Resource Exports Research Articles

Diagnosis of preconditions and level of shadow activity in the financial services sector of the regions of Ukraine

The shadow economy nowadays is one of the most substantial threats for the development of the financial sector in Ukraine and is the ground for sham entrepreneurship, corruption, organized crime, etc. The shadow activity phenomenon is, to a certain extent, peculiar to all types of economic activity in Ukraine. The article examines the preconditions for the shadowing of the financial services sector. The level of its shadowing in the context of the regions of Ukraine is calculated. The causal links, features and threats of covert, informal and illegal activities in the financial services sector are studied, in particular: tax evasion (as deliberate concealment / understatement of profits from doing business), unproductive outflow (export) of financial resources, sham entrepreneurship, legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and more. The paper establishes that the determinants of creating conditions for efficient legal activity in the financial services sector should be: creating favorable tax conditions for doing business in the studied sector; reducing the gap between the level of interest rates on deposits and loans, reducing the level of interest rates in the economy as a whole, which will make the lending procedure more accessible to individuals and businesses; increasing monetary discipline; strengthening control over financial markets in terms of counteracting unproductive capital outflows through scheme institutions; countering cybercrime; expanding financial inclusion; stimulating and developing innovation in the financial services sector. The paper proves that the real fall in shadow activity in the financial services sector can take place in case of declining costs and growing efficiency of the legal economy and creation of parity conditions for the functioning of various forms of business in the financial domain. The falling fiscal pressure on the legal economy should be the key condition for such a transformation, which would create motivation for transferring the shadow operations to the legal grounds.

РОЗВИТОК ЕКСПОРТНО-ІМПОРТНИХ ОПЕРАЦІЙ У ВУГІЛЬНІЙ ГАЛУЗІ УКРАЇНИ

As a result of the research, system approach to the management of mining, utilization, export and import of national coal resources has been formed. The comparison of export and import prices for metallurgical coal and anthracite led us to the conclusion that export-import operations are ineffective, since export prices for anthracite are lower than import ones. It has been proved that it is unprofitable for the national economy to export coal at low prices in situations of coal mining reduction in Ukraine. Analysis of black coal, anthracite (2701), coke and semi-coke, retort carbon (2704) export and import`s geographic structure has been made. It has been found out that the Russian Federation and the USA are the main importers of black coal and anthracite, export flows were concentrated in Bulgaria, Turkey, Belgium and the Russian Federation. It has been specified that coke, semi-coke and retort carbon (2704) during 2011-2018s were imported mainly from the Russian Federation, the USA and Poland. Export destination was the Russian Federation. It has been proposed to use system approach to rational mining, use of the country's available mineral resources, taking into account exportimport flows, external and internal markets pricing, as well as the resource component of national security.

An investigation of the link between indirect tax, oil receipt, debt on foreign reserves in Nigeria

The main objective of the study was to investigate the influence of indirect tax, direct tax, oil revenue, total debt on foreign reserves in Nigeria from 1980 to 2019. Ex post factor research design was adopted in this research and data was analyzed with the aid of Ordinary Least Square multi linear regression technique. The study found out that, there is a negative and statistically significant influence of indirect tax and direct tax on foreign reserves in Nigeria. Similarly, it was discovered that oil revenue and total debt has positive and non-statistical significant influence on foreign reserves. The study concluded that there is an influence of oil revenue and total debt on foreign reserves, as well as no influence of indirect tax and direct tax on foreign reserves. In addition, the lack of influence of indirect tax and direct tax shows that government has not being taking advantage of its taxation to generate enough revenue to meet its expenditures, as well as boost foreign reserves. And suggested that government should not depend mainly on oil revenue to meet expenditure and sustain its foreign reserves, but should try as much as possible to diversify the economy towards the creation, encouragement and sustenance of small scale and medium industries, and the development and extraction of non-oil mineral resources for export to boost its foreign reserves. Lastly, government should enhance its revenue generation in taxes to meet its expenditures to give room for the revenue generated through crude oil to increase foreign reserves.

A Novel measure of Political Risk and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows

This paper proposes a novel measure of political risk that is used to confirm some of the findings documented in the Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) literature. Particularly, we confirm the positive relationship between political stability and its components on net FDI inflows, and the mitigating effect of natural resource exports on this relationship. The proposed political risk measure contains relevant, unique and incremental information not observed in the literature. For example, although this measure is highly correlated with the political risk rating of the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG), it contains unique information that explains net FDI flows beyond what is explained by the political risk rating of ICRG.

The effect of Dutch disease in the tourism sector: the case of Mediterranean countries

Purpose – A flourishing tourism sector can produce the same increase in income as that from natural resource exports. Unlike the oil, gas, and mineral extraction industries, which cause depletion of natural resources, the tourism industry has the potential to become a renewable industry, if well managed. In this context, the aim of this study is to investigate the existence of the Dutch disease effect in Mediterranean countries with high tourism dependence. Design – The data set used in this study was from 1996-2015, and it was obtained from the 2017 World Development Indicator [WDI] database. The logarithms of all variables were added to the model. In the study, 17 selected Mediterranean countries (Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Croatia, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Israel, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Slovenia, Spain, Tunisia, and Turkey) were used. Methodology – In the study, the methods used by Figini and Vici (2009), Holzner (2011), Ghalia and Fidrmuc (2015) are followed. In addition, Panel AMG, CCE co-integration estimators were used. Findings –The panel data analysis results for the country group imply that the Dutch disease does not exist overall but, on the other hand, the country based results reveal existence of the Dutch disease in some of the Mediterranean countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Egypt, Greece, Italy, Morocco, and Turkey). Originality of the Research – The originality of this study is twofold. First of all, to our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the Dutch disease in the Mediterranean countries. Moreover, the study employs recently developed panel data econometric methods and allows us to get results for each economy separately, unlike conventional panel data analysis methods. Therefore, we predict that this study will make an important contribution to the literature.

Formation of Common Electricity and Gas Markets in the EAEU: Market Models, Barriers and Solutions

The formation of common industrial markets of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the energy sector is not just a task to fulfill the terms of the Treaty on the EAEU, but a necessary condition for expanding integration interaction between partner countries, a necessary resource platform for developing competitive potential in the industrial sector of the EAEU member countries and a factor for ensuring energy security The formation of common industrial markets of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the energy sector is not just a task to fulfill the terms of the Treaty on the EAEU, but a necessary condition for expanding integration interaction between partner countries. It’s a necessary resource platform for developing competitive potential in the industrial sector of the EAEU member countries and a factor for ensuring energy security The authors examine in the article the world experience in applying various models for integrating energy markets, in particular electricity and gas, taking into account the specifics of the functioning of the sectoral national systems of the EAEU countries, their resource potential, the level of development of competition and monopolization, and the possibilities of transit of electricity and gas. The potential of creating and developing a common electricity market on the basis of the signed agreements in the EAEU was studied in the context of differences in the institutional and legal bases, the degree of development of competition in the national industrial electricity markets, and their liberalization levels. The revealed differences in the models of the national electricity markets of the EAEU countries cause a long transition period for the formation of a common market with a gradual decrease in the number of seizures in generation / production, transmission and ensuring the security of energy supply to countries. It is noted, that the coordinated model of the transition period does not contribute to the rapid obtaining of significant synergistic effects and the solution of energy redundancy problems. The need to develop a coordinated industrial policy of the EAEU countries to expand the use of resource potential and export of energy resources to third countries is noted. It requires an integrated approach to creating common markets, primarily electricity and gas. (можно дать одним предложением The need to develop a coordinated industrial policy of the EAEU countries to expand the use of resource potential and export of energy resources to third countries is noted, which requires an integrated approach to creating common markets, primarily electricity and gas., а можно оставить и так)The current level of the institutional and legal basis for the formation of the gas market does not allow to overcome the differences in the degree of liberalization of national gas markets, their monopolization and, accordingly, pricing, and determines the acceleration of integration rapprochement. The formation of common markets actualizes the format of exchange trading, the institutionalization of which on the electricity market is already provided for in the EAEU interstate agreements, and on the common gas market requires coordination and implementation of electronic trading mechanisms, drawing on Russian experience.

Natural resource abundance, financial development and economic growth: An investigation on Next-11 countries

The financial system needs to develop in order for natural resource exports to have a positive effect on economic growth. Yet, an advanced financial system is crucial for transferring the revenues from oil exports to productive investments. If the level of development of the financial system remains under a certain threshold, the effect of natural resource exports on economic growth is too low. In this vein, the determination of the level and the deepness of financial development that has a positive impact on the growth of natural resource exports should be clarified. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the impact of natural resource exports on economic growth and the level of financial deepening by using the data of the selected Next-11 countries for the period of 1996–2016. Nonlinear panel data methodology is used in the study. Based on the empirical results, for the first regime, where the rate of financial deepening is under 45%, the increase in oil exports does not have a statistically significant effect on ecenomic growth. For the second regime, where financial deepening is over 45%, one unit increase in oil exports causes a 7% increase in economic growth.

Composição e determinantes das exportações brasileiras intensivas em recursos naturais no período de 2000 a 2018

Este artigo analisa a composição da pauta exportadora brasileira e investiga os principais fatores que explicam o significativo avanço das exportações intensivas em recursos naturais no período de 2000 a 2018. Para isso, aplica a metodologia de cointegração pela estimação de um modelo Autorregressivo de Defasagens Distribuídas (ARDL) para avaliar os efeitos dos preços internacionais das commodities, da taxa de câmbio real, da demanda externa e da taxa de juros sobre as exportações intensivas em recursos naturais. Os resultados apontam a relevância da demanda externa (efeito-China) e dos preços das commodities para explicar o desempenho daquelas exportações no longo prazo, o que deixa a pauta exportadora vulnerável a variáveis conjunturais que podem ser revertidas ao longo do tempo.

Photosynthetic cyclic electron transport provides ATP for homeostasis during trap closure in Dionaea muscipula.

The processes connected with prey capture and the early consumption of prey by carnivorous Dionaea muscipula require high amounts of energy. The aim of the present study was to identify processes involved in flytrap energy provision and ATP homeostasis under these conditions. We determined photosynthetic CO2 uptake and chlorophyll fluorescence as well as the dynamics of ATP contents in the snap traps upon closure with and without prey. The results indicate that upon prey capture, a transient switch from linear to cyclic electron transport mediates a support of ATP homeostasis. Beyond 4 h after prey capture, prey resources contribute to the traps' ATP pool and, 24 h after prey capture, export of prey-derived resources to other plant organs may become preferential and causes a decline in ATP contents. Apparently, the energy demand of the flytrap for prey digestion and nutrient mining builds on both internal and prey-derived resources.

Accounting for environmental assets as sovereign wealth funds

ABSTRACT Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) are often used to provide long term macro-economic stability and to accrue and safeguard financial assets for future generations. These state-owned investment funds are usually created using balance of payment surpluses – often from resource exports or the sale of public assets. Given that SWFs are among a few widely-used financial mechanisms created for the benefit of future generations, they can play an important role in helping to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper will argue that a re-direction of economic rents earned from natural resources, along with rigorous and careful ecosystem services accounting can serve to broaden the scope and holistically enhance the value of SWFs. The paper concludes that accounting for environmental assets and the economic benefits derived from such resources can serve as the basis for the establishment of SWFs, promote inter-generational wealth transfer and help stabilise economies impacted by climate change.

Treaty of Paris vs. Treaty of Niagara: Rethinking Canadian economic history in the 21st century

AbstractIn this paper, I argue that in focussing on the role of natural resource exports (“staples”) as drivers of the extent and characteristics of economic growth, Canadian economic history has overlooked questions of resource ownership. Equally it has focused on the development of the settler economy rather than on that of Indigenous nations, with little acknowledgement of the relationship between the two. I review some milestones in the evolution of legal recognition of Indigenous land and resource rights, an evolution that has a direct impact on today's Canadian economy. I then survey some recent papers to demonstrate that the theoretical and empirical tools of economists can combine to provide important new insights into, and a more holistic picture of, the development of the Canadian economy.

Occluded Histories: Philippine Labor after EDSA

Abstract The uprising alternately called EDSA Revolution or People Power Revolution or EDSA People Power Revolt, which led to the downfall of Filipino dictator Ferdinand Marcos in 1986, supposedly ushered in the formal restoration of civil freedoms that had been snatched away by Marcos’ martial law. In the aftermath of the uprising, formal democratic institutions and civil rights were returned, including the right to free elections and the right to peaceful assembly. But as this article seeks to show, the administrations after EDSA have been marred by the neglect of workers’ welfare and the failure to address old labor concerns such as inadequate wages, job precarity, and contractualization. Given the shortage of employment opportunities in the Philippines, the administrations after EDSA have also promoted migration as its de facto job-generating mechanism. But the export of human resources is not without its ugly consequences, such as making overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) susceptible to abuse and exploitation. Deploying the notion of counter-history and using various materials from both government and non-government organizations, this article undertakes to critically assess the labor conditions during the historical period after the fabled EDSA People Power Revolt, and concludes that no notable changes have taken place.

Nature as a Subject of Rights? National Discourses on Ecuador’s Constitutional Rights of Nature

In 2008, Ecuador became the first country in the world to make nature a subject of constitutional rights, and they did so by invoking nature as la Pachamama, the Kichwa Mother Earth deity. This is a biocentric notion which challenges the modernist vision of nature as resources subject to human use, which could imply a fundamental transition in the human-nature relationship with implications far beyond the legal system. With this point of departure, the aim of this article is to explore how Ecuador’s rights of nature are understood and employed rhetorically by relevant actors, particularly in relation to the country’s development model, which is based on extraction and export of natural resources, i.e. a subject understanding of nature. The rights of nature’s meaning have been attempted fixed in a discursive struggle, and three different discourses regarding the rights of nature have been identified from interview data: The Anti-Capitalist Ecologist Discourse, the Transformative Discourse and the Anthropocentric Developmentalist Discourse. The latter, which conceptualizes the rights of nature as anthropocentric sustainable development has become hegemonic. This can explain why the rights of nature can co-exist alongside continued and increased resource extraction with detrimental socio-environmental effects.

Monetáris politikai kihívások a szubszaharai régióban

The monetary policy of the Sub-Saharan countries is a lesser-known field for those Hungarian readers who are interested in Africa. In the last few decades several fundamental changes took place so a short synthesis is badly needed to better understand this issue. Apart from the fact that this study tries to shed light on the monetary policy challenges of different periods, it also places much emphasis on the contemporary issues in central banking.After the turn of the new millenium the central banks have been struggling with unpredictable fiscal policies, the appropriate treatment of the revenues of the natural resources, not to mention the inflow of foreign aid. It is also highly important to monitor the frequency of the supply shocks and the efficiency of the monetary transmission mechanism. After shedding more light on these issues, the paper tries to focus on the role of the exchange rates, the room for manoeuvre of the central banks in the financial stability and the adequate management of the revenues stemming from the export of natural resources.

Africa’s Natural Resource Wealth: A Paradox of Plenty and Poverty

Africa is blessed with vast natural resources and rich environments.  It is generously endowed with productive land and with valuable natural resources, which include renewable resources (such as water, forestry, and fisheries) and non-renewable resources (minerals, coal, gas, and oil). Natural resources dominate many national economies and are central to the livelihoods of the poor rural majority. These resources are the basis of income and subsistence for large segments of Africa’s population and constitute a principal source of public revenue and national wealth. Under the right circumstances, a natural resource boom can be an important catalyst for growth, development, and the transition from cottage industry to factory production. Indeed, with the right approach natural resources can be used to make the transformation from a low-value economy that relies on exports of primary commodities to one with a substantial labour-intensive manufacturing base. Ideally the development of these resources can be a blessing for the entire continent. But historically, those resources have often proved to be a curse than a blessing especially to the majority of the citizens in these African countries. It is commonly agreed that one of the avenues for getting many of the poorest African countries out of the low-income trap is to provide them with a big demand push that will generate enough demand complementarities to expand the size of markets and recover the fixed costs of industrialisation. Natural resource wealth could be used to pursue this goal. Unfortunately, in many African countries natural resource booms have only to a limited extent set off a dynamic growth process. This is largely due to failure to implement the right growth promotion policies and to ensure that strong institutions are in place, suggesting that it is very difficult to make the big push towards diversification and development of manufacturing in the resource-rich parts of Africa. The danger is that much of Africa is not industrialised and is stagnating in a staple trap, dependent on exports of a few mineral resources. In particular, oil resources and other point resource-dependency could, with the wrong policies, lead to this scenario. The failure of natural resource wealth to lead to the expected economic growth and development has been attributed to several factors, including the so-called “Dutch Disease”, rent –seeking by elites, poor governance and weak institutions. The paper explores these causes of the resource curse and suggests ways to get out of the syndrome.

THE ARKHANGELSK REGION AS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE RUSSIAN NORTH AND THE WESTERN GATE OF THE NORTHERN SEA ROUT

The Arkhangelsk region is one of 11 regions of the Russian Federation within the North-West Federal District (NWFD), which unites two economic regions — the North and North-West. Today it represents the largest region of the whole European part of Russia. The article discusses the changing role of the Archangelsk lands in the historical context and their ability to develop in the modern, sometimes not always simple conditions of globalization of the world economy, where international cooperation comes to the fore, based mainly in this particular case on the export of natural resources, which are rich territory. At this time, the economic activity of the Arkhangelsk region is characterized by the predominant raw material component. Based on this, the most important strategic goal is the reorientation of the regional economy to the production of products of deeper processing and to a certain extent with high added value. This refers to the processing industry. The author pays great attention to the problems of small business in local conditions and focuses on such leading segments of the entire industrial complex as the forest industry and shipbuilding. Due to its geographical position, which is favorable from many points of view, the port city of Arkhangelsk itself is considered as a base for the development of the Arctic territories of the Russian Federation and the further effective use of the Northern Sea Route (NSR). Sincere concern to the creator of the article is caused by the environmental problems of the Arkhangelsk region and measures taken to protect the environment.

EU-Africa and Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) – Revisited

Il est largement admis que le commerce favorise la croissance économique et réduit la pauvreté dans les régions développées et en voie de développement du monde, y compris en Afrique. Le commerce est censé servir de relais par lequel les pays participants utilisent les avantages comparatifs de leurs ressources et capacités de production pour tirer parti de leurs atouts. Bien que le commerce entre pays puisse générer de la croissance à l’échelle mondiale, il arrive souvent que les avantages globaux ne soient pas répartis équitablement entre les partenaires commerciaux. Cela est évident dans le cas du continent africain, qui dépend entièrement de l’exportation de matières premières non transformées et de ressources minérales vers les pays développés et émergents d’Asie qui alimentent leur croissance économique. Cet article examinera, en termes généraux, les relations économiques et commerciales qui existent actuellement entre l’UE et l’Afrique. La position commerciale de l’Afrique est foncièrement fragile, caractérisée par une dépendance à l’égard des matières premières pour les exportations (avec une chute des prix sur les marchés internationaux) et un effondrement du secteur manufacturier qui nécessite l’importation de biens de consommation essentiels. L’Afrique a signé l’Accord de partenariat économique (APE) intérimaire sur les biens matériels avec l’Union européenne (UE) négociés dans le cadre de diverses RECs : par exemple, les blocs Afrique orientale et australe (ESA), CEDEAO, et CDAA. Les APE sont censés faciliter la mise en œuvre du libre-échange dans la mesure où l’UE offrira à l’Afrique un accès non assujetti aux droits de douane et aux quotas aux marchés de l’UE et lui concédera également son marché aux exportations européennes (réciprocité). Ainsi, les accords de partenariat économique constituent une menace pour la stratégie d’industrialisation des pays africains. La sortie britannique (BREXIT) de l’Union européenne a surpris les partisans de l’intégration régionale et du libre-échange. Les pays africains restent incertains quant aux impacts probables du BREXIT tant à l’intérieur qu’à l’extérieur du contexte des APE de l’UE. Le Brexit va sans aucun doute réduire l’accès au marché et l’aide au développement des pays en développement signataire de l’APE.

Strategy to Build a Transshipment Port as a Catalyst to Achieving Critical Mass for Sabah’s Economic Growth

Digital transformation has led to a new era of port development at an unprecedented pace. China represents a large percentage of total global trades, navigating the maritime silk-road to various global and regional ports. In Malaysia, the lack of concrete justifications for the issue of transhipment port strategy leads to a debatable framework. Hence, the aim of the paper is to critically discuss the strategy to build a transhipment port as a catalyst to achieving critical mass for economic growth in Sabah. The study draws heavily on existing literature on the theoretical evidence and the possible factors that shape strategy to build transshipment port in Sabah. Based on reviewed literature, various resultant strategies adopted to stand for their interest are discussed. In this way, this paper provides not only theoretical insights, but also strategically guides managers of organisations in Sabah, government, and businesses values towards building a transshipment port in Sabah to effectively retire cabotage policy to reduce cost, enhance port throughput, develop hinterland for critical mass, enhance ports-economic clusters connectivity, eliminate capacity bottleneck, unlock natural resources export potential, align port service towards regional port users’ needs and to give regional port powers a run for their money.

Tourism-Led Growth and Risk of the Dutch Disease: Dutch Disease in Turkey

The Dutch disease phenomenon refers to the adverse effects of the supply of natural resources and production in the tradable sectors specifically the manufacturing sector. Corden and Neary (1982) and Corden (1984) developed the core model of the Dutch disease that it explains a large amount of foreign money to inside the country will appreciate real exchange rate and cause both the spending and reallocation of resources between non-tradable and tradable sectors that it will lead the country to de-industrialisation
 
 The Dutch disease is generally related to the export of natural resources; however, it can be caused by any factors that increase the flow of foreign currency into a country. According to Copelend (1991), the tourism sector is one of the most important sectors that can be the cause of the Dutch disease. Holzner (2010) called the effect of the Dutch disease on tourism-dependent countries the “Beach Disease”. 
 
 The aim of this study is to investigate whether the growing tourism sector in Turkey has caused resource movement and a spending effect that have led the Turkish economy to experience the Dutch disease. The Turkish economy is one of the emerging markets that in the past few decades has experienced noticeable growth in the tourism sector, to the extent that, according to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC, 2017), travel and tourism’s contribution to GDP in Turkey was 12.5% in 2016. By using several methods, such as non-linear and linear ARDL bounds tests and structural VAR, this study aims to investigate whether the Turkish economy experienced Beach Disease over the period from 1976 to 2017. Empirical evidence demonstrates that due to the growth of the tourism sector, the Turkish economy is suffering from symptoms of Beach Disease, such as de-industrialisation and resource allocation to non-tradable sectors. The results show that the Turkish economy has suffered from the Dutch disease due to a growing tourism sector, which has led to de-industrialisation and unstable long-term growth.

EUROINTEGRATION ORIENTATION OF UKRAINE: STATE SUPPORT OF THE AGRARIAN SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY

Topicality. The evrointegration course of Ukraine and integration of economy of the state in a world economy to a great extent depend on the present export resources of country. The mortgage of successful development and global keeping of Ukraine is effective and competitive development of agriculture. The actuality of problem of stimulating the development of state budget support of the agrarian sector of the economy in ensuring the eurointegration of Ukraine. Aim and tasks. In the conditions of reformative motion of Ukraine in direction of entering into European Union and choice of way of development, the agrarian sector of economy occupies one of leading places, which a possible decision of problems of raising of economy of the state and providing of perspective development of other industries of economy is due to. The purpose of the article is to assess the national conditions and factors regarding the implementation of European principles for the construction of state economic relations in the field of agriculture. Basis of decision of these tasks is wide illumination of agroindustrial complex as backgrounds of development which will enable to provide an output on the new level of menage, inculcate European principles of construction of relations between farmers and state, to create the certain programs of support of agriculture and more main all - to provide stability of economy of the state. Research results. State budget support is the main direction of state regulation of agriculture with other branches of the economy, to ensure the effective functioning of agricultural production in general. Investigational problems of development and realization of export capacities of enterprises of agroindustrial complex of Ukraine. tendencies and certainly basic directions of introduction of eurointegration principles of menage are analysed in modern terms. Conclusion. By priority and strategically the important sector of economy of Ukraine traditionally is an agroindustrial complex. Therefore the valuable use him export potential will play a key role in integration of Ukraine in outer economic space. Prospects for future research in the field of implementation of European principles of management are related to the priority development of the regions, the effectiveness of the reforms implemented and the effectiveness of the development of the agro-industrial complex in the context of its state support.