Export Trade Research Articles

Evaluation of Trend of Foreign Exchange Reserve and Shipping Industry Trade Performance in Nigeria

This study focused on evaluation of the trend of Foreign Exchange Reserve (FX) and performance of shipping industry trade through examining the export and import trades within the periods 2011 to 2022. The objectives were to determine the correlation between trend values of FX with export and import shipping trades in Nigeria. Provisional data on Foreign Exchange Reserve, export and import trades from World Bank, CBN and Trend Economy were analyzed using spearman’s rank correlation coefficient analysis and it was observed that Foreign Exchange positively influences export and import shipping trades, however, the study infers that the impacts were not significant at 0.05 (2-tailed) Significance level. It concludes that the positive correlations between the data variables informs that decrease in FX influences decrease in export and import trade which also retar economic growth, development and reduced people’s standards of living in Nigeria. However, the reserve becomes the case. The study recommends immediate policy adjustment to hold and maintain strong Foreign Exchange which could boost country’s reserve for better performance of the shipping industry and other sectors of the economy.

The Role Of The Indonesian Government In The Imposition Of Tariffs For Imported & Exported Goods In The Asean Region

This legal research examined the role of the Indonesian government, which is tasked with overseeing the implementation of the import and export tariff system in Indonesia. At this time, with the development of the international market, countries certainly need to tighten their security in order to protect their economic systems by implementing rules that regulate the course of trade, establishing cooperation, and entering into treaties or agreements that will later bind one country to another. The laws that Indonesia has implemented into domestic regulations, such as Law No. 7 of 2014, Law no. 17 of 2006, and Law no. 39 of 2007. This research discussed the impact of implementing the tariff system on Indonesia's export and import trade and current government challenges, such as the development of world globalization, the era of digitalization, and also actions that can be categorized as crimes in the trade sectors. Dumping also occurs in international trade, which can threaten local markets, prompting countries to make agreements to combat dumping practices. The research method used is a normative research method. The approaches used are the Statute Approach and the Analytical Approach, namely, research using legislation, Trade Law Concepts, and also analysis of the implications of Legal principles as a basic reference and analysis of several laws and regulations that regulate this matter.

The effect of financial inclusion and economic integration on green growth in ASEAN

PurposeThis study was conducted to review the overview of green growth and examine the role of financial inclusion as well as economic integration and other variables on green growth in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries.Design/methodology/approachPrincipal component analysis (PCA) was used to construct financial inclusion variables and panel data regression analysis to examine the effect of financial inclusion and economic integration on green growth in 10 ASEAN countries from 2010 to 2021.FindingsThe results showed that financial inclusion had played a role in supporting green growth in ASEAN. The rapid development of green finance and green bonds promoted the implementation of better green growth. The variables of export diversification and trade openness had a significant effect on green growth. Therefore, there is a need for appropriate policies to prevent negative effects on the environment and the behavior of ASEAN countries.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study suggest that policymakers in ASEAN countries not only focus on gaining economic benefits from financial inclusion and economic integration activities but also pay attention to environmental impacts. Moreover, the ASEAN region is actively developing strategic steps in providing easy access to capital and finance as well as expanding international trade activities through ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). Therefore, it is hoped that apart from being able to establish sustainable policies, this region will also encourage and optimize previous policies to make them more environmentally friendly.Originality/valueThis study used a green growth approach with the Index by the Global Green Growth Institute. This index considered aspects of green economic opportunities and social inclusion that have not been applied in previous studies. In addition, this study contributed to review the activities of economic integration and financial inclusion and the sustainability of green growth in ASEAN countries. Until now, there has been no research focused on ASEAN; even though ASEAN has long carried out economic integration and encouraged financial inclusion policies, this region is vulnerable to environmental degradation issues.

Global value chain participation, trade cost and benefits of timber industry

The purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of global value chain participation (GVCP) on the gains from trade and trade costs of the timber industry and reveal the underlying influence mechanism. The GVCP Index, Novy (2011) method, and WWZ Value Added Decomposition method have been used to measure the degree of global value chain participation, trade costs, and gains from trade of the timber industry, respectively. The results show that the export gains from trade of the timber industry featured inter-annual sustainability. Further, GVCP, has an insignificant impact, suggesting that the industry’s degree of GVCP is limited. While the current trade cost and policy barriers to forest product trade harm it. And the cost of export trade has a strong lag effect on gains from trade. The increase of current trade costs reduces the short-term benefits; but in the long run, the trade costs and benefits show a synchronous growth trend. To maintain and enhance its competitiveness, therefore, the industry will have to change the GVCP degree and mode of the timber industry, reduce short-term trade costs, and improve the quality and legitimacy certification level of timber products.

Unraveling the impact of energy demand and exports on environment and economy: A case study of South Asian Economies

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;">This study employs empirical analysis using an econometric model that examines the interdependence among environmental degradation, exports, and economic development with energy use. It also provides an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for selected South Asian economies utilizing time-series data. The findings reveal a long-term, stable equilibrium link between energy demand and pollution. There exists a positive relationship between structural factors and pollution. Moreover, this study constructs a model of exports and pollution from an interdependent perspective. The three perspectives are tested: the scale and structure of energy consumption considering the twin constraints of export-trade and pollution, and the scale of pollution in export-trade constraint. These results show that the increase in energy use leads to higher CO2 emissions amidst export volume. However, in the presence of income, the scale of effect lowers a little. The analysis also supports the presence of Kuznets curve for south-Asian economies. The results imply substantial scope for development in the energy use and pollution structure within South Asia's current export trade process. This development can be attained by regulating energy use and enhancing system efficacy without necessitating changes to the scale effect or structural effect.</span></p>

Trade Policy Review of Turkey

AbstractThis paper examines the WTO's 2023 Trade Policy Review (TPR) of Turkey, covering 2016–2022. As Turkey marked its centenary in 2023, the TPR allows for critical reflections on Turkey's global and European economic integration and its evolving economic policies. The review period witnessed key developments: heightened tensions with the European Union (EU), the country's transition into a presidential system, and the impacts of COVID‐19 and the Ukraine war. Turkey continued its state‐led development and proactive industrial policy post‐Global Financial Crisis, aiming to reduce the current account deficit, diversify exports, advance technological sophistication and enhance its position in global value chains (GVCs). Recently Turkey has further aligned its import–export regimes and trade negotiations with these strategic goals, increasing its Most Favoured Nation tariffs and adopting localisation strategies to support key sectors. Turkey navigated the pandemic effectively, bolstering its role in global supply chains, as indicated by its increased trade‐to‐GDP ratio. This underscores its economic resilience and strategic location. However, Turkey's trade policies are increasingly diverging from those of the EU, its main trade and supply chain partner and Customs Union ally. Turkey's new Regional Trade Agreements aim for deeper sectoral integration with partners other than the EU.

The Prospects of AfCFTA in Promoting Industrialization and Economic Diversification in Africa

African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) functions as a boost for Africa's economic development by enhancing intra-African trade. This is because trade is an engine of growth and development. For the fact that most African nations that are located within the same region engage in similar and competitive production, the ensuing economic cooperation and trade exchanges not only have the promise of increasing trade but also stimulating other ancillary economic activities, creating new job opportunities, speeding up economic growth, promote the standard of living, and promote economic development. However, AfCFTA's record has not been very impressive. The main obstacles to intra- regional commerce among African countries include heavy reliance on trade in primary goods, high product and market concentration of exports, and inadequate regional manufacturing networks. This study therefore examines continental economic trends and Intra African Trade: Prospects for African Continental Free Trade Area. The study adopted qualitative methods of data collection and analysis and the comparative theory of integration. The study found that the low level of trade diversification implicated the capacity of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) to achieve improved intra-regional trade performances in Africa. African countries maintain as much as 77% export specialization, with higher external/world trade at 84.6 percent of their total import and export trade. The study recommended that Governments should invest in infrastructure development, including building roads, railways, ports, and airports, as well as improving access to electricity and broadband. Governments should adopt modern trade facilitation measures such as electronic customs systems, single window platforms, and risk management techniques and should align their technical regulations and norms with global best practices and standards, as those created by appropriate international standard-setting organisations like the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO).

How Does Trade Liberalization in Imports Affect China's Export Growth Pattern?

Abstract Optimizing export growth patterns and improving the quality of export trade have become prominent issues that need to be addressed urgently in the context of increasing global economic uncertainty. This study utilizes matched data from the CEPII database (1995–2020) and WTO tariff database, adopts a product-level perspective based on the triple margins of exports, and uses an individual-time two-way fixed-effects model to investigate the impact of import trade liberalization on China's export growth pattern. The research findings are as follows: (1) Increasing levels of import trade liberalization are beneficial for enhancing the extensive margin, intensive margin, and quantity margin of products, while exerting a restraining effect on the price margin. This strengthens the price advantage of Chinese products, indicating that import trade liberalization helps optimize China's export growth pattern. (2) Compared with the intensive margin, import trade liberalization has a more significant promoting effect on the extensive margin. (3) The conclusions drawn from heterogeneity analysis suggest that trade liberalization has a more pronounced effect on the extensive margin, intensive margin, and quantity margin of products in medium-high technology industries, differentiated products, and intermediate goods. This study holds important theoretical and practical significance for evaluating the economic benefits of expanding imports, optimizing China's export growth pattern, and improving the quality of export trade.

Assessing the spatiotemporal evolution and socioeconomic determinants of PM2.5-related premature deaths in China from 2000 to 2021

China's swift socioeconomic development has led to extremely severe ambient PM2.5 levels, the associated negative health outcomes of which include premature death. However, a comprehensive explanation of the socioeconomic mechanism contributing to PM2.5-related premature deaths has not yet to be fully elucidated through long-term spatial panel data. Here, we employed a global exposure mortality model (GEMM) and the system generalized method of moments (Sys-GMM) to examine the primary determinants contributing to premature deaths in Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2021. We found that in the research period, premature deaths in China increased by 46 %, reaching 1.87 million, a figure that decreased somewhat after the COVID-19 outbreak. 62 thousand premature deaths were avoided in 2020 and 2021 compared to 2019, primarily due to the decline in PM2.5 concentrations. Premature deaths have increased across all provinces, particularly in North China, and a discernible spatial agglomeration effect was observed, highlighting effects on nearby provinces. The findings also underscored the significance of determinants such as urbanization, import and export trade, and energy consumption in exacerbating premature deaths, while energy intensity exerted a mitigating influence. Importantly, a U-shaped relationship between premature deaths and economic development was unveiled for the first time, implying the need for vigilance regarding potential health impact deterioration and the implementation of countermeasures as the per capita GDP increases in China. Our findings deserve attention from policymakers as they shed fresh insights into atmospheric control and Health China action.

Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Manufacturing Export Trade in Shandong Province under the Background of Global Supply Chain

Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Manufacturing Export Trade in Shandong Province under the Background of Global Supply Chain

The impacts of lockdown policies on trade margins in the Philippines

The Philippines was among the most infected countries in Southeast Asia at the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak. This study analyzes how the export and import trade margins (extensive and intensive) of the Philippines were affected by the lockdown policies of trading partners. Using a quarterly series of product-by-country data for 20 quarters (quarter one of 2018-quarter four of 2022) and an event-study design, the paper shows that lockdown measures did not affect or mildly affected the intensive margin of exports and the import margins. Instead, the extensive margin of exports was most affected. It declined by 27% in the first quarter and by an average of 46% between the fifth and eleventh quarters of the lockdown. This was largely influenced by the closure of workplaces, stay-home requirements and controls on international travel. Export and import margins of intermediate goods were more resilient to the lockdown shocks. Overall, preventing disruptions in the supply chain networks can help countries adjust better and contribute to a speedy recovery and possible resilience to future shocks.

An Assessment of Export Performance and Trade Competitiveness of Sorghum from India

An Assessment of Export Performance and Trade Competitiveness of Sorghum from India

A Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Import and Export Trade on the Economy Between China and the United States

Due to the continuous development of global trade globalization and the weakening of monopolistic policies by major powers, the current international trade pattern has undergone tremendous changes, which has also led to significant changes in the GDP development of various countries. So the impact of import and export trade on international economic growth is enormous. This paper takes the United States as a typical developed country and China as a typical developing country, and the economic growth changes of both countries are most representative of the changes in import and export trade. Therefore, it focuses on the impact of import and export trade on the Sino-US economy to explore the specific changes in recent years. This article mainly focuses on the impact that has changed the import and export trade between China and the United States, resulting in how their economy has changed.

A Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Import and Export Trade on the Economy Between China and the United States

Due to the continuous development of global trade globalization and the weakening of monopolistic policies by major powers, the current international trade pattern has undergone tremendous changes, which has also led to significant changes in the GDP development of various countries. So the impact of import and export trade on international economic growth is enormous. This paper takes the United States as a typical developed country and China as a typical developing country, and the economic growth changes of both countries are most representative of the changes in import and export trade. Therefore, it focuses on the impact of import and export trade on the Sino-US economy to explore the specific changes in recent years. This article mainly focuses on the impact that has changed the import and export trade between China and the United States, resulting in how their economy has changed.

A Study of Factors Influencing China's Agricultural Exports to Japan

As a key focus of trade negotiations between China and Japan, trade in agricultural products has received special attention to the tariffs and preferential conditions involved. According to data provided by China Customs, China's agricultural exports to Japan fell after peaking in 2012 and fell further to 9.64 billion yuan in 2020. This paper selects the 2000-2021 china export agricultural products trade data from the Department of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Commerce to Analyze the trade status of Japan, and finds that the scale of trade shows an expanding trend, and there are fluctuations in some years. Establish a business gravity model, study the effectiveness and potential of developing China's agricultural export trade with Japan, and analyze various factors affecting the effectiveness of agricultural export trade, and the results show that there is room for progress in China's agricultural export trade with Japan, and the scale of trade can be further expanded. Finally, it proposes to further improve the export efficiency of agricultural products, stabilize the exchange rate, improve import and export policy control and further broaden the foreign trade market, optimize the trade structure and promote the quality of agricultural products.

Bridging the digital divide: the impact of technological innovation on income inequality and human interactions

This study seeks to understand the nuanced relationship between technological innovation and income inequality with an emphasis on the broader implications of this interplay on human–technology interactions in diverse socioeconomic settings. Using cross-country panel data from 59 nations (31 developed and 28 developing) from 1995 to 2020, the study employed the common correlated effect mean group (CCEMG) estimator. The robustness of our findings was validated using the augmented mean group (AMG) estimator and the panel causality test. The results indicate that technological innovation, while heralded for its potential to bridge communication and operational gaps, inadvertently exacerbates income disparities, with a pronounced effect in developed economies. Moreover, interactions between technological innovation and variables such as economic growth, globalisation and export trade introduce additional complexities, including both buffering and acceleration effects on the primary relationship. These findings shed light on the double-edged nature of technological advancements, underscoring the need for informed policy-making that harnesses the benefits of innovation while mitigating its unintended socioeconomic consequences. The study sets the stage for domain-specific explorations such as in education, public health and business. It also invites interdisciplinary discourse on the ethical and behavioural dimensions of technology adoption, especially user experiences and societal outcomes.

Analysis for Export Trade of Steel Market Environment

Analysis for Export Trade of Steel Market Environment

Study on the current situation and influencing factors of corn import trade in China – based on the trade gravity model

Abstract With the rapid development of China’s economy and society, the income level of Chinese residents is increasing day by day, and the dietary consumption structure of domestic residents is constantly optimized and upgraded. The consumption demand for livestock products such as meat, eggs and milk, and corn starch industrial products is increasing day by day. Therefore, as the main raw material of feed industry and deep processing owners, the consumption scale of China corn market is constantly expanding. However, the corresponding domestic corn production scale has not expanded, and the domestic corn production presents an obvious problem of insufficient supply scale, which leads to a sharp and rapid increase in the number of corn imports in China, which seriously impacts the domestic corn market and affects China’s healthy development of corn industry. In recent years, the continuous spread of the COVID-19 epidemic has seriously affected the global grain production and trade. The fierce military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the two major grain exporting countries, has once again brought a serious adverse impact on the supply and price of the global grain market, resulting in an increase in the import cost of corn in China and a change in the import pattern of corn in China. In this regard, this study analyzes the current situation of corn production and import trade in China, and based on the relevant trade data between China and major corn importing countries from 2013 to 2022, establishes a trade gravity model to quantitatively evaluate the main factors affecting China’s corn import trade, and analyzes the trade potential of sample countries. It was found that in 2022, China’s import and export trade volume and trade value were 20.62 million tons and 7.11 billion US dollars, respectively, compared with 2013, trade volume and trade volume increased by 6.3 times. Statistics on the potential types of various trading countries showed that the proportion of potential countries was 14.2%, and Brazil had the greatest potential in China’s corn import trade. The proportion of potential expanding countries is about 71.4%, and Laos is a mature country with less opportunities for further development. In order to promote the benign development of the domestic corn industry and the development of China’s corn import trade, this paper puts forward a series of countermeasure suggestions based on the above research.

A Study on the Factors Influencing the Competitiveness of Small Commodity Export Trade in Yiwu City and Development Strategies

Yiwu City, as the world's largest small commodity distribution center, has developed the world's most comprehensive small commodity production system based on China's vast industrial production system and high-quality cheap labor. However, with the continuous development of China's industrial upgrading and the constantly changing international situation, the small commodity industry in Yiwu City is also facing the contradiction of maintaining its current production positioning and industrial upgrading. Therefore, this article will establish an econometric model for the influencing factors of the small commodity industry in Yiwu City. Based on the research of previous scholars and the author of this article, four variables, namely GDP, exchange rate, annual average wage, and actual utilization of foreign investment in Yiwu City, will be selected for econometric simulation. Finally, it is concluded that, except for the actual amount of foreign capital, the other three variables can promote the export competitiveness of the small commodity industry.

The impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on cities’ capacity for green development—based on data from 280 Chinese cities

ABSTRACT Encouraging the green development of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a significant step for mankind to proactively address climate change and maintain the global ecological environment. This paper analyses the impact of the BRI on the green development capacity of Chinese cities along the route using the difference-in-differences (DID) model. The results show that, first, the BRI can effectively improve the green development capacity of cities along China’s routes. Both the level of financial development of cities and regional fiscal revenues impact the green development index of cities. Second, the BRI has been more effective in enhancing green development capacity in the Maritime Silk Road region, in cities at lower administrative levels and in resource-based cities. Third, the BRI can enhance the green development capacity of cities by increasing regional revenues, the use of foreign investment and import and export trade.