase genes in crustaceans. Results highlight the effectiveness of EO for the degradation of diclofenac and the inactivation of pathogens; however, the downstream mixture results in being harmful to the aquatic ecosystem.

Effects of plant-derived smoke, karrikin, and salinity stress on Prunus armeniaca cv. Şalak seeds and seedlings: A morphological, biochemical, and molecular approach

There is great interest in developing strategies to reduce the detrimental effects of salinity stress to improve plant growth and yield. The effects of plant-derived smoke on seed germination and plant growth, depending on concentration and time, are widely known. Although it has been suggested that plant-derived smoke and Karrikin (KAR1) tolerate the harmful effects of abiotic stress in plants, there is a lack of comprehensive information on biochemical and molecular changes related to KAR1 and smoke water (SW) in plants. Here we extensively compared the effects of SW and KAR1 on seed germination and morphology. Here we comprehensively compared the effects of SW and KAR1 on seed germination and morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes observable in the examined seeds. Moreover, we also showed that it regulated the expression of some genes encoding antioxidant enzymes in apricot seedlings (Prunus armeniaca L.) exposed to salinity stress (100 mM NaCl). Morphologically, we observed more adverse effects with decreased concentration in the SW treatment and increased concentration in the KAR1 treatment. The data revealed that SW (1:1000 v/v) and KAR1 (1µM) increased the expression levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) genes in the samples taken from the apricot seedlings treated with salt at hours 3, 6 and 9. This increase varies in SW and KAR1 depending on time. When the biochemical results were examined, it was seen that the application of SW and KAR1 to the seedlings under salinity stress led to a significant decrease in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content. We can assert that SW is more effective than KAR1 on TBARS content. Morphological, molecular, and biochemical results revealed enhanced germination, growth, gene expression, and TBARS content in apricot seeds and seedlings exposed to SW and KAR1. This data may be applicable to more comprehensive trials.

Propofol Pretreatment Inhibits Liver Damage in Mice with Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Protects Human Hepatocyte in Hypoxia/Reoxygenation.

The major complication of liver resection is hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Propofol appears to have organprotective effects. Our study aimed to study the protective role of propofol against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury and the potential mechanisms. Mice and human hepatocytes (LO2) were used to establish 2 models: the ischemia/reperfusion injury model in vivo and the hypoxia/reoxygenation model in vitro, respectively. Alanine and aspartate aminotransferase serum levels were detected to evaluate the extent of hepatic cellular injury. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase expression levels were measured to evaluate the oxidative damage in mice liver. Lactate dehydrogenase levels were detected for hepatocyte cytotoxicity severity. Nuclear factor, erythroid-like 2 and heme oxygenase 1 expression levels were detected. In the ischemia/reperfusion model, propofol pretreatment significantly reduced the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase expression levels, alleviating the hepatic cellular injury. Propofol also protected the mice liver from oxidative damage. In the hypoxia/reoxygenation model, propofol pretreatment reduced lactate dehydrogenase expression levels, suggesting its protective effects in LO2 cells. Furthermore, propofol increased the nuclear factor, erythroid-like 2 and heme oxygenase 1 expression levels both in vivo and in vitro. Propofol acts through the nuclear factor, erythroid-like 2, and heme oxygenase 1 pathway to protect the mice liver against ischemia/reperfusion injury and hepatocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Propofol should be used as an effective therapeutic drug for hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Production of hydroxytyrosol through whole-cell bioconversion from L-DOPA using engineered Escherichia coli

Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a polyphenolic molecule of high value, is used in the nutraceutical, cosmetic, food, and livestock nutrition industries. As a natural product, HT is chemically manufactured or extracted from olives; nevertheless, the increasing demand mandates the exploration and development of alternative sources, such as heterologous production by recombinant bacteria. In order to achieve this purpose, we have molecularly modified Escherichia coli to carry two plasmids. For conversion of L-DOPA (Levodopa) into HT efficiently, it is necessary to enhance the expression of DODC (DOPA decarboxylase), ADH (alcohol dehydrogenases), MAO (Monoamine oxidase) and GDH (glucose dehydrogenases). The step that significantly affects the rate of ht biosynthesis is likely to be associated with the reaction facilitated by DODC enzymatic activity, as suggested by the result of in vitro catalytic experiment and HPLC. Then Pseudomonas putida, Sus scrofa, Homo sapiens and Levilactobacillus brevis DODC were taken into comparsion. The DODC from H. sapiens is superior to that of P. putida, S. scrofa or L. brevis for HT production. Seven promoters were introduced to increase the expression levels of catalase (CAT) to remove the byproduct H2O2 and optimized coexpression strains were obtained after screening. After the 10-hour operation, the optimized whole-cell biocatalyst produced HT at a maximum titer of 4.84 g/L with over 77.5% molar substrate conversion rate.

Dietary flaxseed oil and vitamin E improve semen quality via propionic acid metabolism.

Flaxseed oil (FO) and vitamin E (VE) both have antioxidant effects on sperm. The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with FO and/or VE on semen quality. 16 fertile Simmental bulls were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 4): the control group (control diet), FO group (control diet containing 24 g/kg FO), VE group (control diet containing 150 mg/kg VE) and FOVE group (control diet containing 150 mg/kg VE and 24 g/kg FO), and the trial lasted 10 weeks. The results showed that the addition of FO independently can increase sperm motion parameters, the levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2), while reduce oxidative stress in seminal plasma (P < 0.05). Supplement of VE independently can increased the motility, motility parameters, CAT and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and reduce oxidative stress in seminal plasma (P < 0.05). There was an interaction effect of FO × VE on motility and reactive oxygen species (ROS), while GSH-Px and ROS were affected by week × VE 2-way interaction, levels of T and E2 were also affected by the dietary FO × week interaction (P < 0.05). The triple interaction effects of FO, VE and week were significant for malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, sperm from the FOVE group had a significantly higher in vitro fertilization (IVF) rate, and subsequent embryos had increased developmental ability with reduced ROS levels at the eight-cell stage, then increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and gene expression levels of CAT, CDX2, Nanog, and SOD at the blastocyst stage (P < 0.05). Metabolomic and transcriptomic results indicated that dietary supplementation of FO and VE increased the expression of the metabolite aconitic acid, as well as the expression of ABAT and AHDHA genes. With in-silico analysis, it can be concluded that the effects of dietary FO and VE on improving semen quality and embryo development may be related to increased aconitic acid via the ABAT and AHDHA genes involved in the propionic acid metabolism pathway.

Hydrogen peroxide treatment induces the transposition of an insertion sequence in Deinococcus radiopugnans DY59

Deinococcus radiopugnans DY59 (formerly Deinococcus swuensis DY59) is a radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from soil. From the 3.5 Mb genomic DNA sequence of strain DY59 (December 2014), 31 insertion sequence (IS) elements of six IS families including IS1, IS4, IS5, IS66, IS630, and IS701 and five unclassified IS elements were detected. Upon induction of oxidative stress with 80 and 100 mM H2O2, the unique ISs of the IS4 family member were actively translocated into a carotenoid biosynthesis gene phytoene desaturase (QR90_10400), resulting in non-pigment phenotypic selection. Therefore, these active transpositions of a specific IS family member were induced by oxidative stress at 80 and 100 mM H2O2. Furthermore, D. radiopugnans DY59 exhibited extremely higher MIC values against H2O2 treatment. To explain this phenomenon, qRT-PCR was conducted to assess the expression levels of catalase and three LysR family regulators. Our findings indicated that the ISDrpg2 and ISDrpg3 elements of the IS4 family were actively transposed into the phytoene desaturase gene by H2O2 treatment via replicative transposition. However, high H2O2 resistance did not originate from H2O2-induced expression of catalase and LysR family regulators.

Coleus Amboinicus Lour. Leaf Extract as an Antioxidant in Sepsis.

As broad-spectrum antibiotics can cause antimicrobial resistance in sepsis, there is the need for a complementary therapy to combat sepsis. Oxidative stress causes an increased severity and mortality in sepsis, whereas herbal medicines have been considered as an option due to its antioxidant potential. Coleus amboinicus Lour. has been documented for its therapeutic value due to the presence of flavonoid, an antioxidant compound. To study the effect of Coleus amboinicus Lour. leaf extract on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and hepatic catalase (CAT) levels in septic rat model. Twenty-eight male Rattus norvegicus rats were divided into four groups: control (rats without sepsis induction and treatment), group 1 (septic rats treated with antibiotics), group 2 (septic rats treated with antibiotics and 250 mg/kg body weight of Coleus amboinicus Lour. leaf extract), and group 3 (septic rats treated with antibiotics and 500 mg/kg body weight of Coleus amboinicus Lour. leaf extract). The rats were sacrificed at the end of the eighth day of observation, and blood and liver tissues were gathered for examination. Compared to the septic rat groups treated with only antibiotics, there was an increase in the TAC levels and CAT expression levels in septic rat groups given antibiotics and Coleus amboinicus Lour. leaf extract. However, the increase was not significant. Administering Coleus amboinicus Lour. leaf extract increases TAC levels and CAT expression levels in sepsis, decreasing oxidative stress. This will exert protective effects in the cells and therefore alleviate sepsis.

Alterations in the Expression of Antioxidant Enzyme Genes in Response to Pesticide Exposure During Embryonic Development in the Native Reptile Species Caiman latirostris

The aim of this study was to quantify the expression levels of Catalase (cat) and copper, zinc Superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-sod) genes involved in the antioxidant response in Caiman latirostris (broad-snouted caiman) blood, after embryonic exposure to the formulations cypermethrin (CYP), chlorpyrifos (CPF), glyphosate (GLY), and their binary and ternary mixtures. Experimental groups were: negative control (NC-distilled water), vehicle control (VC-ethanol), GLY-2%, CYP- 0.12%, CPF- 0.8%, a ternary mixture of them (TM), and three binary mixtures. The applications were made on the nest material in contact with the eggs at the beginning of the incubation period. After hatching, RNA was isolated from blood and expression levels analyzed through qPCR. The results showed downregulation in the expression of sod and cat genes in the three binary mixtures studied, compared to the controls. In addition, we found a possible antagonistic effect between different pesticides in the TM on the expression of both genes.

Antioxidant potential of hydrolysate-derived seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) peptide: Protective effects against AAPH-induced oxidative damage in vitro and in vivo

In this study, seahorse peptide (SHP) was isolated from an alcalase-treated hydrolysate from Hippocampus abdominalis and assessed for its antioxidant potential against AAPH-induced oxidative stress damage. AAPH stimulation significantly decreased cell viability and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Vero cells. SHP treatment increased cell viability and remarkably lowered ROS production under AAPH-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, it protected against AAPH-induced apoptotic DNA damage. Western blot analysis demonstrated that SHP treatment remarkably increased the protein expression levels of catalase and SOD in AAPH-induced Vero cells. A zebrafish study revealed that SHP-treated zebrafish embryos resulted in lower cell death, ROS generation, and lipid peroxidation than the AAPH-treated group. These results suggest that SHP is a potent functional antioxidant that could be developed as a natural antioxidant in the food and functional food industries.

How the exposure to environmentally relevant pesticide formulations affects the expression of stress response genes and its relation to oxidative damage and genotoxicity in Caiman latirostris

This study aimed to analyze the molecular stress responses thought the expression levels of catalase (cat), superoxide dismutase (sod) and heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) genes, and how these relate with cellular stress response considering oxidative damage to lipids, DNA and genotoxicity in blood of Caiman latirostris hatchlings exposed to pesticide formulations under ex situ conditions. Treatments were: negative control (NC-tap water), glyphosate 2% (GLY), cypermethrin 0.12% (CYP), chlorpyrifos 0.8% (CPF), and their ternary mixture (Mx3). The concentrations and schedule of application were those recommended in soybean crops. Soil and water showed pesticides residues in all exposed groups. Results showed a statistically significant increase in the micronucleus frequency and DNA damage, with an important oxidation in all exposed groups. The expression level of cat gene was significantly higher in CYP while the expression of hsp70 was significantly lower in GLY, CYP and Mx3, compared to NC. Pesticides tested showed alterations in expression levels, growth parameters, DNA damage and base oxidation under realistic exposure conditions, and can threaten, in the long term, the health status of wild populations.

Pulmonary Toxicity and Proteomic Analysis in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluids and Lungs of Rats Exposed to Copper Oxide Nanoparticles.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were intratracheally instilled into lungs at concentrations of 0, 0.15, and 1.5 mg/kg bodyweight to 7-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and oxidative stress were evaluated, followed by proteomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lungs of rats. The CuO NPs-exposed groups revealed dose-dependent increases in total cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lactate dyhydrogenase, and total protein levels in BALF. Inflammatory cytokines, including macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α, were increased in the CuO NPs-treated groups. The expression levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase-1, and peroxiredoxin-2 were downregulated, whereas that of superoxide dismutase-2 was upregulated in the CuO NPs-exposed groups. Five heat shock proteins were downregulated in rats exposed to high concentrations of CuO NPs. In proteomic analysis, 17 proteins were upregulated or downregulated, and 6 proteins were validated via Western blot analysis. Significant upregulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase and fidgetin-like 1 and downregulation of annexin II, HSP 47 and proteasome α1 occurred in the CuO NPs exposed groups. Taken together, this study provides additional insight into pulmonary cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity as well as oxidative stress in rats exposed to CuO NPs. Proteomic analysis revealed potential toxicological biomarkers of CuO NPs, which also reveals the toxicity mechanisms of CuO NPs.

Evaluation of metabolic stress status in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to the fungicide folpet

Among pesticides, fungicides are the most extensively used ones in agriculture and their effects on fish health and indirectly human health are needed to evaluate. Folpet has been used for over 50 years as a fungicide across the world. The mechanism of action of folpet on non-target aquatic organisms is so poorly understood and there is no available information about potential acute toxicity of folpet and its mechanism of action in non-target aquatic organisms. With this motivation, two successive experiments were set up: first, 96 h-LC50 value of folpet for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was determined; and second, effects of different sublethal concentrations (0, 0.025, 0.50, 0.1 and 0.15 mg/L) of folpet on hematological serum biochemical blood parameters, DNA damages, expression levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and cortisol receptor (HSP70) genes were evaluated in this study. It was calculated that 0.199 mg/L of folpet was the 96 h-LC50 value. After the folpet exposure for 14 days, significant decreases in red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum total protein, and GST gene expression levels were observed while serum glucose, liver enzymes activities, and expression levels of CAT, SOD, GPx, HSP70 genes increased. Also, folpet induced a significant genotoxic effect on the blood cells regarding to DNA damages. Consequently, the results have shown the toxic effects of folpet even at the lowest concentration on common carp.

The Comparison of Antioxidant Performance, Immune Performance, IIS Activity and Gut Microbiota Composition between Queen and Worker Bees Revealed the Mechanism of Different Lifespan of Female Casts in the Honeybee

Simple SummaryQueen bees and worker bees are natural animal models for studying aging because queen bees live about 20 times longer than worker bees, despite both developing from fertilized eggs. Nutrition (intake of royal jelly or not) is a well-known external factor that causes the different lifespan between queens and workers. Exploring the nutrient-mediated molecular mechanism is of great significance to study the universal regularity of aging in animals. In this study, we systematically compared the differences of antioxidant, immune, IIS and gut microbiota composition between queens and workers. Of these, antioxidant, immune and IIS are the conserved mechanisms of aging. The gut microbiota are upstarts in regulating host health. We found that queens had stronger antioxidant capacity and lower immune pathway and IIS activity than workers. Queens also had supernal beneficial bacterium over workers. This study suggested that antioxidant, immune, IIS, and gut symbiotic bacteria all may contribute to the longevity of queens. This study provides more insights into revealing the mechanisms of queens’ longevity.Queen bees and worker bees both develop from fertilized eggs, whereas queens live longer than workers. The mechanism of this phenomenon is worth exploring. Antioxidant capacity, immune and IIS are the conserved mechanisms of aging. The importance of gut bacteria for health prompted us to connect with bee aging. Therefore, the differences of antioxidant, immune, IIS and gut microflora between queen and worker bees were compared to find potential mechanisms of queens’ longevity. The results showed queens had stronger antioxidant capacity and lower immune pathway and IIS activity than workers. The higher expression level of catalase and SOD1/2 in queens resulted in the stronger ROS scavenging ability, which leads to the lower ROS level and the reduced accumulation of oxidative damage products in queens. The lower IMD expression and higher antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) expressions in queens suggested that queens maintain lower immune pathway activity and stronger immune capacity than workers. Gut bacteria composition analysis indicated that queens had supernal Acetobacteraceae (notably Commensalibacter and Bombella), Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium over workers. In conclusion, antioxidant, immune, IIS, and gut symbiotic bacteria all contribute to the longevity of queens. This study provides more insights into revealing the mechanisms of queens’ longevity.

Selective blue-filtering spectacle lens protected primary porcine RPE cells against light emitting diode-induced cell damage.

This study aimed to investigate whether use of a selective-blue-filtering (S-BF) lens can protect cultured primary porcine RPE cells against photo-irradiation. Transmittance of S-BF and UV-filtering (UVF) lenses was characterised spectrophotometrically. RPE cells were exposed to 1700 lux of white (peak λ at 443 and 533 nm; 0.44 mW/cm2) or blue (peak λ at 448 and 523 nm; 0.85 mW/cm2) LED light for 16 h to evaluate the influence of light source on the culture. The effect of the S-BF and UVF ophthalmic lenses on RPE cell cultures under blue light irradiation was then investigated. Cell viability was compared using trypan blue and MTT assays. Intracellular ROS production was detected by a fluorescein probe CM-H2DCFDA. Expression levels of catalase and Prdx3 were analysed by western blot. Trypan blue staining showed blue light caused more cell death than no light (p = 0.001) or white light (p = 0.005). MTT assay supported the hypothesis that exposure to blue light damaged RPE cells more severely than no light (p = 0.002) or white light (p = 0.014). Under blue light, use of the S-BF lens, which blocked 17% more blue light than the UVF lens, resulted in higher cellular viability (S-BF: 93.4±1.4% vs UVF: 90.6±1.4%; p = 0.022; MTT: 1.2-fold; p = 0.029). Blue and white light both significantly increased ROS production. The S-BF lens protected cells, resulting in lower levels of ROS and higher expression of catalase and Prdx3. To conclude, blue LED light exposure resulted in significant cytotoxicity to RPE cells. Partial blockage of blue light by an S-BF lens led to protective effects against retinal phototoxicity, which were mediated by reduction of ROS and increased levels of antioxidant enzymes.