Export Goods Research Articles

Siberian Fairs in the Foreign Trade System of the Russian Empire in the XIX Century

The article is devoted to the problems of integration of Siberia into the foreign trade system of the Russian Empire during the XIX century. Special attention is paid to the role and importance of Siberian fairs in Russia's export-import operations with the countries and peoples of the East, the ethno-confessional features of Siberian merchants’ participation in foreign trade, the characteristics of Siberia's leading fairs, the range of export and import goods, etc. The development of fair trade in the macroregion contributed to the active inclusion of Siberia in the all-Russian economic processes and the formation of a single economic space. During the century, the number of fairs increased significantly, including those in remote and hard-to-reach areas, where fur trappers from among the small indigenous peoples brought their fur goods. The author provides examples of the activities of large trading houses, the Russian-American Company for the purchase of Siberian goods for their sale abroad, as well as the sale of imported goods at Siberian fairs. He analyses the reasons for the movement of Chinese and Central Asian merchants into the interior of Siberia with goods that were in steady demand at the bazaars. The importance of the development of transport routes (including river ones) in the development of both fair and foreign trade in the period under review is noted. The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway (the Great Siberian Way) and the Manchurian Railway contributed to the expansion of Russian-Eastern trade through Siberia, strengthening the positions of leading fair-trade centres near the railways. By the end of the century, Siberia's foreign trade relations had spread to remote regions of Asia: domestic goods purchased at Siberian fairs could be found in Shanghai and Hong Kong, Japan and Korea, the Philippines and Singapore, etc.

The Analysis of the Linkages Between Inflation, Exports and Imports, and the Interest Rate on the Exchange Rate in Indonesia in the Year 2010-2019

<pre><em>This study aims to analyze the effect of the inflation rate, import-export activities, interest rates simultaneously on fluctuations in the rupiah exchange rate against the US dollar from 2010 to 2019. The method used in this study is the VAR/VECM with the Eviews analysis tool. to see whether there is a long-term or short-term effect between variables. The results of this study all have a positive influence on the rupiah exchange rate against the US dollar and are in accordance with the hypothesis and theory used, but the export activity variable is not in accordance with the hypothesis and theory because of the influence of imports on raw materials to produce export goods. This study also provides an update where the interest rate variable uses the theory of interest rate parity, which states that there is a balance of international interest with domestic interest so that the relationship between interest can affect fluctuations in the rupiah exchange rate against the US dollar and increase incoming capital flows</em></pre>

Никарагуа: от модели «консенсуса» к авторитаризму

The article deals with the crisis of political situation in Nicaragua on the eve and after parliament and presidential elections on November 7, 2021. The authors shed light upon the social, economic, and political characteris-tics of existed model. In their opinion, behind the showcase of external well-being grave contradictions had accumulated in the country that came to being in April 2018. The aggravation of the situation was influenced by the negative consequences of COVID 19 pandemia. At the same time due to police control over internal political situation, favorable prices for export goods of Nicaragua and the growth of funds coming from Nicaraguans abroad and foreign loans permitted D. Ortega to stabilize the economic sit-uation. But a lot of social problems remain unresolved. The elections of November 2021 were a sham. Ortega has managed to be reelected due to the gruesome repressions against the opposition that caused the sanctions imposed on Managua by US and European Union. Looking for other partners Ortega decided to establish diplomatic relations and large-scale economic cooperation with China. The article analyses the political potential and possibilities of opposition to gain the future elections. The attempt is made to prognosticate the political situation in the country in the coming years.

Product range management of online stores in the conditions of COVID-19

The article considers the current problem of improving the product range of online store in COVID-19 conditions. There is a steady tendency to increase the share of e-commerce in the global volume of retail trade, the level of visits to online stores. It was found that the system of product range management includes such organizational activities as planning (market analysis, range formation, planning of sales and logistics); organization (organization of order processing, analysis of the effectiveness of Internet commerce); control (monitoring the implementation of key performance indicators (KPI), assessment of the impact of product structure to achieve KPI, adjusting the assortment). In the near future, assortment management in online stores will be affected by such factors as increased demand, the uncertainty of the business environment, increased requirements for the quality of goods and their delivery, the complexity of delivery of goods, especially export goods. To adapt to external conditions, to ensure competitiveness in the long term, it is important to apply strategic and operational management tools. Strategic tools provide for long-term planning based on actual statistical and analytical data of activities and market development. Such tools should be the following: developing a strategy for adapting the nomenclature according to the dynamics of the market, justification of procedures for bringing the interface of the online store, the introduction of a flexible management strategy in terms of structural changes in the product range. In modern conditions the tools of operational management of the online store should be aimed at operational improvement of the range: to reject and/or replace products with low demand, improve customer perception of the goods offered by classifying them, the justification of the system of related services, taking into account economic efficiency.

China’s high-tech exports in 2000—2020

The article examines the trends of China’s high-tech exports in 2000—2020, and identifies the main channels of technology acquisition by the Chinese economy. The main factors affecting China’s high-tech exports are high-tech imports, foreign direct investment in China, the country’s gross domestic expenditure on R&D, and the exchange rate. Meanwhile, technology imports, incoming foreign direct investment and China’s gross domestic expenditures on R&D are the channels of technology acquisition for the Chinese economy. Statistically significant correlation coefficients with the growth rate of the share of high-tech goods in PRC exports were obtained for the following indicators: the growth rate of the share of gross domestic expenditures on R&D in GDP, the growth rate of the share of high-tech goods in imports and the growth rate of the share of foreign direct investment in GDP. The important role of gross domestic expenditures on R&D in the development of China’s innovations should be recognized. R&D is actively applied in China in situations where it is difficult or impossible to access the necessary knowledge as part of participation in international technology exchange.

Macroeconomic Determinants of Air Cargo Flows in Ghana

Air cargo flows in a country represent air trade volume involving the exchange of goods between countries, and it is significant to the economic development of nations. However, the instability of macroeconomic variables makes air cargo trade fluctuate with its decision-making challenges. This paper examines air cargo flows by volume, origin, destination, and Ghana’s macroeconomic determinants of air trade. The study collected categorized cargo volume data from Ghana Airport Company Ltd and macroeconomic data from the Bank of Ghana from 1991 to 2020. The study employed descriptive, correlation and regression to analyze data. ArcGIS mapping shows that European countries form the primary origins and destinations of cargo traffic in Ghana. The regression analysis found exchange rate (r = 0.43) and interest rate (r = 0.50) as the significant macroeconomic variables influencing air cargo trade in Ghana. This study highlights the need for policy decisions that promote an extensive bilateral exchange and lower interest rates for local production and export goods by air in Ghana.

Public–private cooperation and the provision of public goods for lemons and citrus exports from Argentina and Uruguay

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the lemon and citrus clusters in Argentina and Uruguay, in which the central role of public-private coordination in ensuring successful participation in global value chains. International agrifood markets are increasingly segmented in terms of quality, plant health and safety standards, requiring the implementation of reliable traceability systems and certifications of good practices. These requirements call for the alignment of various actors – including private companies, plant health organizations, science and technology institutions – behind a common interest.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed a series of case studies to answer the research question. Thus, the study conducted 30 in-depth semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from different public and private organizations (18 for the Argentinean case and 12 for Uruguay). This fieldwork took place between June and November 2020, where all interviews were recorded.FindingsThe clusters studied here exemplify how these challenges can be successfully met. In turn, these achievements not only represent new export opportunities, employment generation, attraction of foreign direct investment (or the opening of subsidiaries in other countries by one of the local companies) but also the possibility for small producers to benefit from a novel array of sectoral public goods and institutions that have the potential to contribute to their growth.Research limitations/implicationsThe adoption of a case study method limits the generalization of results.Originality/valueThis study sheds light on how public–private cooperation spaces and the provision of public goods might boost fruit exports.

New Asean Member Countries’ Exports to Japan: An Assessment of the New Goods Margin

Growth in exports along extensive margins has been observed during periods of trade liberalization. A rise in new goods margins is important for developing countries as this is a sign of increasing productivity of local firms and a move from overdependence on a small basket of goods. Adapting the methodology of Kehoe and Rul. This study evaluates the changes in the share of total value of the least traded export goods from new ASEAN member countries to Japan before and after the ratification of the ASEAN-Japan FTA. For each of the four countries, a baseline of HS lines of products comprising near 10% of total export value in 2009 was created from the BACI dataset. The analyses show that by 2018 the share of least traded goods to Japan have risen to almost 69% of total export value for Cambodia, 57% for Myanmar and 55% for Laos. For Vietnam, the rise is a modest 29%.

Monalisas Without a Smile: Female Characters in Romanian Cinema between the ‘false feminism’ of the socialist era and the ‘antifeminism’ of the 1990s

Abstract In Romanian Socialist cinema, filmul de actualitate (topical/contemporary/everyday life film) represented a topical genre that was supposed to reflect and legitimize – using the propaganda apparatus – an ideal but fictional society in which the protagonist had to be a hero with exceptional qualities, who reflected and promoted socialist ideology. My paper takes into account cinematic representations of female characters in this genre that reflect the Communist Party’s ideology regarding the role women should play in a socialist society. Once emancipated through work, their social roles changed in the 1970s as they became the symbol of motherhood. I will also discuss the way these representations changed after the fall of the communist regime and how the postcommunist transition highlighted the emergence of a new type of femininity when women were considered exportable goods, a product fitted for the free market.

EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH OF ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS)

Economic literature identifies international trade as one of the channels through which sustainable economic growth can be achieved. For years, the relevance of trade in economic growth process has been one of the most commonly debated topics among economists and policy makers in Africa. This study investigates the effects of international trade on the economic growth of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) from 2000 to 2018 across the 15 countries of the sub-region. Fixed effect model in a panel data environment was used for the analysis. The variables of interest are real gross domestic product, exports, imports, exchange rate, balance of payments and gross capital formation. The results show that exports, imports, exchange rate and balance of payments exert significant positive effects on economic growth of the ECOWAS, while gross capital formation exerts significant negative effect on growth of the economy of the countries. However, the independent variables jointly showed significant growth effect. Consequently, this study recommends that the ECOWAS should explore modern technology to transform their raw materials into intermediate export goods in order to increase the limited production and export base so as to become more competitive in international trade relations. Also, the imports of the sub-region should be skewed towards intermediate production inputs such as technology, machineries and chemicals which, when combined with the abundantly available human capital, would increase the production of value-added exports volumes, improve trading position and ultimately improve economic growth of the sub-region

An Analysis and Survey of Polishing Dents Warehouse Inventory Development

PT Setia Kiji Reed (SKR) was established in 1991, with its Jl address. Rancaekek Km. 24.5, Linggar, Kec. Rancaekek, Bandung Regency, West Java 40394 is a company that already uses computer technology in carrying out its business processes. This company is a joint venture between Japan (KIJI Reed Co. Ltd) and Indonesia, with business activities in the textile industry such as manufacturing and sales of reeds for weaving looms and material suppliers for air-jet reeds. The company has three divisions: Wirecut, Polishing Dents, and Reed Production. However, recording incoming and outgoing goods transactions at the Polishing Dents warehouse is not fully recorded in one application but is stored in various databases. Each punch-out or raw material from the supplier is stored in the warehouse as a raw material., These goods are processed through the production process into finished goods, held in the warehouse as finished goods for export. The data obtained in this study were collected by interview, observation, and literature study. Software development uses the Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology and a system design approach through the Object-Oriented Approach with the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The results of this study are an inventory management information system that can support and manage inventory processes in the warehouse, such as controlling and monitoring goods, maintaining goods returns, assigning suppliers, and reporting.

Impact of Covid-19 on Ginger Export, a Root Crop as Traditional Remedy for Covid-19

The World Health Organization (WHO) since its foundation in 1946 has worked for the improvement of global health and the fight against infectious diseases by bringing out preventive measures to curb the spread of viruses whiles working on approved medicines and vaccines to help heal infected people. The novel Covid-19 pandemic has currently affected almost every country in the world, and it has greatly caused an effect on the global economy at large. Whiles the World Health Organization is bringing out the specific initiative to address this targeted global health problem, many individuals are also relying on traditional methods to immune their systems as well as protect themselves from contracting the Covid-19 virus. Although, the WHO has declared that these traditional remedies are not certified and approved by the organization, the uncertainties and spontaneous reaction of people not to become victims of the Covid-19 virus employs these traditional remedies, although they are not certain about its effectiveness. This study explores the increase demands for ginger as a root crop to help boost the immunity of the body against the Covid-19 virus, as well as reveal the impact of the Covid-19 on the global economic export of ginger in the global market. The increase in the prices and demand of ginger in some countries in the world can fundamentally be credited to two fundamental factors. The first being the effect of the novel Covid-19 pandemic on international ginger trade, whereby there was an increase in the logistics costs since most borders and countries were under lockdown, and workers were self-isolating themselves from contracting the virus which in the long term resulted to the limited supply of goods for export. The second factor is attributed to the hearsay and tittle-tattle in some countries that ginger can be used as a therapeutic for the novel Covid-19 virus. This article has revealed that the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the export of ginger from China. China which happens to the largest international export country to export ginger globally experienced a decrease in the quantity of ginger exportation during the first quarter of 2020. However, the inability of China to export enough ginger has paved way for other countries such as Peru, Indonesia and Germany, Spain, and Turkey to increase in the export of their ginger to other countries. The increase in demand of ginger in this Covid-19 season is attributed to the ideology of consuming such root crop to boost the immune system of people. This paper argues that irrespective of the WHO unapproved use of ginger as a traditional remedy to cure the virus, people are still using this indigenous skill of herbal healing to boost their immune system. This provides reassurance and safety to people’s health. This assurance of the benefits derived from ginger consumption has led to an increase in demand for it, which has also increased in the global economic impact on ginger export.

Exchange Rate Volatility and Exports: The Nigerian Scenario

This paper investigated the impact of exchange rate volatility on exports in Nigeria utilizing data from 2005Q1 to 2020Q4. The ARCH model and its extensions of GARCH, TARCH and EGARCH models and nominal effective exchange rate were employed to measure exchange rate volatility. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bounds test methodology was used to examine the short-run and long-run effects of exchange rate volatility on exports. The findings validated the presence of exchange rate volatility. In addition, the results revealed that exchange rate volatility had a negative and insignificant impact on exports. The study, thus, recommends that the government of Nigeria through the Central Bank of Nigeria should foster stable regimes of exchange rate through the implementation of appropriate policies of the exchange rate. Also, an enabling environment for the production of exportable goods should be provided by the government.

Strengthening Indonesia-Russia trade economy relations: Indonesia’s effort to access Eurasia market

The article discusses economic cooperation between Indonesia and Russia, as well as the possibility of Indonesia entering the Eurasian market. Indonesia is recognized as the largest economy of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the leader of Southeast Asian countries with high rates of economic growth. The growth of the regional economy is expected to support global economic stability. Russia is an unconventional market for Indonesia's main goods in the Eurasian region, so Indonesian goods can be found quite rarely on Russian markets and in supermarkets. In this regard, it is important to understand which Indonesian export goods are of interest to Russians and how these goods can fall into Russia. To do this, it is necessary to study the business potential of partners with whom you can start working together. Since 2016, Indonesia has been emphasizing the importance of cooperation and trade and economic integration in the Asia-Pacific region, Eurasia and Southeast Asia. In the midst of a global pandemic, it is necessary to develop diplomacy and economic cooperation between Indonesia and Russia in order to prevent potential conflicts in the South China Sea involving the United States and China. At the same time, Indonesia should develop its economy and trade through bilateral and multilateral cooperation in international organizations. The study showed that economic cooperation between the two countries should contribute to strengthening trade relations, increasing investment and increasing the competitiveness of Indonesia's export products.

Global Goods in Export of the Russian Federation

Global Goods in Export of the Russian Federation

Suggestions on How FTZ Construction Can Help Develop Port Economy in Shaanxi

Shaanxi is a famous historical city in northwest China. In recent years, driven by the construction of FTZ (the abbreviation of Free Trade Zone), the construction of ports in Shaanxi has made great progress and the volume of import and export goods has increased greatly. This paper studies the current situation of the port economy after the establishment of FTZ through literature analysis and holds that compared with developed regions; there are still some practical problems such as inadequate customs services, low cooperation efficiency and other issues. After analysis, this paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions from the aspects of improving the level of trade facilitation, increasing government support and so on.

The Export-Based Variabilities in Oecd And Effects Of The Tax Burden Psychology On Export Limits

It is observed that different levels of development in OECD countries affect the variability in export limits at different levels. In this study, we aimed to deal with the variability in export limits, as the average of OECD countries, on the basis of both economic growth trends and investments in the production of exported goods. We have seen that all kinds of variability in investments have a positive correlation effect on national income together with the variable effect on export limits. This process of structural change has been involved in different development levels in OECD countries, and we have found that developed industrial countries have different effects on export limits, especially. On the other hand, it appears that these variables in question have different effects on public expenditures related to different investment margins. It turns out that the tax burden phenomenon, which has an important place in the cost of export-oriented investments, and the labor costs on the employer, as the tax wedge, also create significant variable effects. In this context, the significance of the proportional changes in the increase in the values of each economic growth within a more variable investment spectrum with different characteristics in OECD countries is also important. Differences in export limits as country averages are affected by different investment values, as well as directly under the positive effect of the national income effect, it also creates an accelerating effect on the investments in export goods. In this respect, it is understood that the increase in exports in each value in OECD countries creates a mutual correlation with different macro variables and different impact levels of countries.

Selection Method of Cross‐Border e‐Commerce Export Logistics Mode Based on Collaborative Filtering Algorithm

The combination of the Internet and foreign trade has promoted the rapid development of cross‐border e‐commerce, and cross‐border e‐commerce logistics has risen due to the development of cross‐border e‐commerce. However, the costs incurred by enterprises in the operation of intermediate logistics links have remained high for many years. Considering the cross‐border electricity export logistics mode selection, the author of this paper tackles the main existing problems, using literature study, field survey method, case analysis and the collaborative filtering method of major consumer goods export logistics mode, and the advantages and disadvantages in the enterprise’ internal and external environmental analysis and evaluation, and puts forward a scientific logistics coordination mechanism and new export logistics mode. Firstly, the development background of cross‐border e‐commerce logistics is sorted out, and the research content, research method, and research framework are proposed based on the theoretical research of relevant scholars. Secondly, several logistics modes of cross‐border e‐commerce export are summarized, including international postal parcel, international express, international special line, etc., and the indicator system of logistics mode selection is determined through comparative analysis of application scope and advantages and disadvantages. Secondly, a logistics selection model based on collaborative filtering algorithm is constructed, and the model is verified by a practical case of a specific export cross‐border e‐commerce company. Finally, the research conclusions and application strategies of this paper are proposed, so as to provide the most appropriate logistics mode and guarantee suggestions for cross‐border e‐commerce enterprises and provide ideas and methods for cross‐border e‐commerce enterprises to choose international logistics mode for different types of import and export goods. The significance of this study was aimed at the current cross‐border electricity development mainly by restricting factors, planning the most suitable for the development of China’s cross‐border electronic business logistics mode, to some extent, and it has enriched the cross‐border electricity business related research in the field of logistics, to inspire transformation of foreign trade enterprises, so as to better promote the cross‐border electricity business healthy and orderly development and export logistics mode optimization selection.

АНАЛИЗ РОЛИ ВТО В МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ ТОРГОВЛЕ РОССИИ И ОГРАНИЧЕНИЙ В 2011–2020 ГГ.

The paper deals with the analysis of the essential documents of the World Trade Organization (WTO), fiscal and financial requirements, and restrictions contained in them, which influence international trade. Based on the analysis, the authors made an effort to group the principles of institutional international trade relations, relevant tools, and mechanisms of their implementation, highlighting the exceptions. The paper analyzes Russian foreign economic activity indices for 2011–2020 in the context of the total volume of international trade, relative dynamics of indices, international partners (foreign countries); critically evaluates the statistical data on net export. The authors consider the application of WTO’s tools to support Russian export potential during the first year of the coronavirus pandemic spreading. The paper lists the countries and export goods, in respect of which the intentions to introduce restrictive measures were adjusted, and the states employed the heaviest restrictions on Russian commodities. The authors conclude that due to the trade liberalization, the developed and large-scale economies, ready for the radical tariff restrictions reduction, gain foremost; the restrictions adversely affect countries, which do not have production facilities; negative outcomes emerge for a country imposing restrictions when exporting raw materials. The reduction of import goods tariffs for the less developed countries causes the exclusion of native manufacturers from the country’s local market, the decline in manufacturing. The authors sum up the conclusions about the WTO’s role in international trade. WTO principles aim to develop trade relations between countries, but the participants should have relevant commercial intentions. Based on the analysis of statistical indicators, the authors specify the problems and prospects of Russian trade relations, including those involved in the change of countries-stakeholders. A local domestic market where competitiveness persists mainly due to customer intimacy becomes prevailing for primary sales.

Российско-швейцарские отношения: санкционный капкан

The article analyzes the state of Russian-Swiss business cooperation in the new world realities that have developed since February 2022. The author notes that a feature of Russian business in Switzerland is the trade in commodities (petroleum products, gold and platinum, rare earth metals and fertilizers). An important role is played by the placement of personal capital of super-rich Russian businessmen who use Switzerland for their safe storage. The Russian special military operation in Ukraine provoked a harsh reaction from the Swiss authorities. On February 28, 2022, the Federal Council joined the EU sanctions. The assets of persons included in the sanction’s lists are blocked, establishing new business relations with them is prohibited. Swiss airspace is closed to all flights from Russia. Thus, the Swiss authorities have sacrificed the reputation of a “safe harbor”, which they have created for themselves over the past 200 years. Businessmen working with Russia were very cautious about the outbreak of the sanctions war. Swiss business in Russia is represented by portfolio investments in the food, pharmaceutical, logistics, construction and raw materials industries. About 200 companies are associated with the Russian market, employing almost 40.000 people. Several companies, primarily construction, pharmaceutical and food companies, are still delaying their exit from the Russian market. They believe that the import substitution policy pursued by Russia may call into question the indispensability of their commercial products and a return to the Russian market will be impossible. However, violation of the sanctions leads to imprisonment for up to five years and a fine of up to CHF 1 million. According to the author, given the accession of Switzerland to the policy of sanctions in the financial sector, it will lose its credibility as a safe haven for storing Russian capital, giving way to the Arab Emirates, and as for the supply of traditional export goods to Russia – industrial and electrical equipment, pharmaceutical products, then by the time the sanctions are eased, the market will have already been redistributed, and it will be very problematic to return to it.