Level Of Exports Research Articles

Tire Company’s Valuation in Using Free Cash Flow to Firm and Relative Valuation Method

Tire company shares are considered to be the most prospective in 2018. This is related to the increasing level of tire exports, especially to Europe. Goodyear Indonesia (GDYR), Gajah Tunggal (GJTL), and Multistrada Arah Sarana (MASA) are three listed companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2014-2018. This thesis analyzes the intrinsic price of shares in the Tire Sub-Sector using the Discounted Cash Flow - Free Cash Flow to Firm (FCFF) Method and the Relative Valuation (RV) approach, so that interested parties or investors can assess how the third issuer's position shares. The basis of the estimation is an analysis of the financial statements of the three companies in the period 2014 to 2018, to conduct a fair valuation of shares in 2018 and an extension of the estimated share price in 2019. With the DCF-FCFF approach, the results show that GDYR shares are overvalued in all scenarios. GJTL's share price is also overvalued in the Optimistic and Moderate scenarios, but the Pessimistic scenario is overvalued. Meanwhile, MASA's share price is overvalued in all scenarios. With the PER approach, the results show that GDYR & MASA's shares are in an overvalued position in all scenarios. However, GJTL shares are in an overvalued position in all scenarios. With the PBV approach, the results show that the share price of GDYR & MASA are in an overvalued position in all scenarios. However, GJTL's share price is overvalued in all scenarios.

Decarbonizing Canada’s energy supply and exports with solar PV and e-fuels

Implementation of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) and e-fuels in Canada could help mitigate GHG emissions while also producing enough energy to meet demand. This study examines the potential of PV electricity to meet Canada’s energy demand at three levels: replacement of GHG-emitting electricity, replacement of GHG-emitting secondary energy use, and replacement of fossil fuel exports. Secondary energy is replaced with direct electrification and e-fuels created using solar electricity. Energy exports are in the form of e-fuels, produced using solar energy. The amount of land and increased electricity generation needed is calculated.If Canada were to simply decarbonize its grid, an equivalent of only 7.3% of the land currently used in oil and gas production in Alberta would be needed for PV panels. To replace both electricity and GHG-emitting secondary energy uses, Canada would need a 4.7- to 7.7-fold increase in its current clean electricity generation. To completely decarbonize all domestic energy, and maintain current levels of energy exports, Canada would need to increase its current clean electrical generation by 13.4 to 16.5 times. PV panels would cover less than 1.6% of Canada’s land mass.

Retracted: Measurement of Trade Export Level Based on Computer Simulation Technology

Retracted: Measurement of Trade Export Level Based on Computer Simulation Technology

The potential of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants cultivation to develop the Agri-business in Mizoram

India is one of country which is known for its agricultural products and currently more than 70% population still living in rural area. India is fully blessed with different kinds of agro-climatic regions. Production wise our country is standing at second rank throughout the world. Some of agricultural products from India are very high in demand in many parts of the globe. Counting its agro-climatic regions, the North East Region (NER) is another hot spot acquired a land of agriculture as well as forest area. The each states of NER having its own peculiarity for various agro products. They used to cultivate many crops which include export level to their daily delicacy. Ginger, Turmeric, Chili, Beans and bamboo products are produced in large quantities. As per the statistics, Mizoram is the highest ginger producing state (8.4 tons/hec) followed by Arunachal Pradesh (7.9 tons/hec), Assam and Nagaland (6.99 tons/hec) among the states of NER. Apart from cultivation, 60% area of NER comes under forest cover, especially Mizoram, where more than 80% of the geographical area of the state is under forest and tree cover. Looking into the prospects of diverse agricultural land settings and forest cover including biodiversity of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), Mizoram could be potential state in relation to agribusiness. There is a tremendous scope for MAPs sector in the state. Valuable MAPs like Homalomena aromatica, Alpinia galanga, Cinnamomum tamala, C. verum, Mentha arvensis, Artemisia pollens, Ocimum sanctum, Elsholtzia communis and many others are traditionally cultivated on very small scale. Thus, there is a need to introduce good agricultural practices (GAPs) for increasing the raw materials/yield to establish the agri-market in Mizoram.

The determinants of China’s outward foreign direct investment in ASEAN: A panel ARDL approach

Research aims: This paper aims to examine factors influencing China's outward foreign direct investment (FDI) in ASEAN economies.Design/Methodology/Approach: The Kao panel cointegration approach and the Panel ARDL model were used in this study to estimate the long-run and short-run relationship between variables. This method is deemed superior to other panel models since it is advantageous when dealing with non-stationary variables at the level or I(1).Research findings: The estimation results provide empirical evidence that in the long run, ASEAN market size, exchange rate, import and export levels between China and ASEAN countries, inflation rate, and institutional factors such as the index of corruption control and political stability are the primary determinants of the flow of outward foreign direct investments from China to ASEAN economies. Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study provides additional evidence regarding the factors influencing direct investment flow from the home country to the host country, known as an outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). Previous studies have robustly proven that OFDI flows are influenced by factors such as the resources and market size of the host country, as predicted by location theory. This study further provides evidence that host country trade policy, the level of competitiveness demonstrated by favorable exchange rates, and institutional factors like corruption control and political stability are other important determinants in the context of China’s OFDI in ASEAN countries.Practitioner/Policy implication: Maintaining open trade policy, a competitive exchange rate and significant improvement in law and order would be suitable policies for ASEAN economies to attract more investment from China and other countries.Research limitation/Implication: This study did not cover other variables, such as investment facilities provided by the host government. In addition, economic packages like tax holidays and import-tariff discounts are common policies ASEAN countries provide. Hence, this variable can be considered in future research.

RUSSIAN INVASION IN UKRAINE: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FOOD SECURITY

In a global framework disrupted by instability and conflict, both from a social and economic perspective, the primary human needs of the populations are the ones that the policy makers and researchers should keep at the top of their agenda. Therefore, the problem of food security worldwide imposes itself as a very stringent aspect to take into account when evaluating the implications of the current global turbulences. The primary objective of the present article is to review, based on the information available at the regional and global level, the impact of the Russian invasion in Ukraine on food security, and to provide some helpful insights to world leaders whose responsibility is to elaborate adequate policies that minimize the negative consequences of this military conflict, especially considering food shortages. After an in-depth analysis, we identified the fact that the war negatively impacted the agricultural sector, adding on the pressures generated by the Covid-19 pandemic, inflation, and climate change. Although at the regional level, as in the case of the EU, there have not yet been any situations of food insecurity, globally, in the case of countries with a high degree of dependence on food aid and food commodity imports, food insecurity started to manifest since May 2022 putting under risk a considerable part of the population. The results also revealed that, at the global level, the four dimensions of food security – availability, access, utilization and stability – have been affected both in the short and in the long term. Both globally and at the EU level, there have been changes regarding cereal prices, quantity produced, export, and import levels. The EU – Ukraine solidarity corridors were among the methods implemented to reduce the impact of the war on the agricultural sector, and mainly to avoid a possible world crisis and the deepening of food insecurity challenge.

METHODICAL PROVISION OF ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE FUNCTIONING OF A HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE ON THE BASIS OF SCORE-COEFFICIENT METHOD

Topicality. The development of high-tech industrial enterprises in the conditions of the socio-economic crisis of the world economy and the state of war in Ukraine can become one of the actual promising directions for choosing a strategy for the development of Ukraine's innovative economy. This will allow the country to produce products with a high level of added value, to increase the level of export of products, which will contribute to increasing the competitiveness of the domestic economy, reducing dependence on the technologies of foreign countries and leaving the shadow of the "raw material appendage", socio-economic growth and sustainable development. Such achievements are possible taking into account the evolutionary approach to the management of the development of high-tech industrial enterprises and the justification of the choice of priorities taking into account the scientific and technological component on the basis of forecasting directions of technological development and know-how, ways of developing venture investments and directions of state support for enterprises of high-tech industries, coordinated financial credit, depreciation and structural policies. For this purpose, the selection of methods for evaluating the effectiveness of the functioning of high-tech industrial enterprises is relevant, one of which is the ball-coefficient method, which is studied in the article.Aim and tasks. To provide methodical support for evaluating the efficiency of the operation of a high-tech industrial enterprise based on the point-coefficient methodMaterials and Methods. The results of the comparative analysis and theoretical generalization of developments, scientific approaches to the assessment of the effectiveness of the functioning of high-tech industrial enterprises are covered in publications of a fundamental, analytical and practical nature, which form the material and methodical basis of the research. The evaluation of efficiency was carried out using the point-coefficient method. This method, unlike the existing ones, is based on an integral indicator and an expert assessment based on the final evaluation of scientific and technological, industrial, organizational, social and economic potentials and additional preliminary studies.Research results. As modern real practice shows, only reforming the high-tech sector of Ukraine's economy will not solve the issue of creating real opportunities for domestic enterprises exit from the crisis. That is why the task of evaluating the effectiveness of high-tech management has arisen enterprises. For this purpose, it is necessary to carry out a number of measures for the preparation and implementation of scientific-based, scientific-technological, organizational and management solutions that have a high-tech direction and to form the appropriate methodological support for the management of high-tech activities of industrial enterprises. The prerequisites for achieving the set goals are orientation towards international standards for determining the efficiency of high-tech enterprise activities and assessing the competitiveness of the products produced by them. To determine the level of efficiency of the operation of a high-tech enterprise, it is necessary to determine its high-tech potential in general, which consists not only of production potential, but also of scientific and technological, organizational, social and environmental potential. The article proposes a point-coefficient method for determining a single integral indicator of the high-tech potential of an industrial enterprise, taking into account expert assessments. One of the most important such indicators is the determination of the specific weight of scientific and research developments assigned to the highest quality category. Therefore, the issue of quality attestation of high-tech projects has been investigated. These certification data are included in the system for assessing the quality of functioning of a high-tech enterprise. To expand the company's potential, it is proposed to use such a CASE tool as BPwin. In the future, this will become the basis for the development and implementation of an information model of the investment process, which will lead to the further expansion of the enterprise and the production of high-tech products. This will provide an opportunity to make a decision about making long-term investments by the enterprise to increase the high-tech potential of the enterprise based on the calculation of expected performance indicators. The information model built in this way acts as a basis for solving tasks related to increasing the efficiency of the operation of high-tech production, determining the economically feasible limits of robotization of technological operations, and choosing the parameters and type of equipment.Conclusion. The article developed a methodology with a corresponding system of indicators for evaluating the efficiency of the high-tech industrial enterprise using the point-coefficient method. The components of the high-tech potential of the enterprise, as well as the requirements and compliance with regard to the certification of high-tech projects, are determined. The requirements for modern design and technological documentation for the development and production of high-tech products and for its technical and economic level for the formation of an information model for calculating expected performance indicators are substantiated.

The non-use of evidence in the adoption of a sugar-sweetened beverage tax in OECD countries.

Studies confirm the positive effect of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxation on public health. However, only a few countries in Europe adopt SSB taxes. From a public policy perspective, we investigate the conditions under which countries do or do not follow this evidence. Crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) of 26 European Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development countries with and without an SSB tax. We test which configurations of conditions (problem pressure, governmental composition, strategic planning, health care system, public health policies, inclusion of expert advice in policymaking) emerge as relevant in determining adoption and non-adoption between the years 1981 and 2021. Pathways that lead to the presence and absence of SSB taxes are identified separately. At least one of the following configurations of conditions is present in countries that introduced taxation: (i) high financial problem pressure, low regulatory impact assessment activity; (ii) high public health problem pressure, a contribution-financed health care system, no holistic strategy for combatting non-communicable diseases (NCDs); (iii) a tax-financed health care system, a holistic NCD strategy, high strategic and executive planning capacity. In countries that did not adopt SSB taxes, we find (i) high regulatory impact assessment activity, high levels of sugar export; (ii) no holistic NCD strategy, high spending on preventive care; (iii and iv) a lack of strategic planning capacity and either a high share of spending on preventive care or inclusion of expert advice. Evidence inclusion requires clear policy priorities in terms of strategy and resources to promote public health.

Role of Customs and Tariff Regulation in Foreign Trade with China (by the Example of Regions of the Siberian Federal District)

The current situation in the world dictates new rules for conducting foreign economic cooperation for Russia. Russia has fully deployed the vector of cooperation to the East. Over the past decades, China has been the main trading partner in this direction. The article analyzes the foreign trade of the regions of the Siberian Federal District with China. The subjects of the Siberian Federal District are strategically important territories for foreign economic transactions due to their geographical location and economic potential. The regions of the Siberian Federal District, according to their commodity specialization, deliver to China: timber, products of the fuel and energy complex, food products and agricultural raw materials. China imports machinery and equipment, products of the chemical industry to the regions of the Siberian Federal District. Given the desire of our state to increase the share of exports of value-added products, the role of customs and tariff regulation in achieving these goals is highlighted. So, using the example of the export of the commodity group "Wood and pulp and paper products" to China by the regions of the Siberian Federal District and the level of export customs duties, it is shown that there has been a redistribution in the commodity structure of timber exports from unprocessed timber in favor of processed. An analysis of China's weighted average import tariff rate showed that the principle of tariff escalation is applied to Russia: rates are low for raw materials, and high for value-added products. At the same time, the level of the weighted average import tariff rate in relation to Russia for many commodity items is lower than in relation to the whole world. It is proposed to increase the volume of production and supply of consumer goods and agricultural products, taking into account the solution of logistical problems.

Development management of the export potential of the timber industry

The authors describe the role of the export potential of the timber industry under sanctions in this article. The authors also describe how the sanctions policy of the West against Russia affects the Russian market, mainly the timber industry. The theoretical aspects of the factors of the influence of sanctions on the export potential are considered, various areas of functioning of the export potential of the timber industry are described. The author notes that the timber industry, in terms of the Western sanctions, has reduced the output of goods, as well as the export of these products, thereby reducing budget revenues from this industry, both at the national and regional levels. The timber industry, in turn, is divided according to the scale of production at the national, regional levels and at the level of enterprises. The structure of the timber industry at the national level is differentiated and it includes various areas of raw material use by industries: logging, woodworking, wood chemical and pulp and paper production. The condition to the formation of the export potential of the timber industry at the regional level is that all factors interact, which has influence on the increase of the level of exports of the timber industry in order to strengthen the competitiveness of the products of the timber industry, to increase the export potential and its stimulating effect on the economy and development of the region. It is pointed out that the export potential of the timber industry, both at the national and regional levels, suggests the totality of all areas of activity of the timber industry, that is why the pressure of sanctions affected negatively not only the production of outputs of timber industry, but also pricing, the dependence of the export potential of the timber industry on negative factors of the sanctions impact has increased, therefore, the Western sanctions against Russia had a negative impact on external turnover, as well as on the export potential of the timber industry.

Bagaimana Harga Komoditas Unggulan dan Volume Ekspor Sumatera Selatan sebelum dan saat Pandemi Covid - 19

This research is not only aimed at analyzing whether there are significant differences in the price levels of world rubber and palm oil commodities, and the value of exports in South Sumatra. But also, to find out how the influence of world rubber and palm prices on export levels in South Sumatra. The data in this study are monthly data on world rubber prices, world palm prices, and South Sumatra's export values before the pandemic (January 2018 - February 2020) and data on world rubber prices, world palm prices, and South Sumatra's export values during the pandemic (March 2020 – April 2022). Data analysis techniques in this study used SPSS and Eviews. This study uses SPSS in conducting an independent sample t-test to find out differences in world rubber prices, world palm prices, and South Sumatra's export values before and during the pandemic. Meanwhile, to find out whether there is an effect of world rubber prices and world palm prices on export levels in South Sumatra, a multiple regression test was carried out using Eviews. The results of this study indicate that there are differences in world rubber prices, world palm prices, and South Sumatra's export levels before and during the Covid-19 outbreak. Based on the results of the regression test, world rubber prices have an effect on export levels in South Sumatra, while world palm prices have no significant effect on export levels in South Sumatra. However, world rubber prices and world palm prices simultaneously affect the level of exports in South Sumatra. The government is expected to be able to support the development of downstream rubber and palm oil processing industries in order to increase the added value of rubber and palm products, increase production of rubber and palm oil, and export activities.

Fiscal institutional reform and export product quality: A Quasi-experimental research on counties managed directly by provinces

The fiscal system plays a significant role in an enterprise's financial resources and innovation. The existing literature on the impact of fiscal restructuring on exports deals mainly with the quantitative level of exports and does not answer quality-oriented policy concerns. This paper considers counties-managed-directly-by-provinces reform as a quasi-experiment, using the double-difference method to examine the impact of that reform on the export product quality of enterprises. The results show that after the reform, the quality of export products was significantly improved for the treatment group compared with the control group. Placebo, sample tail-shortening, two-stage difference-in-differences (DID), and propensity score matching–DID retesting confirmed the robustness of these results. State-owned enterprises and small-scale enterprises were found to be more sensitive to reform. The reform alleviated financial repression and improved the export product quality of enterprises by influencing bank credit, government subsidies, and horizontal financing between enterprises.

Good Manufacturing Practices in Black Tea Processing at PT. XYZ

Black tea comes from perfectly fermented tea leaves and is one of Indonesia's main export commodities. The high level of black tea exports requires producers to produce high-quality products. One way to realize quality and safe products is by implementing Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). The purpose of this study was to determine the application of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in black tea processing at PT XYZ. The research method was carried out by collecting primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through direct observation and practice in the field, as well as interviews with related parties. While secondary data is obtained through records and archives such as libraries and references to other supporting sources, The variables observed were company location, buildings, sanitation facilities, production equipment, raw and supporting materials, production processes, personnel hygiene, waste handling, production support facilities, and product packaging. The results showed that PT XYZ as a whole had implemented GMP well in the black tea processing industry, with GMP implementation levels ranging from 75–100%. The building GMP component has an implementation rate of 80%, with the "walls and floors" sub-component not properly implemented. In addition, the personnel hygiene component has an implementation rate of 75% with the sub-component "hygiene monitoring for personnel who have direct contact with the product," which is still not properly implemented.

Structural change level of Turkish manufacturing industry exports and its compatibility with world demand

Bu çalışmada, 2010’lu yıllarında Türkiye imalat sanayii ihracatının geneli ve sektörel kompozisyonunda yapısal değişim düzeyinin tespiti ve olası yapısal değişimin niteliğinin analiz edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla üç haneli endüstri verilerinden hareketle imalat sanayi genelinde, tek haneli endüstri gruplarında ve iki haneli temel sektörlerde yapısal değişim düzeyleri saptanmaktadır. Daha sonra bu değişimin nitelik yönü irdelenmekte, faydalı bir değişim olup olmadığı, başka bir ifadeyle dünya ölçeğinde sektörlerin ithalat talebindeki değişimle ne derece uyumlu olduğu belirlenmeye çalışılmaktadır. Yöntem olarak, yapısal değişim düzeyi ve bu değişimin faydalılık niteliğinin ölçümünde Lawrence endeksi ve faydalı yapısal değişim endeksi birlikte kullanılmaktadır. İmalat sanayiinin kapsamı SITC 1 ve 4-8 kodlu temel endüstri gruplarından oluşmakta, bu kapsamda UN Comtrade üç haneli 174 endüstrinin dış ticaret verisi kullanılmakta, teknik gereklilik olduğu yerlerde dört haneli endüstri verilerinden faydalanılmaktadır. Çalışmada 2010-2019 döneminde Türkiye imalat sanayii ihracatında Lawrence endeksi yapısal değişim değeri 0,1517 bulunmuş, faydalı yapısal değişim endeksinin 0,05894 olarak pozitif değer taşıdığı saptanmıştır. Çalışma bulguları imalat sanayii ihracatı genelinde, sınırlı düzeyde de olsa, yapısal bir değişim yaşandığına ve bu değişimin dünya talebiyle uyumlu olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bununla birlikte sektörel ayrıntıda incelendiğinde gerek imalat sanayii alt sektörleri ihracatının yapısal değişim düzeylerinde gerekse üç haneli alt endüstri ihracatlarının dünya tabiyle uyumluluk seviyelerinde belirgin farklılıkların olduğu görülmektedir.

Investment, Exchange Rate and Exports Nexus within the South African Automotive Industry

The automotive industry is one of the South African industries that contribute to the manufacturing output and exports and plays important to the country’s economic performance. However, the export volume from this industry depends on various economic factors that include foreign direct investment, domestic investment and exchange rate volatility. The current study aims to determine empirically these three variables on the export volume in the South African automotive industry. To achieve this objective, the authors applied the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, ECM and causality test on quarterly time series data from 2008 to 2021. The study findings reveal that in the long run, domestic investment has a dominant positive effect on exports from the automotive industry. However, while both domestic investment and exchange rate are inversely related to the export in the short run, foreign direct investment is positively significant to increase export levels. The study recommends, based on these findings, the implementation of strategies that enhance growth in domestic investment and cautious management of foreign direct investment as the latter is more effective in the short run. Additionally, the monetary policymakers should, in each policy introduced and implemented, aim for the stability of the domestic currency and its effect on exports, especially in the automotive industry.

Ecologically Unequal Exchange and Farm Animal Welfare: An Empirical Analysis Using the Voiceless Animal Cruelty Index

ABSTRACT Ecologically unequal exchange theory explains that unequal trade arrangements between higher- and lower-income countries result in greater environmental degradation in lower-income countries. Farm animals are sometimes neglected by sociology because of their unique place between nature and society. Here, we extend ecologically unequal exchange theory to analyze trade relationships between higher- and lower-income countries and farm animal cruelty, using data from 2014. Results from regression analyses show that contrary to what we would expect based on ecologically unequal exchange theory, higher levels of exports to high-income countries from low- and middle-income countries is associated with lower overall farm animal cruelty and production of farm animal cruelty. We suggest that this may be the result of spillover effects, where the types of legislation meant to improve farm animal welfare passed in high-income countries are affecting lower-income countries, and call for more research into animal welfare, including research that examines changes over time as data become available.

Ecologically unequal exchange, repression, and forest loss: How China's demand for agricultural products impacts the natural environment

Drawing on ecologically unequal exchange theory and previous cross-national research on the topic, we assess whether agricultural exports from peripheral nations to China tend to increase forest loss in exporting nations. We extend this theory by considering if repressive nations facilitate ecologically unequal exchange between peripheral nations and China. We argue that this may be the case because repressive nations create a “good business climate” for Chinese firms via economic incentives (e.g., tax holidays), regulatory concessions, labor flexibility, and imposed political stability, that exacerbate the harmful impact of agricultural exports from peripheral nations to China on forests. Using ordinary least squares regression for a sample of 60 peripheral nations, we begin by finding support for our main hypothesis that higher levels of agricultural exports sent from peripheral nations to China are related to increased forest loss in the peripheral nations. We go on to find that ecologically unequal exchanges of agricultural products from peripheral nations to China increase forest loss more at higher rather than lower levels of repression.

Effects of cross-border E-commerce customs declaration ceiling increase on export performance under COVID-19 conditions

PurposeThis study examines the impact of raising the ceiling value of Electronic Commerce Custom Declarations (ECCD) on Turkey's export performance processed via ECCD during the COVID-19 period.Design/methodology/approachThis paper examines the impact of the pandemic conditions on Cross-Border Electronic Commerce (ECCD) exports from Turkey to 47 countries over 42 months before and during the pandemic. An empirical analysis using the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Mean Group (MG), Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach was conducted to identify the factors affecting export flows.FindingsThe findings suggest that raising the ceiling of the ECCD trade is a vital factor in increasing exports. and this result is robust after controlling for pandemic conditions. On the other hand, although the COVID-19 shock mitigates the export volume of ECCD in the short run, it changes by reversal and increases the export level in the long run. Additionally, the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Turkey have a significant and negative impact on export flows in the short run, while they have a positive and significant effect in the long run.Practical implicationsThe results of this study have practical implications for policymakers, emphasizing the potential and significance of Cross-Border E-Commerce (CBEC) trade.Originality/valueThe study is a pioneering effort in the literature of CBEC to explore how changes in the upper limit on customs declarations can affect export flows, taking into account the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Comparative analysis of shrimp, cocoa and banana exports from Ecuador for the years 2018 - 2022 and their impact on the trade balance

In the present work, exports from Ecuador are analyzed, mainly products such as shrimp, cocoa and bananas. The objective of this study is the following: Carry out a comparative analysis of shrimp, cocoa and banana exports from Ecuador in the period 2018 - 2022 and the incidence that this has on the trade balance. The investigative approach used has been mixed, from the qualitative point of view, the characteristics and qualities of the market were studied in terms of the oil and non-oil part. In relation to the quantitative, data representing figures related to: oil exports, non-oil exports, imports, monetary value, deficit, surplus, etc., obtained by the Central Bank of Ecuador, were studied. show in volume and production capacity. Ecuador reflects a high level of export dependency on agricultural products such as bananas, shrimp, and cocoa beans. Agricultural products represent approximately 11% of Ecuador's total exports to China, mainly distributed in four tariff parts such as shrimp, fishmeal, cocoa beans and bananas. The production of shrimp, bananas and cocoa currently represents one of the main sources of income for the country, due to the fall in the price of oil and the levels of exports of oil products. Ecuador's main market is the United States, China and followed by Vietnam and Peru.

Trade Relations Between Paraguay and The European Union: Effects of The Generalized System of Preferences Plus (1999-2018)

This research aims to determine the effects of the Generalized System of Preferences Plus (GSP+) in the relations between Paraguay and the European Union (EU) from 1999-2018. The methodology followed was bibliographic-documentary research, with a quantitative approach. The main results indicate that, compared to the generalized preference schemes, the EU GSP + showed excellent results. In addition, trade relations during the validity of the system in question had a substantial increase, in terms of the level and diversification of exports. Likewise, the coefficient estimated in the model to show the effect of SGP+ was positive and its magnitude was the highest of the variables analyzed in the model.