Textile Exports Research Articles

Duty-Free and Quota-Free Market Accesses for Ethiopia: An Analysis of AGOA and EBA Generalize System of Preference Initiatives

The export sector is considered as one of the key drivers for economic growth and transformation of Ethiopia. Despite the potential capacity to diversify export and policy reforms, Ethiopia has been facing a growing trade deficit with total imports steadily increasing while the export sector performance is stagnated .To curb this situation, the country is generally committed to regional integration and works to accede to WTO and has continued with AfCFTA negotiations. Ethiopia is also the beneficiary of AGOA and EBA Duty Free Quota Free market access in US and EU markets. There have been some attempts, in the empirical literature, to examine the effect of the DFQF preference schemes on SSA's export performance. These studies have usually relied on country level export data and mainly conducted macro panel analysis for SSA. However, to the best of our knowledge, none of the study has provided an empirical back up to the firm level micro panel analysis, particularly based on Ethiopia’s firms. This study tries to fill this gap in the literature by exploring empirically whether the Ethiopia’s firms have really enjoyed higher export performance since the adoption of the DFQF market access. The descriptive analysis shows that Ethiopian export to US both under AGOA preferential scheme and no programmed claimed has been increasing. Commodity wise, Ethiopia is the AGOA beneficiary with the largest volume of exports to the United States in the Apparel and Footwear subsectors. Sesame is the most important agricultural commodity exported to US under AGOA followed by Niger Seeds. The country’s export to EU under EBA has rapidly increased over the past decades .Utilization rate is very divergent across the exportable products and over time. Ethiopia largely benefits from the EBA scheme in exports of horticulture, textiles, Apparel and Clothing Accessories. Following floriculture the largest product groups traded under EBA are Article of Apparel and Clothing Accessories and made up textile articles. For the econometric analysis panel econometric analysis with Fixed Effects Estimation technique is used as a method of analysis. The estimation result revealed that EU and US DFQF scheme has, on average, exerted a positive impact on firms export performance. But the magnitude of its effect is very minimal which is mainly driven by a low utilization rate. With regard to the sector specific effect of AGOA & EBA arrangements, the result indicated that the export performance of textile, clothing, apparel, footwear sectors under AGOA-EBA exceed the remaining export sectors tremendously. Overall these findings suggest that the composition of export and the utilization rate of Ethiopia under EBA and AGOA schemes are relatively low. The country exhibited less diversified portfolios at the product and sector level which limits the utilization rate. Moreover, the schemes are effectively utilized by the foreign owned companies while the share of local firms is meagre. DOI : 10.7176/JESD/10-15-04 Publication date : August 31 st 2019

Barriers to the Success of Total Quality Management Implementation in Vietnam's Textile and Garment Companies

Vietnam is classified as one of the five largest textile and garment exporters in the world. With its ambition to engage more effectively in the global textile and garment supply chains, Vietnam's textile and garment enterprises have been implementing total quality management (TQM) programs in order to improve their product and service quality. However, many of Vietnam's textile and garment enterprises are facing barriers to successful TQM implementation. The objective of this study is to empirically examine these barriers to TQM faced by Vietnam's textile and garment enterprises and to compare the results with previous studies conducted with U.S. and Mexican businesses. The results of this study indicate five barriers to Vietnam's textile and garment enterprises' successful TQM implementation. Among these five barriers, the common barrier shared by Vietnamese, US and Mexican businesses is that employees are resistant to change. Managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.

0-12 Age Garment Collection Preparation and Costing Processes Research

Ready to wear garment collection preparation consists of several processes from design idea to selling to last consumer. There are various factors that effect the product design and product cost. If the designed products are for babies and kids groups, suppliers need to care about health and safety conditions besides the design, aesthetics , quality, cost and marketability. At this research, principles and steps of 0-12 age garment collection processes were examined; factors that effect the product cost and product design processes were elaborated. Because of its big marketspace at Turkish textile export, Europe was determined as market at this study. Traditional and target methods from contemporary costing systems were used at costing. 2016 Autumn/Winter Zara baby boys and boys garment collection of a ready to wear and apparel company which locates in Izmir was examined and the results were discussed in the scope of this study.

PENGARUH NILAI TAMBAH PRODUKSI DAN JASA LOGISTIK PADA VOLUME EKSPOR PRODUK TEKSTIL DI JAWA TENGAH

<p><em>This research purposes to analyze the impact of production added value from textile industries and logistic service to textile export value in Central Java. The secondary data used are an export statistic and regional domestic product total, and logistics service between 2010 and 2017. The result shows that, first, production added value has negatively influence to textile export value. Second, logistic service has a positive effect on export value. It implies that textile export value may result in order demand. In addition, logistics service has the main role to boost up textile export.</em></p>

Impacts of export restructuring on national economy and CO2 emissions: A general equilibrium analysis for China

Sectoral adjustment for China’s export is vital to transform the Chinese economic structure so that high-quality development can be achieved. However, it is unknown to what extent export restructuring will affect the national economy and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This study quantifies the potential economic and CO2 emission impacts of export restructuring under various export structure patterns and climate policies scenarios by using a global computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Results show that China’s export restructuring will lead to 0.5–0.7% increase of Gross Domestic Production (GDP) and 2.0–2.2% increase of consumption in 2030 under all the non-climate policy scenarios, although the export volume will decrease. Meanwhile, CO2 emissions per GDP and total employment will both decrease under all the scenarios. At the sectoral level, the transport equipment sector will increase significantly in output, employment and CO2 emissions, while the textile sector will suffer substantial output and employment losses. Considering the application of climate policies, the USA pattern has the highest GDP and is the most carbon efficient among the three export structures. China’s export restructuring will also increase global GDP and consumption by around 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively. Such results suggest that encouraging export of service, transport equipment and reducing export of textile would be effective for China’s economic development and CO2 emission reduction.

Electrochemically-driven mineralization of Reactive Blue 4 cotton dye: On the role of in situ generated oxidants

Brazil is the fifth biggest global manufacturer of textiles and the fourth in cotton textile exports. Textile effluents contain organic dyes that are highly recalcitrant and difficult to oxidize by conventional physico-chemical and biological treatments. Mid-sized textile factories require reliable water treatment technologies of small physical foot-print that do no produce solid wastes to treat their manufacturing effluents. Electrochemically-driven technologies emerge as feasible alternative technologies that overcome barriers in the management of these industrial effluents. This work studies the application of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes on the treatment of dye bath effluents containing cotton dye Reactive Blue 4. Electro-Fenton treatment attains complete color removal with an electrical energy per order (EEO) of 7.4kWhm−3order−1, which represents an order of magnitude lower operational expenditure than electrochemical oxidation (54.8kWhm−3order−1). Simultaneous irradiation with UVA light in photoelectron-Fenton systems did not show any effect on RB4 degradation kinetics. But UVA irradiation increased the mineralization achieved after treatment, which enhanced current efficiencies ca. 2-fold respect to electro-Fenton.

Global Value Chain: An Analysis of Pakistan’s Textile Sector

Global value chains (GVCs) dominate international production, world trade and investment flows today. This study examines the international fragmentation of production set by GVCs in the textile sector of Pakistan. The study quantifies the data at two- and four-digit level of harmonized code and compares it with top 15 textile exporters around the globe. The estimates through revealed comparative advantage indicate that Pakistan has a competitive edge in cotton and textile made-ups. This indicates that Pakistan needs to bring structural changes by diversifying its product range, reforming tariff procedures, improving working conditions, developing skills and developing cluster in order to promote its exports in GVCs.

EU Product Standards and Export Diversification in Nigeria and South Africa

The issue of export diversification has been receiving attention among scholars and policymakers. However, African countries face critical challenges in improving domestic capacity to meet production and quality standards required in the foreign markets.Premised on this, this study explores how standards affect agriculture and textile products exported to the EU market, by the two biggest economies in SSA between 1995 and 2004. Employing the Hirschman concentration index as a measure of diversification in the context of a modified poisson model of gravity trade theory, findings show that standards and harmonized standards are of no significant effect on South African agricultural export diversification while in Nigeria, standards have significant effect on agricultural export diversification but have no effect on textiles. Moreover, harmonized standards show positive effect on agricultural export concentration but have no effect on textile exports in South Africa. However, harmonized standards plays no role in the diversification of Nigerian agricultural and textile export varieties. The study therefore recommends that producers of agricultural products in South Africa should focus on single, country specific standards while producers of agricultural products in Nigeria should adopt harmonized standards to promote bilateral trade and develop quality products to improve competition in the EU markets.

Does China become the “pollution heaven” in South-South trade? Evidence from Sino-Russian trade

The South-South trade has witnessed a rapid development over the years, but its impacts on the participating countries remain unknown. Taking Sino-Russian trade as evidence, a multiregional input-output model is adopted and three types of non-carbon pollutant are chosen to investigate whether China has become the “pollution heaven” in South-South trade. After investigating the industry structure distribution and trade flows of embodied pollution during 2000–2014, the driving factors of the changes in embodied pollutant are further explored by Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA). The results showed that China has gradually lost the win-win situation of trade surplus and pollution reduction. Since the year 2007, China has totally become a net exporter of embodied pollutions, and has become to bear the environmental costs in the trade with Russia. The expansion of exports to Russia is the main cause of increasing embodied pollutant emission in China, and the progress of emissions reduction technology effect is not sufficient to offset the increase in embodied pollutant emissions. From the sectoral aspect, we find that the exports of textiles, leather, chemical, machinery and electronics are the main causes of pollution outflows. Meanwhile, imports of mineral, transport, metals, coke, petroleum and nuclear fuel to a certain extent eased the pressure of pollution reduction in China.

At the roots of China's striking performance in textile exports: A comparison with its main Asian competitors

This paper analyzes the determinants of China's striking performance in textile exports in the time period 2001–2016. We integrate the analysis by Lall and Albaladejo (World Development, 2004), based only on China and its main Asian competitors' market share dynamics, by estimating an extended version of a traditional export function, derived from the imperfect substitute model, including a proxy of non-price competitiveness. The key long-run elasticities for each Asian exporter are thus computed and discussed in a panel-data framework, and the different export performances are examined taking into account the interaction between the estimated parameters and the growth rates of relative prices, foreign demand and product quality. Lastly, we decompose the textile export growth differences between China and its rivals into the three main channels of trade competition, i.e. price, quantity and quality. Our findings show that China is crowding out most of its rivals with a competitive strategy based on a mix of low and decreasing relative prices and non-price policies aiming at stimulating export volumes. However, certain weaknesses in the Chinese trade prospects emerge when quality improvement is considered.

Development of light industry in Uzbekistan and the role of fashion industry in IT

The development of light industry, which is a strategic sector of the economy of our country, the expansion of markets and improving the competitiveness of products is one of the topical issues. Because that textile, clothing and knitting enterprises need to introduce the modern Fashion industry to the products produced by them, took its place in the world markets. The article the development and export of textile and garment production is analyzed in Uzbekistan. The Fashion industry's position in expanding the textile and apparel trade has also been established.

A Study on Job Satisfaction of Workers In Handloom Industries at Srivilliputtur

Handloom is a process of weaving cloths. It was based on the woolen and machines; it is of two type process hand process and machine process. Though India was famous even in ancient times as an exporter of textiles to most parts of the civilized world, few actual fabrics of the early dyed or printed cottons have survived. This, it is explained is due to a hot, moist climate and the existence of the monsoons in India. Srivilliputur is a small industrial town in virudhunagar district where handloom units are so much concentrated. Srivilliputtur handlooms have gained an expertise in this field. It is difficult for anyone to complete with srivilliputtur handlooms. The performance of this handloom is so astonishing with a small unit only in 1992, the handloom industry is years old, and within a short span of period, and the handloom industry has made a remarkable chance in this small town.

Diplomasi Perdagangan Indonesia dalam Rantai Pertambahan Nilai Global Produk Tekstil ke Pasar Timur Tengah

<p class="06IsiAbstrak"><strong>Indonesia Trade Diplomacy in the Textile Product Global Value Chains to the Middle East Market</strong>. Textile and textile products are important commodities for all developing countries, including Indonesia. Despite of those significance, developing countries have to deal with the challenge of the global context. The crisis in developed countries previousely were major textile export destination add the challege. This paper aims to find out Indonesia’s strategy to maintain its textile industry as its major potential commodity. In doing so, this research focuses on the strategy of trade diplomacy in the context of global value chains. Considering the decline trend of export to the developed countries, this research focus on the market of Middle East as the non-traditional market. This reseach applies descriptive qualitative reseach metodh with the concept of global value chains and trade diplomacy as the research analitical framework. This research finds that, in the context of GVC, Indonesia has the highly competitive barrier to entry suitable to penetrate Middle East market. It has production chains domestically, while marketing chains to the Middle East countries. Furthermore, in trade diplomacy, Indonesia implements the function of representation, negotiation, and advocacy.</p><p class="06IsiAbstrak">Keywords: Textile products export, GVC, trade diplomacy, Middle East market</p>

Comparative advantages in clothing exports: India faces threat from competing nations

PurposeManufacturing sector plays a vital role in the economy of developing countries like India. The Indian textiles and clothing industry has an overwhelming presence in the economic life of the country. The readymade garment segment contributes 42 per cent of the Indian textiles exports, which include cotton garments and accessories, manmade fiber garments and other textiles clothing. The overall export basket of India has increased from 13.6 per cent in 2014-15 to 15 per cent in 2015-16 for textiles and apparel products including handicrafts. Though clothing exports from India have witnessed high growth rates in the past decade as compared to other commodity exports, India’s performance, when compared to many competing countries, has not been much encouraging. India has lagged behind in clothing exports as compared to China, Bangladesh and Vietnam. This study mainly focused on analyzing the changing clothing export structure of select countries such as India, China, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Turkey by using revealed comparative advantage indices.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses different variants of revealed comparative advantage indices, namely, Balassa’s RCA Index (Balassa, 1965), Dynamic RCA index (Kreinin and Plummer, 1994) and Revealed Symmetrical Comparative Advantage Index (Laursen, 1998). Indices were calculated for the period 2003 and 2013 under knitted category (HS 61) and not knitted category (HS 62) up to four-digit classification. Spearman rank correlation was applied for analyzing changes during the period under study. For calculation of RCA and dynamic RCA indices, the export data have been taken from UN Comtrade, an electronic database of United Nation and International Trade Statistics database of World Trade Organization.FindingsThe results highlighted that India ranks at the bottom in seven HS 61 clothing products and fourth in five HS 61 products. Bangladesh stands at the top in 11 of the HS 61 clothing products among selected countries. Similarly, Vietnam has also gained stronghold position in the global clothing trade. In many of these products, Bangladesh has higher revealed comparative advantage as compared to other countries. In HS 62 product category, India was at the bottom in eight products, whereas Bangladesh has gained the most in nine products on the comparative advantage basis. The findings highlighted the shift taking place in global clothing trade structure as trade was shifting toward low-cost countries such as Vietnam and Bangladesh. Surprisingly, India has foregone strategic advantage in many value-added products to low-cost countries such as Bangladesh and Vietnam.Originality/valueThis is one of the few studies undertaken to analyze comparative advantages of leading clothing exporter countries (mainly from Asian region) in the recent times. Findings depict changing export structure and dynamics of clothing exports in the region. Findings would help government, industry associations and policymakers in enhancing sector competitiveness and in identifying the growth products.

ANALISIS PENAWARAN EKSPOR TEKSTIL DAN PRODUK TEKSTIL INDONESIA KE ASEAN (Studi Kasus Negara Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philipina dan Kamboja)

International trade plays an important role in economic growth after consumption, investment and government spending. the industrial sector is encouraged to increase international trade, especially non-oil exports. Textiles and textile products (TPT) is one of the most important parts of Indonesian non-oil industry, this is because the textile industry contributes substantially to GDP. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the exchange rate, international prices of textile and textile domestic price index to the volume of Indonesian textile export supply in some ASEAN countries (Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines and Cambodia).The data used in this research are secondary data in the period January 2011 to December 2014, and the industry codes are used Harmonized System (HS) 50 to 63. The analytical method used is the Fixed Effects Model (FEM) using Least Square Dummy Variable (LSDV).The results showed that the exchange rate, domestic production index are positive and have significant impact on the volume of Indonesian textile exports to ASEAN countries (Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines and Cambodia). While international prices have positive effect and it not significant.

The trade integration and Pakistan’s export performance

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of trade integration on Pakistan’s export performance (value of exports, number of exporters and number of products per exporter) during 2003 to 2010.Design/methodology/approachData from the World Bank Exporters Dynamics Database are analysed using fixed effect panel data techniques.FindingsThe results suggest that trade integration with South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), China and Iran play remarkable role in improving export value by 73, 29 and 55 per cent, respectively. It is found that on average more than 140 and 339 exporters increase after integration with SAFTA and China, respectively, and during the study period, 1,605 and 606 exporters entered into SAFTA and Chinese market, respectively. Moreover, 182 and 146 additional exporters entered in Malaysian and Iranian export market after integration, which is 19 and 98 per cent, respectively, of initial year’s number of exporters. In addition, Malaysia and Mauritius show positive and considerable effect on diversification of product variety.Originality/valueThis is an original empirical research. The contributions of the paper are many fold: this paper is first to analyse the effect of Pakistan’s trade integration established during 2000s decade; pioneer contribution of this study is to use the number of exporters and number of products, as well as the value of exports to measure the export performance of Pakistan; and this study uses positive and negative discrepancies in export value data, number of HS6 products exported as a proxy of product diversification, share of industrial exports in total exports and share of textile exports in industrial exports.

Impact of technological progress on China's textile industry and future energy saving potential forecast

China has the largest textile industry with the complete industrial chain and also the largest textile exporter in the world. The study analyses the energy substitution effect of technological progress of China's textile industry using a macroeconomics approach. In order to predict future energy saving potential, we examine the relationship between energy intensity and its five main factors (technological progress, enterprise scale, labor productivity, dependence on foreign trade and industrial electricity price) by co-integration technique. Empirical results indict that electricity shows alternative features to other energy sources in the context of technological progress in China's textile industry. Besides, there exists a long-run equilibrium among energy intensity and the five main factors. Monte Carlo method was applied for risk analysis to ensure the reliability of forecast. Further, future energy saving potential and CO2 emission reduction of China's textile industry was predicted using scenario analysis. The result shows that energy conservation potential of China's textile industry is 16.16–27.53 million tons of standard coal equivalent in 2025. Additionally, it was revealed that the CO2 emission reduction caused by the energy conservation will be 32.63–55.60 million tons in 2025. Finally, future policy priorities for energy conservation of Chinese textile industry are suggested.

Economic evaluation of the Belt and Road Initiative from an unimpeded trade perspective

ABSTRACTChina’s the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) will likely change the existing pattern of the international trade network, which may affect both global supply chain management and logistics development. To explore the impacts of OBOR on the world economy and international trade, this paper provides a quantitative evaluation with a global multi-region model. The results reveal that the trade barriers between China and areas along BRI are prominent for some sectors, which implies significant potential for cooperation. The BRI is conducive to the export of Chinese energy-intensive industries and will relieve the overcapacity concern. Particularly, the north line strategy has the greatest potential for textile exports, the middle line is most beneficial to the ferrous metals industry, and the south line may revitalise both chemical and ferrous metals industries. This paper reveals the economic growth and social welfare improvements for the participating regions, which will enhance mutual trust and promote the development of the BRI.

What Will Happen to the US Textile and Apparel Industry if the NAFTA Goes?

This study provides a quantitative evaluation of how the termination of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) proposed by the Trump administration will affect the US textile and apparel (T&A) industry. By adopting the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) computable general equilibrium model based on the GTAP9 database, the study finds that: first, the termination of NAFTA will significantly reduce US apparel imports from NAFTA members but lead to an increase of US apparel imports from Asian countries; second, ending NAFTA will substantially reduce US textile exports to the NAFTA region, which currently is the single largest export market for the US textile industry; and third, rather than encouraging more ‘Made in the USA’, the termination of NAFTA will reduce further the output of T&A manufacturing in the United States. The findings of this study augment our understanding of the potential economic impact of ending a major free trade agreement, which has been studied little, and shed new lights on the debate regarding the T&A-specific sectoral impact of NAFTA. The findings of the study also provide valuable inputs for policymakers regarding what should or should not be done with NAFTA from the perspective of the US T&A industry. JEL Classification: F14, F15, F17

Simultaneous Fixation of Wrinkle-Free Finish and Reactive Dye on Cotton Using Response Surface Methodology

In printing and resin finishing of cotton fabrics, the curing step is involved twice, firstly for fixation of reactive dye and secondly for the fixation of resin for proper cross-linking. In developing country like Pakistan, where cotton is a major portion of textile exports, the elimination of one fixation stage is economical and advantageous. This study dealt with the simultaneous fixation of wrinkle-free finish (resin) and reactive dye printing for cost effectiveness. The processed route of treatment imparted a maximum dry crease recovery angle of 230° and color strength up to 89.89%. The produced fabrics were characterized using crocking fastness (dry and wet), color strength sum %, color fastness to laundry, crease recovery angle, and wrinkle recovery by appearance method. Response surface optimizer gave good composite desirability value (0.08300) with color strength % of up to 73.73 and dry crease recovery angle up to 218°.