Exporting Countries Research Articles

Crop Type Maps for Operational Global Agricultural Monitoring

Crop type maps identify the spatial distribution of crop types and underpin a large range of agricultural monitoring applications ranging from early warning of crop shortfalls, crop condition assessments, production forecasts, and damage assessment from extreme weather, to agricultural statistics, agricultural insurance, and climate mitigation and adaptation decisions. Despite their importance, harmonized, up-to-date global crop type maps of the main food commodities do not exist to date. To address this critical data gap of global-scale consistent, up-to-date crop type maps, we harmonized 24 national and regional datasets from 21 sources covering 66 countries to develop a set of Best Available Crop Specific masks (BACS) over the major production and export countries for wheat, maize, rice, and soybeans, in the context of the G20 Global Agriculture Monitoring Program, GEOGLAM.

The Impact of COVID-19 on International Trade: Differences Between Importing and Exporting Countries

During the pandemic period, import and export trade has been affected seriously. This study investigates the different implications on importing and exporting countries of international trade under the COVID-19 pandemic. The data in this article include the top five net exporters and top five net importers in 2019 ranked by their account balance. After the comparison, there are four findings have been found. First, the epidemic has had a severe negative impact on international trade for both importing and exporting countries. Second, the impacts of the pandemic on exporting countries are relatively deeper and consist longer than the importing countries. Third, unlike international trade on a global scale, intra-Asian trade has fewer negative impacts on exporting countries. Fourth, the negative impact of the COVID-19 burden on exporters is more pronounced in developing country exports rather than developed countries

The Effect of Innovation, Logistic Performance, and Human Capital on Export Diversification of Manufacturing Industry

This study aimed to analyze the effect of innovation, logistics performance, and human capital on export diversification of the manufacturing industry based on technology intensity in Indonesia. This study uses the method of moments approach with estimation using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The research was conducted using dynamic data panels belonging to Indonesia and 30 main export destination countries as research objects. The results show the average Global Innovation Index (GII) of Indonesia and export countries, the average Logistics Performance Index (LPI) of Indonesia and export destination countries, the labor force with intermediate education, labor force with basic education. Indonesia's GDP has a positive and significant effect on the diversification of manufacturing industry commodity exports in Indonesia across all technological intensities. Still, the importers' GDP and exchange rates positively influence the spread of diversification exports of manufactured industrial commodities in Indonesia, but some models show no significant relationship.

“Direction and Destination Pattern of Mango Export from Pakistan” A Markov Chain Approach

The retention and switching patterns of the importing countries are seen as crucial for the exporting countries to maintain their consistency and growth, where random variables, such as the export of mango from Pakistan, have a significant effect. These actions have a significant role in export of horticulture products like fresh fruits and vegetables. Therefore this study investigates the importing pattern of the top five importers, (i.e., United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, Saudi Arabia, United kingdom (UK), and Qatar), where Pakistani exports constitute about 70 percent of mango exports. For measuring the occurrence probability of a random variable, the Markov chain analysis is applied to the time series data from FY 2016-17 to FY 2021-22 collected from secondary sources. Based on the TPM, the study concludes that, in terms of quantity, Pakistan can rely on UAE and other category of importing countries for mango exports. In value terms Pakistan can rely on other category of importing nations for mango exports. The Markov chain result showed that the direction of Pakistani mango exports is shifting from a small group of importing countries to other nations in the world. Regulations and direction by the policy makers can improve the production and export of the mango from Pakistan.

Geopolitical risk of oil export and import countries and oil futures volatility: Evidence from dynamic model average methods

This paper mainly checks the predictability of geopolitical risk (GPR) from export and import oil countries for oil futures volatility using dynamic model average and dynamic model selection methods. Empirical results show that information of GPR indices of both export and import oil countries can predict oi futures volatility. Applying DMA and DMS models can further improve the forecasting accuracy of oil futures volatility. This paper tries to provide new evidence for oil futures from the perspectives of oil export and import countries.

The efficient procedure of embryogenic callus formation from anther in Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav

The peppers or ajies (Capsicum spp.) are one of Peru's main productive crops, which is why it is among the top ten countries in production and exports. Among the species cultivated in Peru is Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav., commonly called rocoto, and represents one of the most critical species in local and national gastronomy. The rocoto ecotype "Selva" or "de Monte" is characterized by its large size and is used to prepare rocoto relleno arequipeño. This crop presents the restriction to obtain homozygous lines for being self-incompatible. Using biotechnology, pure lines can be obtained from the anther culture, and homozygous lines can be obtained. The objective was to induce embryogenic callus formation from anther culture of Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav. Ecotype "de Monte". In the results, 74.1% of embryogenic callus was induced in rocoto anthers with a longitudinal ratio of 1.04 mm; the induction was carried out using Murashige and Skoog culture medium added with 2.0 mg/L of 2,4-D. Likewise, the formation of somatic embryos in the globular stage was evidenced after 12 weeks in the culture medium.

Behind OPEC’s Invitation for Indonesia to Rejoin: An Analysis of Membership Dynamics in an International Organization

The membership structure matters to ensure a durable negotiating forum in an international organization. However, in July 2017, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, on behalf of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), requested Indonesia to reactivate its membership, which the country had suspended—for the second time—in November 2016. The first suspension was in January 2009—annulled in January 2016. The Government of Indonesia (GoI) then welcomed the invitation. This study aims to analyze OPEC’s membership scheme, which has given leeway to its members to send a request like the above. In-depth interviews were conducted with Indonesia’s representatives in OPEC to capture the organization’s internal condition. By analyzing the organization’s membership dynamics, we can identify three reasons behind Indonesia’s invitation to rejoin. The first is because OPEC’s country members need Indonesia’s presence in negotiations as they consider Indonesia neutral. Second, OPEC needs a country with a different attribute to strengthen the organization’s image of diversity on the international stage. The third reason is the historical elements. OPEC strives to maintain historically good relations with the GoI as the country has contributed to the organization’s development. For those reasons, an international organization might reinvite its former member to join the group.

Indonesian Manufacturing Industry Performance towards Global Trade: An Analytical Review of Professionalism In Islam

Economic integration involves many countries was necessary to have superior products and competitiveness in the international market. Industrial performance was a benchmark for a country's export success. This study aims to estimate industrial performance by analyzing at the level of technical efficiency and Islamic views on work professionalism where this research analyzes the workforce used in the production process. The method used in this study is the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) method. The results found that the level of technical efficiency of companies in the manufacturing industry in Indonesia between 2010 and 2015 with a total of 10,464 companies observed a trend of declining levels of company technical efficiency. In addition, labor as one of the inputs in production is not differentiated based on the level of education, skills and experience. The results imply that companies in the Manufacturing industry in Indonesia have internal problems related to the company's technical efficiency namely professionalism.

Untapping the role of trade facilitation indicators, logistics and information technology in export expansion and diversification

An efficient and consistent logistics network, as well as a transparent facilitation mechanism of cross-border trade, are critical to the country's export competitiveness. The quality of logistics services has been identified as an important determinant of international trade. We use gravity models to assess the impact of the World Bank's Logistic Performance Index (LPI) on Pakistan's exports. The findings show that improving logistics is critical for increasing exports. Individual indicators such as reasonably priced shipments, the ability to track and trace shipments, and trade and logistical transit standards are instrumental in boosting export flows.

Indian millets trade potential-cum-performance: Economic perspective

The present study examines the trade performance of millets, competitiveness and their impact on the country’s growth in the agriculture sector. Empirical findings revealed that Indian millet exports contributed significantly to the global basket from the year 2000–2020 and had a huge potential in the international market. During the year 2011–2020, India’s major exporting partners were neighbouring countries, i.e. Pakistan, Vietnam, Nepal and Saudi Arabia, wherein India exported more than 50% of the country’s millet export. The study looked at India’s comparative advantage of millets by country by using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), and the results showed that Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, and Yemen were the major millet importing countries exhibiting RCA value greater than one, indicating that India had a significant advantage in exporting millets to these partner countries during the recent study period (2011–2020). Furthermore, gravity model is calibrated by using the variables like Gross Domestic Product (GDP), exchange rate and population of the respective countries. The results of the gravity model suggested that the country's GDP would grow with an increase in millets exports in India, but the country's exports would decrease with an increase in population.

Natural resources extraction and green finance: Dutch disease and COP27 targets for OECD countries

The temperature goal of the Paris Agreement is to keep the world temperature within 1.5 °C between 2020 and 2025 by reducing emissions. However, emissions continuously rose at the end of 2021. Therefore, it is an urgent need for a conference of COP27 to accelerate the action against climate change and put special attention to green finance. Hence, this study aims to examine the impacts of natural resource extraction, the composite risk index, international trade, and the stringency of environmental policy on green finance in OECD economies from 2004 to 2020 in light of Dutch Diseases and to achieve COP27 targets for OECD economies. Additionally, to analyze the above-mentioned objective, this study uses the cross-sectional dependence, panel cross-section Heteroscedasticity LR test, five different unit root tests (LLC, Breitung t-test, lm-Pesaran, ADP, and PP), Kao Residual and Johansen Fisher panel co-integration test. Finally, the results of MM-QR elucidate that natural resource extraction, trade openness, and composite risk index negatively affected green finance. At the same time, GDP per unit of energy consumption and environmental stringency policies increase green financing in OECD economics. Frequently, more natural resource extraction could lead to Dutch Disease because of appreciation of that country's exchange rate, which might decrease a country's export. Furthermore, this study suggests that government should raise the fund for green financing because green financing will not only help to reduce the natural resource extraction in a country but will also help to decrease the effect of Dutch Disease. Check and balance on natural resources extraction is crucial to bring stability.

Export Performance of Indonesian Frozen Shrimp to Japan

This study aims to determine the competitiveness of Indonesian frozen shrimp export as a food product in Japanese market. The competitiveness of frozen shrimp products from Indonesia is also compared with the export country competitors, namely Thailand, Vietnam and China. As one of the largest shrimp exporting countries in Japan, Indonesia has great opportunity to occupy the top position as a frozen shrimp exporting country in Japan compared to the other competing countries. Competitiveness analysis is measured using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Acceleration Rate (AR) and Trade Specialization Index (TSI) approach. The data used were data from 2004 to 2021. The results show that Indonesia in exporting frozen shrimp to Japan has high competitiveness, but in controlling market share in Japan it is still relatively weak and Indonesia is also in a position of maturity stage of TSI and tends to become an frozen shrimp exporting country.

Managing Coal Enterprise Competitiveness in the Context of Global Challenges

Increased geopolitical tensions and economic sanctions imposed by the U.S., the European Union, and other countries against Russian sectors of the economy have caused a slowdown of economic growth in Russia and significantly restricted access to international capital markets, creating many problems for coal enterprises due to the rapid growth of competition. Russian and Indonesian coal companies need to adopt coping strategies and implement effective management practices to successfully counter the various global challenges facing the coal sector. The article aims to develop coal enterprise competitiveness management in the context of global challenges in 2022, as exemplified by Russia and Indonesia, considering the main role of these two countries in global coal exports. The management process was empirically assessed, and a comprehensive qualitative focus group session was conducted to achieve this goal. Fifty-five top managers of Russian and Indonesian coal companies participated in the focus group session to collect data for identifying all the factors and indicators to be accounted for in a holistic assessment of the companies’ competitiveness. Suggestions were worked out for the development of coal companies in Russia and Indonesia, regarding current changes, to increase their competitiveness. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-02-021 Full Text: PDF

A Social Network Analysis of Large-Scale Wildlife Seizures Made at US Ports of Entry

ABSTRACT The United States is among the largest markets of both legal and illegal wildlife in the world. Prior studies of wildlife seized at US ports of entry have demonstrated that a small number of flora and fauna species account for a disproportionate share of illicit wildlife seizures and that a select number of entry ports and export countries account for the large majority of these seizures. However, the distributional flow of wildlife entering the US – the patterns of where a particular wildlife originates and the port of entry it arrives at – remains unclear. Using a social network analysis to model 31,270 large-scale trafficking incidents between 2003 and 2012, we found that removing five ports from the network would disrupt over 66% of the illegal wildlife trade by each major mode of transportation (air cargo, mail, personal baggage, ocean cargo). Further, certain ports have emerged as important seizure hubs regardless of transportation modes, such as San Francisco and Los Angeles, while other US entry ports are highly dense and seized most illicit wildlife specifically by one transportation mode. On the exporter side, China, Mexico, and Southeast Asia had an outsized effect on network clusters and should be targeted for network fragmentation and anti-trafficking education campaigns.

“Sedentarisation” of transhumant pastoralists results in privatization of resources and soil fertility decline in West Africa's cotton belt

Transhumant pastoralism is an ancient natural resource management system traditionally connecting ecosystems across north-south precipitation gradients in West Africa. As rural population grew, several governments in the region have promoted their settlement, i.e., the “sedentarisation” of nomadic pastoral peoples to avoid conflict over land use and access to resources with local sedentary populations. Former transhumant pastoralists settled down and started growing crops using the manure of their livestock. This led to the dwindling of traditional agreements and exchanges (manure against crop residues) between pastoralists and agriculturalists, that resulted in less nutrients flowing between livestock, food crops and the main cash crop in the region: cotton. As a consequence, soil fertility declined, grazing areas are overexploited, and crop production is increasingly dependent on mineral fertilizers, which are produced outside the region, exposing the livelihood of local farmers to the volatility of international (oil) markets. How do local farmers perceive the effect of this virtual “privatization” of natural resources? Is the production of cotton, a main agricultural export of west African countries, a viable option in this new situation? What does this imply for the research and policy agendas to support agricultural development? We explored these questions through engaging in discussion with farmers, herders and extension agents in three cotton growing zones of Benin.

Nexus between macroeconomic uncertainty, oil prices, and exports: evidence from quantile-on-quantile regression approach.

International trade is key to boosting the economic growth and development of an economy. Hence, it becomes critical to analyze its determinants. The present study attempts to empirically analyze the determinants of trade exports of Pakistan with its top-5 trade partners. The prior literature suffers from biased findings due to deploying the aggregate data and ignoring the likely asymmetries in the drivers of the exports. The present study has used the monthly data of oil prices and macroeconomic uncertainty in order to empirically investigate the determinants of exports. For the purpose of analysis, several advanced econometric (quantile unit root, cointegration, and granger causality) tests and (quantile-on-quantile regression) techniques are utilized to handle the issue of asymmetries in the modeled series. The findings reveal a positive and significant relationship between oil prices in Pakistan and exports. Furthermore, macroeconomic uncertainty has a significantly negative impact on the country's exports. Based on the results, key policy implications are provided.

International transfer of railway infrastructure through the intermediation of aid agencies

This paper proposes a conceptualization of the mechanism of international transfer of infrastructure (as opposed to knowledge, technology, or policy transfer) through the intermediation of development aid organizations (DAOs). DAOs are powerful transnational actors able to provide and mobilize vast resources on behalf of constrained government agencies. They accomplish the transfer first by means of financing, then by assisting in the preparation of the contract packages, and finally in the public procurement process leading to the formation of contractual linkages. Twenty-eight (28) contract packages of seven rail-related projects in the Philippines financed by three DAOs are used as the main dataset, complemented by interview and document data. Through a content analysis of the contracts, the authors derive the mechanism of replication-linkage-flow. The current study has implications for understanding railway infrastructure transfer not only as national development for the recipient country but also as an export for the host country.

Numerous uncertainties in the multifaceted global trade in frogs’ legs with the EU as the major consumer

The commercial trade in frogs and their body parts is global, dynamic and occurs in extremely large volumes (in the thousands of tonnes/yr or billions of frogs/yr). The European Union (EU) remains the single largest importer of frogs’ legs, with most frogs still caught from the wild. Amongst the many drivers of species extinction or population decline (e.g. due to habitat loss, climate change, disease etc.), overexploitation is becoming increasingly more prominent. Due to global declines and extinctions, new attention is being focused on these markets, in part to try to ensure sustainability. While the trade is plagued by daunting realities of data deficiency and uncertainty and the conflicts of commercial interests associated with these data, it is clear is that EU countries are most responsible for the largest portion of the international trade in frogs’ legs of wild species. Over decades of exploitation, the EU imports have contributed to a decline in wild frog populations in an increasing number of supplying countries, such as India and Bangladesh, as well as Indonesia, Turkey and Albania more recently. However, there have been no concerted attempts by the EU and present export countries to ensure sustainability of this trade. Further work is needed to validate species identities, secure data on wild frog populations, establish reasonable monitored harvest/export quotas and disease surveillance and ensure data integrity, quality and security standards for frog farms. Herein, we call upon those countries and their representative governments to assume responsibility for the sustainability of the trade. The EU should take immediate action to channel all imports through a single centralised database and list sensitive species in the Annexes of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulation. Further, listing in CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) can enforce international trade restrictions. More joint efforts are needed to improve regional monitoring schemes before the commercial trade causes irreversible extinctions of populations and species of frogs.

Competitiveness Analysis and Factors Affecting Indonesian Cinnamon Exports

Cinnamon is one of the plantation spice commodities that contributes to the Indonesian economy. Indonesia is the largest exporter country in the world regarding the total export volume of cinnamon, but regarding the total value of exports, Indonesia comes in second after Sri Lanka. This study aims to analyze the comparative competitiveness of Indonesian cinnamon among major competitors in the United States’ market and to analyze the factors that influence the competitiveness of Indonesian cinnamon exports in the United States. The data used in this study comprise secondary data from 2007 to 2021 obtained from various data sources. The revealed comparative advantage method was used in a comparative competitiveness analysis. Moreover, the factors that affect the competitiveness of Indonesian cinnamon exports in the United States were analyzed using the ordinary least squares method. The results of the analysis show that Indonesian cinnamon is competitive in the United States’ market, but Sri Lanka’s cinnamon exports have stronger competitiveness than Indonesia’s in the United States’ market. The results of the ordinary least squares method show that the exchange rate of the IDR (rupiah) against the USD, the volume of Indonesian cinnamon exports, the GDP per capita of the USA and the value of cinnamon exports to the USA have a significant effect on the competitiveness of Indonesian cinnamon exports to the United States.

Determination of 101 pesticide residues in Platycodonis radix and extracts of Angelica sinensis by gel permeation chromatography-gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry

With the growing global popularity of traditional medicine and natural drugs， especially in Southeast Asia， the quality of traditional Chinese medicines （TCMs） has attracted the attention of regulators. China's major TCM export destinations， such as South Korea， Japan， and Europe， have formulated strict maximum residue limits （MRLs） of pesticides in TCMs. Therefore， a sensitive and high-throughput method for the simultaneous determination of 101 pesticide residues in Platycodonis radix and extracts of Angelica sinensis was established， involving gel permeation chromatography （GPC） coupled with gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry （GC-ITMS）. In this method， the samples were first ground into fine powder and extracted twice with 20 mL acetonitrile in an ultrasonic cleaner for 30 min. After centrifugation for 10 min at 6000 r/min， the supernatants were combined and dried at 40 ℃ using a rotary vacuum evaporator. The residue was re-dissolved in 2 mL ethyl acetate-cyclohexane （1∶1， v/v） and purified by gel permeation chromatography using a 40 cm×20 mm column. The eluent collecting time was optimized as 17-30 min to ensure both the recovery of target compounds and the removal of interferences such as pigments and lipids from the target compounds. The eluent was then dried and re-dissolved with 1 mL toluene for analysis. The 101 pesticide residues were separated using the DB-5MS capillary column and analyzed by ion trap mass spectrometry. The pretreatment conditions and ion trap mass spectrometry parameters were optimized to effectively reduce the interference of complex TCM matrices and greatly improve the quantitative accuracy of the analysis and recovery of the target pesticides. Three spiked levels of 101 pesticides were tested. The average recovery range was 58.3%-108.9% and the relative standard deviations （RSDs） at the three spiked levels （n=10） ranged from 0.4% to 16.5%. The limits of detection （LODs， S/N=3） of the 101 pesticide compounds ranged from 0.2 to 40.0 μg/kg， while the limits of quantification （LOQs， S/N=10） ranged from 0.6 to 120.0 μg/kg， which met the maximum residue limits of China's main TCM export countries and organizations. This rapid analysis method was easy to operate and high throughput， with strong sensitivity and good repeatability. The employment of gel permeation chromatography overcame the drawback of inadequate cleanup of the solid phase extraction column during TCM analysis. The application of ion trap technology further eliminated the interference of matrix impurities and increased the accuracy of the quantitative and qualitative analyses. This method fills the knowledge gap in multiple pesticide residue determination in TCMs using gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry and is a useful and beneficial alternative to current analytical methods of TCMs.