Export Scenario Research Articles

A Study on Export Scenario of Onions in Tamil Nadu

A Study on Export Scenario of Onions in Tamil Nadu

THE FUTURE OF EXPORT-BASED GROWTH POLICIES IN THE TURKISH ECONOMY: AN ECONOMETRIC SIMULATION APPROACH

In this study, the long- and short-term relationship between exports and economic growth in the Turkish economy, using the ARDL bounds test approach with annual data sets for the period 1987-2021, was examined, and the per capita GDP figures of Turkiye for the period 2022-2032 were estimated by econometric simulation method. In the ARDL model estimation results, it was seen that effect of exports were positive and statistically significant on economic growth in the short and long term. According to the foresight analysis, it has been determined that the per capita GDP in 2032 will be $20990 in the base export scenario, $17327 in the low-export scenario, and nearly double to $25157 in the high-export scenario. These results show that it is possible for the GDP per capita to nearly double in the next ten years in the Turkish economy. Still, policy components are needed to increase exports by an average of 13.86% annually to reach these figures.

A scenario-specific nexus modelling toolkit to identify trade-offs in the promotion of sustainable irrigated agriculture in Ecuador, a Belt and Road country

Increased demand for food due to development and population growth has prompted irrigated agriculture expansion, posing enhanced global challenges to water, energy, and food security. To confront these challenges, an approach that considers the water-energy-food-environment nexus can address multidimensional trade-offs that complicate the efficient use of resources and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. In order to provide insights into solutions to these challenges for a specific case, this study develops a modelling toolkit that integrates biophysical and socioeconomic aspects of nexus components in the context of agro-export and irrigation expansion in Ecuador, a Belt and Road Country. The nexus toolkit is applied to agricultural-development scenarios defined in participatory workshops and incorporates a water resources model, a lifecycle environmental assessment, and a socioeconomic analysis. The modelling exercise is constructed around specific scenario-determined land use patterns in the Santa Elena peninsula of Ecuador. Agriculture in the peninsula is water-limited, relying on delivery infrastructure and transfers from a neighbouring catchment. Impacts on nexus components are analysed for ten crops under two potential land-use scenarios: a substantial increase in irrigated area due to investment in irrigation infrastructure; and a substantial shift in land use towards export crops. The two have distinct impact on water and energy use, global warming potential, freshwater eutrophication, terrestrial acidification, and fine particulate matter formation. The results provide insights into future water and energy resource challenges and environmental and socioeconomic trade-offs associated with likely changes in irrigation expansion. The results for scenarios show that, for example, banana production has the greatest environmental impacts (e.g. a 519% increase in global warming potential and 452% increase in fine particulate matter form for scenario 2), primarily due to water and energy requirements, despite the crop being mainly produced organically. In addition, total net income and labour demand increase (net income increases by 43% and 217% under scenarios 1 and 2, respectively) due to a larger crop area and crop intensification. Scale effects on labour demand are mainly due to labour intensity of maize in Ecuador, which is disadvantaged in the crop export scenario (an unexpected result). However, expanding irrigated areas would also increase total water and energy demand for irrigation, global warming potential, and freshwater eutrophication. This type of information enables stakeholders and decision-makers to design policies that achieve equitable and sustainable agricultural production, water use, and economic growth.

Growth and Instability in Production of Selected Major Spices and their Export Scenario for India: A Review

India is known as the land of spices. It is one of the largest producers, consumer and exporter of spices in the world. Even though the spice is a highly demanded commodity in the international market. The export fluctuation is observed for the product. This study trying to identify the reasons of fluctuation for some selected major spices export from India. For that data collected for area production and productivity of major spices mainly chilli, ginger and turmeric and analyzed its growth and variability. These three crops were selected as they covered the highest per centage of production share in the year 2021. In this study data were collected from the year 2010-11 to 2019-20 to analyze the growth and instability in production of major spices and its impact on their export. Compound annual growth rate analysis was done to see the growth in area, production and productivity of the selected spices along with the growth performance of spice export from India. The variability in area, production and productivity along with the export instability was calculated with the help of instability index. Ourstudy examined thatarea and production of spices in India was growing continuously from the year 2010-11 to 2019-20. The compound annual growth rate analysis reflected a positive growth in area under ginger (2.53 per cent) and Turmeric (1.08 per cent), while it was negative for chilli (-0.99 per cent). During the entire period chilli and ginger recorded a positive and significant growth in production and productivity of the crop. Export was found to be related with the productivity of the crop. The export variability was found to be lowest for chilli (3.98), while ginger recorded a very high instability index (33.36) for the period. With increase productivity export of chilli increases. As the quantity exported for chilli was highest among the three crops so the export value of the same was also found highest during the entire period.

Facilitating deployment of transportable nuclear power plants through a new regime of mutual recognition

Abstract Further developments towards future deployment of transportable nuclear power plants (TNPPs) are recently under way in several States. Major advantages have been identified with respect to potential deployment of TNPPs in the future. The availability of a TNPP may provide benefits of both secure and economical energy. Also, opting for a TNPP may eliminate the long-term commitment of the host State to the management of radioactive waste. Lastly, choosing the export scenario may reduce the potential national investment required to benefit from nuclear power. At the same time, a high level of nuclear safety must be guaranteed with respect to the prospective deployment of TNPPs. Thus, each TNPP must be duly licenced by the competent regulatory authority. The future legal framework must balance both interest for speedy deployment of this new technology and the need to maintain a high level of nuclear safety. This article argues that new licensing regimes, as established by bilateral agreements between the supplier States and the host States, may represent a legal tool for facilitating deployment of these promising technologies. This article also argues that concluding such bilateral agreements on mutual recognition would be in line with the incentive character of the Convention on Nuclear Safety.

Biochemical and sensory traits of potato for processing purpose as influenced by vermicompost and potassium sources

Production of low-quality potato is the main constraint for increasing the processing and export scenario in Bangladesh. Hence, application of different sources of potassium and vermicompost may improve the biochemical and sensory quality of potato. The experiment was conducted to assess the effect of potassium sources and vermicompost level on the yield and processing quality of potato. The potato variety BARI Alu-25 (Asterix) was used as test crop for this experiment. The experiment consisted of two factors: Factor A: 3 sources of Potassium as-K1: KCl, K2: KNO3, K3: K2SO4; Factor B: 4 levels of vermicompost as-Vm0: 0 ton, Vm1: 4 ton, Vm2: 8 ton, and Vm3: 12 ton. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. Results revealed that the highest dry matter content (19.83%), specific gravity (1.090 g/cc), and starch (14.81%) were recorded from K2SO4, whereas, the lowest from KNO3. The firmness, dry matter content, specific gravity, and starch content increased with increasing the vermicompost level. A negative relation was observed in the case of TSS and sugar content. Among the 12 treatment combinations, the highest dry matter content (21.12%), specific gravity (1.103 g/cc), and starch (16.34%) were found from K3Vm3, whereas, the lowest from K2Vm0 treatment. However, K1Vm2, K1Vm3, K3Vm2, K3Vm3 showed statistically similar results regarding quality attributes. But the availability of potassium sources and economic point of view, KCl combined with 8-ton vermicompost ha-1 could be used for the production of good quality potato.

Potential of green ammonia production in India

The threat of climate change is forcing the world to decarbonize all economic sectors. Ammonia primarily used for fertilizer production and a potential, ‘hydrogen carrier’ currently accounts for ~27% of global hydrogen consumption and ~1% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this analysis, we assess the techno-economic potential of ammonia production using onshore wind, open-field photovoltaic and batteries for both domestic usage and export scenarios in India, which is currently one of the world's largest producer and importer of ammonia. Our results reveal that India's potential can comfortably satisfy global ammonia demand with lowest ammonia costs of 723 EUR/tNH3 and 765 EUR/tNH3 for the domestic and export scenario, respectively. To compete with conventional ammonia production a carbon tax of 224–335 €/tCO2 would be required. Finally, costs of shipping liquid hydrogen and the ‘hydrogen carrier’ ammonia are similar here giving other economic, environmental and safety factors higher relevance.

Nutrient stock in the forest component in a crop-livestock-forest integration system in Central Brazil

Integrated systems are sustainable alternatives, where agricultural, forestry, and/or livestock components occupy a given area through consortium, rotation, or succession. Considering this importance, this work had as objective to quantify the stock of above-ground biomass (wood, leaves, bark, and branches) of 6 years Eucalyptus urograndis in a crop-livestock-forest integration system (CLFS). It also involved calculation of the nutrient utilization in biomass conversion through the Biological Utilization Coefficient (BUC) and design of different export scenarios of these nutrients through the harvest in order to calculate the reduction in the demand for inputs. Nutrient stock was determined from the biomass sampled in the field and from the plant tissue analysis. It is verified that the highest concentrations of macronutrients are present in wood component, except for Ca. The concentration gradient of micronutrients was: Leaves> Fe> Mn> B> Cu> Zn; Branches and Bark: Fe> Mn > B> Zn> Cu; and wood: Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu > B. Considering BUC conversion rate decline, it presented the following order: S> P> Mg> Ca> N> K for macronutrients and B> Cu> Zn> Fe> Mn for micronutrients. The most appropriate export scenario was to harvest only timber component to minimize the nutritional export. The nutritional dynamics within the eucalyptus are altered according to the diametric structure of the trees. The nutritional elements are concentrated in different compartments according to the availability and need of the plants.

Improvement and production technology of bael (Aegle marmelos) in India — a review

Bael [Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa ex Roxb.], belongs to family Rutaceae, is one of the oldest known indigenous fruit. Its wide distribution reflecting its adaptation to wide range of edaphoclimatic conditions. Bael has ability to withstand harsh climate and tolerate heat, drought and moisture deficit situations.The efforts have been made to present the current status of bael growing in India, and discuss recent technologies adopted for bael fruit production i.e. improved varieties, propagation techniques, planting systems, canopy management, water and nutrient management, quality management, pest and disease management, physiological disorders, marketing and export scenario.

Value chain analysis of large cardamom in eastern Himalayan road corridor of Nepal: Trade and governance

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is exportable high value sub-sector of Nepal producing to sell in targeted international markets. This research was done to examine value chain analysis of large cardamom from governance and trade aspects, focusing on value chain map, export scenario, and technology upgrading in eastern Himalayan road corridor (EHRC) of Nepal. Farm level information was collected from Taplejung, Jhapa and Morang districts using set of questionnaire (n=300). Focus Group Discussion, Key Informant Interview and Rapid Market Appraisal were done with enablers and traders. About 32% samples household were commercial farmers having one or more than one hectare cardamom cultivation land. About 27% households used improved dryer for curing and drying whereas majority used (72%) traditional dryer. The cost of production of one kg cardamom was estimated NRs. 656, and farmers received NRs. 344 profit margin from one kg of large cardamom sold at farm. Due to global price fluctuation, price of large cardamom has been declined drastically, although farmers are still in profit with B/C ratio of more than 1.4. The findings revealed that value chain development of large cardamom is not well structural at function, actors and enablers level whereas village/district level collectors, regional and national traders with their association and exporters were performing better marketing instead of governance of small scale producers. About 90% large cardamom was exported to India. Nepalese traders have a poor capacity and governance to export product in other counties than India due to high entry barrier to global market. There is a potential of forming global value chain development alliance, focusing to financing and upgrading strategy that would be pivotal for large cardamom intervention strategy in improving value chain function.

Export competitiveness and concentration analysis of major sugar economies with special reference to India

PurposeThis paper seeks to examine the export competitiveness and concentration level of the 15 top sugar exporting countries over the last 18 years (2001–2018) with special reference to India.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the paper utilizes a review based approach and explains the structures of major sugar economies in context to protected and unprotected perspectives. Subsequently, empirical research was carried out to assess the competitiveness level of sugar using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) approach and Hirschman Herfindahl Index.FindingsThe study found structural changes in cane or beet sugar, and molasses over the time period between 2006 and 2015. Further, the findings confirmed that despite the stringent regulations in European Union, the United States of America, Guatemala, Mexico, Thailand, China, and India, the comparative advantage is high up to seven to nine sugar categories. Besides, despite the indulgent regulations in the Colombia, Brazil, and Canada, the comparative advantage is only consistent up to two to three sugar categories.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides an overview of competitiveness patterns of 15 sugar exporting countries and further compare their comparative and concentration levels. In this context, in future, it would be interesting to study the macro-economic and firm and industry-specific factors which may strengthen the study findings.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that the sugar export of few countries (i.e. Mexico and Canada) is restricted up to their trade pacts and free trade zones which is restricting the competitiveness level and performance. Accordingly, such countries need to enlarge their business boundaries to foster their export competitiveness level. Rational subsidies and governmental assistance in diversification schemes in terms of products' range and sustainable processes can make India a consistent exporter in more categories.Originality/valueAlthough, the previous studies attempted to examine the sugar industry with particular country context, this study enlarge the body of knowledge through simultaneously examining the sugar export scenario of fifteen sugar exporting countries and providing a broad comparative view of their competitiveness and concentration levels.

Legal Regulations of Floating Nuclear Power Plants: problems and prospects

INTRODUCTION. The article is devoted to practical and legal aspects of floating nuclear power plants (FNPPs). The first ever FNPP “Academic Lomonosov” was built in 2019 in Russia. It is a unique transportable nuclear low-power unit intended for energy and heat supply of remote port cities, industrial enterprises, gas and oil platforms. “Lomonosov” and its successor generations will have a major impact on the global nuclear energy market. The question arises how FNPPs fit into the rules of International Law. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research was based on the analyses of international conventions on nuclear safety, security and civil liability, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, IAEA documents on safeguards and standards, scholarly publications. General and special methods of legal research were used. RESEARCH RESULTS. The authors determined that in the specific case of “Academic Lomonosov” which will operate on the Russian territory no collisions with the rules of International Law are expected. However, if future serial FNPPs go for export, it will be important to analyze their compatibility with international treaties. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. This paper concludes that FNPPs are largely compatible with the existing rules of International Law. However, there are some gaps and grey areas, especially in an export scenario. To mitigate those problems, bilateral intergovernmental agreements between the supplying and the importing states shall be concluded on their obligations in all legal and institutional issues prior to FNPP’s international shipment. Safeguards arrangement with the IAEA should be envisaged as well.

DETECTING CITRUS HUANGLONGBING IN BRAZILIAN ORCHARDS USING HYPERSPECTRAL AERIAL IMAGES

Abstract. Brazil is one of the world leaders in citrus plantation, and the production of orange juice is economically important in the export scenario, being regarded as a fundamental agricultural commodity in Brazil. The worst citrus disease is Greening, or Huanglongbing (HLB), a bacterial disease which cannot be cured and to which no plant variety is immune or resistant. Currently, control of HLB is through the inspection of orchards and the immediate elimination of plants displaying HLB symptoms, plus chemical or biological control of the insect vector (psyllid). The HLB disease has high economic impact on Brazilian and world citriculture, due to the extreme damage to crops. Based on remote sensing techniques, the mapping of diseased and healthy citrus plants from hyperspectral images was carried out, generating a product that could help in the monitoring and control of HLB in Brazilian citrus orchards. The methodology to produce a health map goes through the following stages: aerial image acquisition, radiometric field measurements, hyperspectral cube orientation, and data analysis for detection of HLB in citrus. The field survey was performed in Guacho Farm- Brazil and hyperspectral images were acquired by a Rikola camera onboard a light aircraft, obtaining images with 0.50 m of Ground Sample Distance (GSD). The hyperspectral cubes were classified with Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithm to produce the health map. Plants infected with HLB were detected with an accuracy 61.2%, the validation of the health map was verified by samples were analysed in the laboratory to confirm HLB.

Postharvest methyl bromide fumigation of Japanese plums to control codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Abstract Postharvest chamber fumigation with 48 mgL−1 (3.0 lbs./1000 ft3) methyl bromide (MB) for 2 h at pulp temperature (T) ≥ 21 °C and chamber load ≤50% is used to control codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in fresh nectarine, Prunus persica (L.) var. nucipersica, and French plum, P. domestica (L.), exports from California USA to Japan. Fumigations were conducted to verify that control of C. pomonella is expected following an analogous fumigation of fresh Japanese plums, P. salicina (Lindl.). A kinetic model, based on temporal measurement of MB levels in chamber headspace and how calculated exposures varied across the fumigation trials, showed that fresh Japanese plums and French plums sorb MB at a statistically equivalent rate, which resulted in an MB exposure ca. 20% higher than that observed for fresh nectarines. Importantly, results from commercial-scale fumigations indicate that pallet shrouds do not influence the efficacy of MB toward C. pomonella eggs, as their presence did not affect the rate of MB sorption, evidence that supports the use of pallet shrouds to safeguard against the potential for post-fumigation infestation in this export scenario, and beyond. Results are discussed in the context of graduation toward optimized quarantine fumigation schedules, which will promote more strategic technical and economic Quarantine Pre-shipment (QPS) uses of MB.

Recent advances in pomegranate production in India-a review

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important fruit crop of arid and semi-arid regions. It has high medicinal and nutritional value and one of the richest sources of antioxidants. It is grown commercially in the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. India is the world's largest producer of pomegranate covering 2.22 lakh ha area with an annual production of 26.34 lakh tonnes and productivity of 11.86 tonnes/ha. In spite of this, India exports only 1.79% of its total production. There is a tremendous potential for exports of pomegranate from India. Pomegranate has ability to withstand harsh climate and tolerate heat, drought and moisture deficit situations. The area under pomegranate cultivation in India is increasing at faster rate owing to its high demand, hardy nature, better storage quality and nutritional values. In the present review, efforts have been made to present the current status of pomegranate growing in India and discuss recent technologies adopted for pomegranate fruit production i.e. improved varieties, propagation techniques, planting systems, flower regulation, canopy management, water and nutrient management, quality management, pest and disease management, physiological disorders, grading-packaging marketing and export scenario etc.

Carbon footprint management of unconventional natural gas development in the export scenario

In Australia, exploitation of shale gas is at an early stage. Western Australia has estimated its technically recoverable gas resources at 235 trillion cubic feet (tcf). It is viewed as an exciting economic prospect and decarbonising option for transition to climate change mitigation. The central focus of this paper is to estimate the climate impacts of Australian shale gas fracking and compare with other energy sources. Electricity generation has been considered as end use of gas in export scenarios to Japan and China. Analysis has been done for resource development periods of 20 and 40 years. Carbon footprints of shale gas range from 604MtCO2e to 543 MtCO2e per annum for China and Japan export cases, respectively, for 20 years field lifetime, if 66 tcf of shale gas is exploited and used. This result is roughly equivalent to 115% of Australia's total national emissions for the year 2014. If all technically recoverable shale gas (235tcf) from the Canning Basin in the Kimberley is exploited and exported to China and Japan over 40 years, the annual emissions are double the total Australian national emissions. The result suggests that shale gas has low carbon intensity compared to coal and oil but solar PV and wind are much cleaner energy options for GHG mitigation. The solar PV and wind electricity would produce 8% and 5% of the shale gas electricity emissions, respectively. Unless accompanied by stringent regulation and compliance on the upstream resource development, stage shale gas cannot be an appropriate energy source for sustainable development as opposed to renewable energy sources.

Structural Changes in the Performance of Gum guar in India

Gum guar is an economically important pulse crop of Indian economy. Keeping the importance of gum guar production in to consideration the present study was undertaken to investigate the growth in gum guar area, production and productivity in India and along with peeping into the export trends of gum guar production from India. In order to fulfill the objectives of the study, secondary data on gum guar area, production, productivity and export scenario were obtained from various sources for India. The results of the study brought out that the total gum guar area, production and productivity of gum guar in India is positive with 5.30, 10.87 and 2.84 per cent, respectively from 2005-06 to 2014-15. Also, the export growth in volume and value terms is positive with 18.62 and 48.6 per cent during the same period. The increased export growth in gum guar is mainly attributed to its increasing demand from oil exploration and shale gas production in the world.

Structural Changes in the Performance of Gum guar in India

Gum guar is an economically important pulse crop of Indian economy. Keeping the importance of gum guar production in to consideration the present study was undertaken to investigate the growth in gum guar area, production and productivity in India and along with peeping into the export trends of gum guar production from India. In order to fulfill the objectives of the study, secondary data on gum guar area, production, productivity and export scenario were obtained from various sources for India. The results of the study brought out that the total gum guar area, production and productivity of gum guar in India is positive with 5.30, 10.87 and 2.84 per cent, respectively from 2005-06 to 2014-15. Also, the export growth in volume and value terms is positive with 18.62 and 48.6 per cent during the same period. The increased export growth in gum guar is mainly attributed to its increasing demand from oil exploration and shale gas production in the world.

Sourcing overseas biomass for EU ambitions: assessing net sustainable export potential from various sourcing countries

AbstractLow‐cost sustainable biomass availability in the European Union may not be able to meet increasing demand; exploring the option of importing biomass is therefore imperative for the years to come. This article assesses sustainable biomass export potential from Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Kenya, Ukraine, and the United States by applying a number of sustainability criteria. Only biomass types with the highest potential are selected, to take advantage of economies of scale, e.g. pulpwood, wood waste, and residues in the United States, and agricultural residues in Ukraine. This study found that, except for the United States, pellet markets in the sourcing regions are largely undeveloped. The export potential depends strongly on pellet mill capacity and assumed growth rates in the pellet industry. Results show that the United States, Ukraine, Indonesia, and Brazil offer the highest biomass export potential. In the Business As Usual 2030 scenario, up to 204 PJ could potentially be mobilized; in the High Export scenario this could increase to 1423 PJ, with 89% of the potential being available for costs ranging from 6.4 to 15 €/GJ. These potentials meet the European Commission requirements for a 70% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions set in the Renewable Energy Directive. The total export potentials do not reflect the net possible import potentials to the European Union, as biomass could be imported to other countries where there is a demand for it, where less strict sustainability requirements are applied, and which are proximate to the sourcing regions, notably South Korea, Japan, and China. © 2018 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Export Scenario Between Bangladesh and China: Opportunities of Bangladesh in RMG Sector

The Ready-made Garment (RMG) industry has already promoted itself as the largest foreign currency earning sector for Bangladesh and occupying the 2nd position in leading exporters of clothing. From a humble beginning in late 70’s RMG sector has emerged itself and did employment about 4.5 million peoples. China is the largest clothing exporter and represents the lion’s share of the world market. In spite of being the second largest exporter, Bangladesh is far behind from China in any category of this sector including export earnings and a number of markets. Whereas China occupies one-third of global market share, Bangladesh has only 6 percent share in clothing export in the world but acts as a lifeline in her economy having 82 percent contribution of export earnings. Bangladesh could be more successful in this sector if it utilizes the available opportunities. For this, Bangladesh should try to grab the opportunities impeding in front because of backwardness of China in clothing export originating recently due to the transformation of the economy to high technology production and higher labor cost in garments. Hence it is important for policy makers to find out the facts and figure in exports of Bangladesh RMG to China. This paper will exhibit the comparativeness of Bangladesh vis-à-vis China in Ready-made Garment sector. Statistical analysis and secondary data sources have been used to make a broad discussion for this study. Bangladesh has the potentialities to be the next China if it can perform well according to the demand and challenges.