Export Scale Research Articles

Analysis of the Competitiveness of Digital Service Trade Between China and RCEP Partner Countries

Abstract: Based on the digital service trade data from China and RCEP partner countries from 2008 to 2022, this study analyzes the current status of digital service trade, including export scale, structure, and policies. It calculates the international market share and trade competitiveness index, and provides an in-depth analysis of the overall competitiveness of digital service trade and the competitiveness levels by industry within RCEP countries. The study finds that while the international competitiveness of digital service trade between China and RCEP partner countries is relatively weak, the development speed is relatively fast. In response, China should increase efforts in digital infrastructure construction with RCEP partners, promote digital technology research and innovation; enhance digital security and privacy protection, and improve relevant laws and policies; reduce barriers to digital service trade, and increase the influence in formulating digital trade rules; strengthen political mutual trust among RCEP countries, and deepen cooperation in digital service trade.

The Impact of the Environmental Protection Tax on the Export Scale of Heavily Polluting Enterprises—A Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on the Implementation of the Environmental Protection Tax La

The Impact of the Environmental Protection Tax on the Export Scale of Heavily Polluting Enterprises—A Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on the Implementation of the Environmental Protection Tax La

Demand Potential for Agricultural Trade between China and Countries along the "Belt and Road".

International agricultural markets are an important part of the global food resource chain. Tapping into the potential of agricultural trade between China and countries along the "Belt and Road" (B&R) is conducive to safeguarding China's and the world's food security, but there is less literature on the potential of bilateral trade demand. This paper ranks the B&R countries according to the scale of imports and exports, and calculates the elasticity of demand for imports, the elasticity of substitution for exports, and, finally, the potential of elasticity of demand for trade between China and the major B&R countries. The results show that China's agricultural export potential to major B&R countries is ranked as follows: Indonesia, Thailand, Russia, Poland, Turkey, Vietnam, Malaysia, Ukraine, India, and Singapore. The major B&R countries are also ranked in terms of their export potential to China: Vietnam, India, Ukraine, Russia, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Poland, Singapore, and Turkey. The findings of this paper provide a decision-making basis for promoting agricultural trade between China and B&R countries.

Labour rights protection and export expansion: Evidence from SA8000 certification

Protecting labour rights is an important approach to shaping the new advantages of trade competition and achieving high-quality development of China’s export trade. This paper considers SA8000 certification as the criterion for labour rights protection and manually collects information from firms certified by the National Certification and Accreditation Administration of China. Next, we investigate the effects of SA8000 certification on firm exports. The results show that SA8000 certification significantly expands the export scale while improving export quality. The mechanism analysis shows that the improvement effects are achieved in three ways: reducing operating costs, improving social reputation and increasing labour efficiency. Moreover, the positive effects of SA8000 certification are more profound for resource-intensive firms, non-state-owned firms and large firms. Our study provides an important reference for safeguarding labour rights and reconstructing new competitive advantages in exports.

Is Shanghai a rival to Seoul? Analysis on complementary and competitive relationships in trade

Despite the continuous expansion of trade and investment agreements between China and South Korea, little is known about the distribution of benefits and losses stemming from synergy and competition at the regional level. This paper aims to investigate the complementary and competitive interactions among 14 economic regions of the two countries concerning bilateral export scale. Using a Dendrinos-Sonis model based on a zero-sum structure, we analyzed the interregional trade patterns between the two countries from 2002 to 2022. The evidence shows that the growth of Seoul metropolitan area is complementary to the growth of Shanghai metropolitan area in terms of regioinal export share, but not vice versa. Central Area in South Korea exhibits widespread complementarity, while Beijing metropolitan leans towards competition.

Research on the Impact of ESG Performance on the Export of Listed Companies

The ESG concept is highly compatible with China's new development concept, but there is no definitive conclusion on whether ESG performance has a positive impact on a company's exports. This article uses A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2015 to 2022 as research samples to empirically examine the impact of ESG performance on corporate exports. Research has found that a company's good ESG performance has a significant positive impact on exports. The better the company's ESG performance, the larger its export scale. This article has certain enlightening significance for enterprises and investors to attach importance to ESG performance, and for government departments to improve ESG information disclosure systems.

Unveiling the nexus: exploring the influence of terrorism on energy trade in China and the Belt and Road countries

An examination of the scale of energy trade between China and the countries along the Belt and Road, as well as the terrorist activities in these countries from 2008 to 2019, has been conducted in this study. The spatial and temporal evolution law is revealed through the use of exploratory spatial data analysis. The spatial Durbin model is employed to investigate the impacts and spatial spillover effects of terrorist activities along the Belt and Road on China’s energy trade with these countries. The findings of the study are as follows: Spatial clustering is exhibited by the energy scale of China’s imports and exports with countries along the routes and terrorist activities along the routes, with energy imports concentrated in West Asia and North Africa, energy exports concentrated in Southeast Asia, and terrorist activities concentrated in West Asia and North Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. A negative effect on the scale of China’s energy imports from the countries along the route is exerted by the terrorism index, and a positive spatial spillover effect is present. The number of terrorist activities and deaths have a negative effect on the scale of China’s energy imports from the countries along the route, but there is no spatial spillover effect. The terrorism index does not affect the scale of energy exports from China to countries along the route, but there is a negative spatial spillover effect. There are differences in the spatial spillover effects of the number of terrorist activities and deaths on the scale of China’s energy exports. The level of economic development, liner transportation convenience, and energy exports dependence of the countries along the route also significantly influence China’s energy trade with these countries.

Delineating the embodied CO2 emissions in Canada's exports: Routes, drivers, and paths

AbstractThis study combined the World Input–Output Database and Asian Development Bank's Multiregional Input–Output database to investigate Canada's embodied CO2 emissions in exports (EEE) for the period of 2000–2018. We examined the key drivers and paths through structural decomposition analysis and structural path analysis. First, the results showed that embodied emissions in the intermediate exports were the major contributor to Canada's EEE, and emission paths involving more than three countries were on the rise, indicating that the expansion of the global industrial supply chains has complicated the paths of Canada's EEE. Second, the factors such as emission intensity of sectors, export structure, and export scale, had varying influences on Canada's EEE over time. For several sectors, the benefit from reduced emission intensity was largely offset by the additional emissions from the increased export scale. Hence, the design of emission regulations should consider the heterogeneity of industrial sectors in order to mitigate emissions for the diverse industries in Canada. Third, energy and resource industries (e.g., electricity, petroleum, wood, metals, and so on) played an essential role in Canada's exports. A significant amount of embodied emissions was transferred from these sectors to the downstream sectors along the supply chain, indicating that abatement measures should be adopted from the whole life cycle perspective of a product/service through an integrated governance of the supply chain. This article met the requirements for a Gold–Silver JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.

Domestic market integration and multi-product firms’ export behaviours: evidence from China

ABSTRACT This study investigates the effects of domestic market integration (DMI) on corporate export behaviour. Utilizing a regional DMI index and data from Chinese A-share listed multi-product firms between 2006 and 2015, we find that DMI expands export scale and reinforces firms’ export behaviours. Specifically, quality-based competence firms upgrade the quality of their core products, whereas cost-based competence firms reduce the prices of their core products. These findings have significant implications for emerging countries implementing upgraded international trade and prompting domestic market integration.

The impact of corporate financialization on the export scale of the film industry—Evidence from China

Based on the data of listed companies from 2010 to 2022, this paper analyzes the impact of corporate financialization on the export scale of the film industry. The results show that the financialization behavior of enterprises has a positive impact on the export scale of the film industry. Monetary policy moderates the impact of corporate financialization on corporate financing constraints. Under the loose monetary policy, the promotion effect of short-term financialization behavior on the internal financing capacity of enterprises is enhanced, and the negative effect of long-term financialization behavior on the external financing constraints of enterprises is alleviated.

The Impact of Anti-Dumping Measures on the Export of Intermediate Goods in Chinese Manufacturing Industry - Based on the perspective of ownership of importing firms

Abstract This paper links the OECD-ICIOMNE database with the OECD analytical AMNE database. Based on the ownership of importing countries' enterprises, it dissects the scale of intermediate product exports in the Chinese manufacturing industry. Furthermore, it combines this analysis with the Temporary Trade Barriers Database to explore the heterogeneous effects of anti-dumping measures on the scale of intermediate product exports. The study finds that: (1) The scale of intermediate product exports from the Chinese manufacturing industry to domestically owned enterprises in importing countries is higher than that to the third-country multinational corporations within the importing country, with the lowest scale observed for exports to Chinese multinational corporations located within importing countries' borders. (2) Under the impact of anti-dumping measures, the negative effect on the scale of intermediate product exports to domestically owned enterprises in importing country is greater than that on exports to the third-country multinational corporations within the importing country. However, exports to Chinese multinational corporations within importing countries' borders don’t experience a significant impact. (3) The endowment of factors in Chinese manufacturing industries and the regions to which importing countries belong will lead to heterogeneous impacts on the relationship between anti-dumping measures and the scale of intermediate product exports. Keywords: Scale of Intermediate Product Export, Importing Country, Domestically Owned Enterprise, Chinese Multinational Corporation, Third-country Multinational Corporation.

Detection of Viral Haemorrhagic Septicemia in Marine Fisheries Commodity Using Real Time–PCR at Fish Quarantine Inspection Agency Denpasar, Bali

Marine fish commodities in Indonesia, both exported and imported, have experienced a significant increase. This increase opens up opportunities for the risk of entry and spread of fish pests and diseases, both on an export scale between countries and between areas within Indonesia. One of the pathogens that is acute that can cause major losses is the virus. The virus that often attacks sea water ornamental fish is Viral haemorrhagic septicemia. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of VHSV that infects marine ornamental fish commodities using namely: necropsy, fixation, extraction, amplification, and reading of results. This research was conducted at Fish Quarantine Inspection Agency Denpasar, Bali. Based on the test results, VHS was found to attack six samples of marine fish species with codes namely NTC, BC 8.2, BC 9.2, BAR 8.2, 1252, NSR 8.2.

Siquian City’s Exporting of Goods: Competitiveness and Survival Analysis Amidst Challenges

In 2020, in the face of the sudden impact of the new coronavirus pneumonia epidemic, Suqian's economy has withstood the test of the epidemic, showing a good situation of "rapid stabilization and gradual recovery", and the "13th Five-Year Plan" has come to a successful end. In the year of 2020, when the Sino-US trade war has not ended and the new coronavirus epidemic is raging, Suqian's foreign trade can achieve such good results, which is worthy of affirmation. However, while affirming that Suqian can still achieve such excellent results in the export of goods in such a severe situation at home and abroad, we should also see that there are still many shortcomings in the development of Suqian's foreign trade. Based on this, this paper firstly analyzes the current situation of Suqian's goods export from four aspects, such as the scale of goods export, export goods, export trade mode and the export situation of goods in each sector. Secondly, the paper analyzes the existing problems of Suqian's export of goods. The main problems are: the gap between Suqian and southern Jiangsu, the unbalanced development of various sectors, the unreasonable structure of export of goods, etc. Thirdly, from the internal and external environment, this paper analyzes the reasons for these problems in Suqian's goods export. The internal reasons include: inter-regional industrial transfer, insufficient level of industrial development, and insufficient location advantage; The external reasons are as follows: the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, Sino-US trade friction, sluggish international market demand, the impact of international industrial transfer and trade barriers have weakened the competitiveness of Suqian's export goods; Finally, from the two levels of government and enterprises to improve the problems of Suqian goods export countermeasures and conclusions.

Export stability and adolescent fertility rate

AbstractThis paper studies the effect of export stability on the adolescent fertility rate. The test results show that the improvement of export stability will decrease the adolescent fertility rate of exporting countries through four mechanisms: raising female labour income, increasing health expenditure, promoting urbanization and strengthening female education empowerment. Compared to developed or high‐income countries, the impact of export stability in developing or low‐income countries is more substantial. The increase in export scale will strengthen the impact of export stability on adolescent fertility rates. The findings of this article can help countries to govern the adolescent fertility rate further.

A Study of the Impact of Digital Technology on the Economics of Agricultural Export Trade

Abstract An in-depth study of the impact of digital technology on the competitiveness of agricultural export trade can provide data support and direction reference for the development of China’s agricultural digital transformation. Based on the theoretical foundation of the research on the impact path of agricultural exports, this paper integrates the entropy power method to select the agricultural digital technology indicator containing the degree of rural digital infrastructure and digital technology as the explanatory variable and the agricultural export competitiveness as the explanatory variable. Then, the measurement scheme for agricultural digital technology levels and agricultural export competitiveness is designed, and regression analysis is carried out after obtaining and testing the data. It is found that the increase in the level of agricultural digital technology (DIG) has a positive promotion effect on agricultural export competitiveness, and for every 1 unit increase in the level of digital economy development, agricultural export competitiveness increases by 1.596 units. The coefficients of digital financial inclusion level, land size, digital talent ownership, digital logistics level, and digital infrastructure construction are 1.855, 2.835, 0.239, 0.942, and 1.516, respectively, which show a positive promotion effect on agricultural export competitiveness. From the sub-sample point of view, the eastern region is leading China in both the development speed of digital technology and the scale of agricultural exports. The competitiveness of agricultural exports in foreign trade can be significantly enhanced by integrating digital technology and the agricultural export industry chain at an accelerated pace. This paper makes a useful exploration of the direction of agricultural digital transformation and the path to enhance the competitiveness of ag\[*\] agricultural exports in the international market.

The influence of unsure trade policy for China

With the complex world political economic situation, the influence of unsure trade policy for trade, microeconomics, and macroeconomics gained a lot of attraction, which become an up-to-date topic in the political research industry in recent years. This article from the microeconomic of a Chinese entrepreneur perspective, which based on introduces the concept of the unsure trade policy (TPU), its theoretical mechanism, and empirical measurement to have further analysis of unsure political trade’s influence on Chinese companies: First of all, the influence of trade policy uncertainty on the export of Chinese enterprises includes four aspects: the export scale of enterprises, the quality and price of export products, and the technical complexity of export; Second is that the Chinese companies deciding TPU influence, the result may wait and delay investment, evaluate and carefully choose investment projects, adjust supply chains, prudently treat overseas investment and choose to stabilize the market. The end of the article concludes the influence of unsure political trade for Chinese entrepreneurs and expanding the future situation.

Technology structure of China’s export of agricultural products: empirical analysis based on technical complexity

AbstractGrowing labour costs, increasing resources and environmental constraints and a desire to emphasize high-quality trade have promoted China to prioritize upgrading the agricultural export structure. This brings forth a need for further research on agricultural export technology. We measure the technical complexity and height based on the sample of 178 countries over the 2002–2020 period. The results are then compared with those of the world’s major exporters of agricultural products (APs). We find that China’s APs export exhibited a pattern of medium-technology products and slowly transitioned towards medium–high and high technology levels. The technology structure of China’s APs export was significantly lower than that of the major global AP exporters (except Brazil). The overall technical level of China’s APs exports slightly fluctuated near the medium technology grade. The evolutionary trend of the technology structure of China’s APs export differs from its export scale, showing a tendency towards a more downmarket in 2002–2012 but some improvement since 2013. There is a widening gap in the technology structure of APs export between China and major developed exporters. China’s APs export is losing competitiveness overall, and the upgrading of the technology structure of China’s APs export was slower. Therefore, the technology structure of China’s APs export can be escalated by raising standards of quality, concentrating on the export of higher technical complexity products, promoting the advances and innovations in agricultural science and technology, and further exploring the trade potential hidden behind the differences between China and other countries in export technology structure.

Outward foreign direct investment and GVC position of manufacturing industry: A perspective on China's general trade and processing trade structure.

Depending on the trading modes, the effect of Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) on the manufacturing industry's position within the global value chain (GVC) may differ considerably. This paper examines the GVC position of China's manufacturing industry from 2003 to 2018, specifically focusing on the general trade and processing trade. Drawing upon this premise, this paper analyzes the effect and mechanism by which OFDI influences the GVC position of China's manufacturing industry. The result demonstrates that: (1) China's processing trade manufacturing industry has a much lower GVC position than general trade manufacturing industry. The GVC position of China's general trade manufacturing industry rose from 2.76 to 2.90 from 2003 to 2018, while processing trade manufacturing industry remained around 1.93. (2) OFDI boosts the GVC position of general trade manufacturing industry through facilitating reverse technology spillover, inducing industry structure upgrading, and enabling export scale expansion. (3) OFDI hinders the GVC position growth of processing trade manufacturing industry. The research findings offer theoretical backing for China to develop OFDI strategies that are tailored to different trading modes within the new framework of dual circulation. These strategies aim to facilitate the transformation and advancement of the manufacturing industry, as well as the growth of the GVC position.

Has digital technology promoted the restructuring of global value chains? Evidence from China

Reconstruction is necessary for the GVC in the digital age. This paper examines the impact of digital technology input on China's participation in the reconstruction of the global value chain. The relative position of the GVC and the degree of bilateral cooperation in the GVC were constructed as an index to measure a country's participation in the reconstruction of the global value chain from a bilateral perspective. The study found that investment in digital technology has a significant positive impact on China's relative standing in the GVC and the level of bilateral cooperation within the GVC. Additional heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that digital technology input in capital-intensive industries has a more pronounced effect on China's participation in the reconstruction of the global value chain. The aforementioned promotion effects are amplified when developed economies and economies with a high level of financial development serve as trading partners. Examining the OBOR sample further reveals that the aforementioned promotion effects are similarly significant. Examining the mechanism reveals that digital technology input promotes China's participation in the reconstruction of the global value chain via two channels: increasing the export scale of high-tech products and exporting domestic added value.

What role does global value chain participation play in emissions embodied in trade? New evidence from value-added trade

The international division of the value chain brings both opportunities and challenges to developing countries. Integration into the global value chain (GVC) has become a new driving force for economic growth in developing countries while simultaneously creating huge pressures for the reduction of carbon emissions. The existing literature focuses on the measurement of GVC embeddedness and embodied emissions, but rarely on the influencing mechanisms between them. From the perspective of value-added trade, this study recalculates the emissions embodied in exports of developing countries using the multi-regional input-output model (MRIO), and analyzes the influencing mechanisms between the GVC and embodied emissions arising from four transmission paths: export scale, industrial structure, technological progress, and environmental regulation. The results show that there is an inverted U-shaped nonlinear relationship between the degree of GVC embeddedness and the carbon emissions of developing countries. Consequently, a low degree of participation in the GVC is not conducive to the improvement of a country's ecological environment; conversely, when GVC participation exceeds the inflection point, it helps to reduce the scale of embodied emissions. Export scale and industrial structure play important positive transmission roles in the impact of GVC embeddedness on carbon emissions embodied in exports, and developing countries are locked-in at the low end of the GVC. Environmental regulation plays a non-linear intermediary role in the relationship between GVC participation and carbon emissions, while technological progress has no significant impact. Thus, developing countries should actively participate in the GVC, while focusing on learning opportunities arising out of advanced low-carbon production technologies from developed countries, thereby benefiting from the technology spillover effect.