Export Rates Research Articles

Assessment of the feasibility of Aku small hydropower project using RETscreen Energy Model Software

The RETScreen 4 software was used in this study to conduct the analysis to determine the viability of the river Aku hydropower plant in Uturu, Abia State. The study was carried out using data from Ivo river dam authority, previous studies and literatures. The result of the study showed that the Aku river could generate an annual energy of 6,434,000kWh and will be able to payback its project cost at 6.3 years. The estimated annual GHG reduction of the project stood at 4,310.7tCo2 an equivalent of 1,852,317 litres of gasoline not used. The sensitivity/risk analysis indicated that electricity export rate (electricity sales price), initial cost and debt interest rate impacted the project profitability the most in that order. The project NPV is sensitive to both the debt interest rate and the initial cost of the project as variation in cost above 30% will throw the project into a negative NPV. In the light of the available information, the project is feasible if implemented.

Moderating effects of net export and exchange rate on profitability of firms: a two-step system generalized method of moments approach

Moderating effects of net export and exchange rate on profitability of firms: a two-step system generalized method of moments approach

Exchange Rate Pass - through in Export Value-chain of Bangladesh

Determining the extent and rate of the exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) to inflation has been of utmost importance to policy-makers in developed and emerging nations. This study uses mixed techniques to examine the exchange rate pass-through in Bangladesh using a data sample that spans the years 1990 to 2020. Comparison with India and Bhutan has been made in some aspects. The results show that the ERPT is significant, asymmetric, and rapid, with prices reflecting significant amount of changes in exchange rates in short run. Policy-makers should continue aiming for low and stable inflation and establish a strong track record of prudent macroeconomic policies in order for the ERPT to drop. This study uses a panel of data to investigate the exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) connection, which is the link between the exchange rate and the prices of traded products. The results of this analysis indicate that while there is evidence of a one-to-one connection between changes in the exchange rate and export prices for primary exports, this link is not present for ready-made garment (RMG) exports. Market-specific econometric estimates show that exporters' pass-through behaviour is influenced by their perception of the demand pattern in destination markets. As a result, pricing-to-market (PTM) emerges as the dominant strategy, defying the "law of one price" hypothesis' prediction. The Multi-fiber Arrangement (MFA) system, which limited the competitive activity of several providers in many restricted commodities that are of export importance to Bangladesh, is to be made responsible for the startling results that RMG exports are insensitive to fluctuations in the currency rate.

Türkiye'nin İhracata Dayalı Öncü Endüstrilerinde Ar-Ge ve İnovasyon Faaliyetleri: Gelecek Görüşleri İçin Bir Analiz

Purpose: Research and Development (R&D) and innovation activities critically impact an organization's development and competitive advantage. Although all industries have R&D and innovation activities, sectoral applications vary depending on readiness, investment opportunities, and organizational strategies. This study focuses on the automotive, textile, and main metal industries, with the highest export rates in Türkiye. This study aims to analyze R&D and innovation activities for the selected industries and provide practitioners with future insights.
 Methodology: Six different R&D and innovation indicators, i.e., current expenditure, personnel expenditures, trade investments, number of patent applications and number of R&D personnel, are considered for this study, and the GM (1,1) forecasting model is used to predict 2022-2030.
 Findings: As a result, although an increase in R&D and innovation activities in the automotive industry is expected, especially for each indicator, these values are limited for textile and main metal. It is realized that especially these two industries need more support. 
 Originality: Within the scope of this study, future insights and suggestions are given under digitalization and technology adoption, encouraging postgraduate studies of employees and higher education - industry collaborations, adopting R&D and innovation as a part of corporate culture, extending R&D and innovation incentives, supporting SMEs in R&D and innovation activities according to sectoral comparisons.

A Life Cycle Analysis of a Polyester–Wool Blended Fabric and Associated Carbon Emissions in the Textile Industry

The effect of industrialization and technological developments and the rate of population growth have begun to disrupt the ecological balance in the world. A large share of the deterioration of this balance is due to the rapidly increasing energy demands of people. Fossil fuels and renewable energy sources are used to obtain the energy that is needed by human beings. Most of the world’s energy needs are met by fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. These resources, which we call fossil fuels, cause many parallel environmental problems, such as global warming, climate change, and carbon emissions, for the world and nature. The most affected by all these experiences, of course, is the entire production sector, which is dependent on energy. However, textile and apparel, which is a pioneer in taking steps towards harmonization with the Green Agreement, is one of the sectors that started the transition to green energy within the scope of the European Union and brands’ net-zero targets. Within the scope of the Green Agreement, Turkey has participated and started to work for a 70% carbon reduction, which is the target for 2030, and carbon neutrality, which is the target for 2050. Therefore, within the scope of these targets, the textile sector of Çukurova Region, which has the highest export rate in Turkey, was chosen. Within the scope of this study, carbon emission, which is one of the global problems, was examined within the framework of the ISO 14067-ISO Product Based Carbon Footprint (CF) standard by examining the production of a textile company, and the results were analyzed in detail. The main innovation of this article is to follow all stages of the fabric called Tricia, which is the most produced product in the textile industry, from its entry as fiber to its exit as fabric in the factory, and to calculate and analyze the amount of carbon that is released into nature. The dynamic and experimental results showed that it was determined that 6.00 tons of carbon dioxide carbon were released in the time it took for the fabric to go to the sewing room as a fabric.

Plankton community changes during the last 124 000years in the subarctic Bering Sea derived from sedimentary ancient DNA.

Current global warming results in rising sea-water temperatures, and the loss of sea ice in Arctic and subarctic oceans impacts the community composition of primary producers with cascading effects on the food web and potentially on carbon export rates. This study analyzes metagenomic shotgun and diatom rbcL amplicon sequencing data from sedimentary ancient DNA of the subarctic western Bering Sea that records phyto- and zooplankton community changes over the last glacial-interglacial cycles, including the last interglacial period (Eemian). Our data show that interglacial and glacial plankton communities differ, with distinct Eemian and Holocene plankton communities. The generally warm Holocene period is dominated by picosized cyanobacteria and bacteria-feeding heterotrophic protists, while the Eemian period is dominated by eukaryotic picosized chlorophytes and Triparmaceae. By contrast, the glacial period is characterized by microsized phototrophic protists, including sea ice-associated diatoms in the family Bacillariaceae and co-occurring diatom-feeding crustaceous zooplankton. Our deep-time record of plankton community changes reveals a long-term decrease in phytoplankton cell size coeval with increasing temperatures, resembling community changes in the currently warming Bering Sea. The phytoplankton community in the warmer-than-present Eemian period is distinct from modern communities and limits the use of the Eemian as an analog for future climate scenarios. However, under enhanced future warming, the expected shift toward the dominance of small-sized phytoplankton and heterotrophic protists might result in an increased productivity, whereas the community's potential of carbon export will be decreased, thereby weakening the subarctic Bering Sea's function as an effective carbon sink.

ВПЛИВ ПІІ НА ЗАЙНЯТІСТЬ В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ: ПРИКЛАД КИТАЮ

The paper investigates how the evolution of the digitalization of economies alters the influence of foreign direct investment (FDI) on employment, using China as a case study. The study focuses on China, the largest developing economy, which has a significant influence on other economies, including Ukraine. With technological shifts demanding more skilled labor, particularly within the rapid growth of the digital economy, new pathways emerge regarding how foreign investment affects the host country's job market. The development of the digital economy can reduce the costs of information retrieval, production, transactions and delivery, etc. Beyond altering organizational practices, digital technologies also impact broader social dynamics. Understanding and leveraging digital transformation require consideration of both dimensions. To examine these aspects, a set of indices was employed, estimating digital economy development through entropy estimation and the coefficient of variation. These measurements formed the basis for a digital economy development index, utilizing indicators from four digitalization sectors: digital infrastructure, industry, innovation, and tool utilization. An empirical regression model integrated multiple indicators, such as employment rate, GDP, FDI, digitization coefficient, human capital, export rates, wages, and the proxy of interaction between FDI and the economy's digitization coefficient. Different sectors and regions within China were separately studied. Analyzing panel data across 30 Chinese provinces from 2001 to 2021 revealed that increased digitalization amplifies the positive impact of FDI inflows on domestic employment. Notably, this effect is more prominent in the service sector than in manufacturing, and it's relatively stronger in the less developed western provinces compared to the eastern and central ones. As the digital economy in the western regions is less mature, investments there yield relatively higher returns. These findings support the notion that employment grows alongside rising FDI inflows. However, it's crucial to highlight that digitalization increasingly shapes the intensity of FDI's influence on employment.

The Impact of the Inflation Rate on the Economic Growth of the Netherlands.

This study analyzes the connection between the Netherlands’ economic growth and inflation rate. A quantitative research design will be employed in the study, and secondary data collected from credible sources will be used. Variables including GDP per capita growth, interest rates, inflation, currency rates, government spending, import and export rates, and wage growth will all be included in the statistics. Regression analysis will be used to look at the connection between the inflation rate and economic growth, and descriptive statistics will be utilized to evaluate trends and patterns in the data that was gathered. The regression analysis will incorporate control factors including net import growth, government spending, and interest rates. Colvin, Christopher L.; Fliers, Philip (2019) The literature evaluation emphasizes the intricate connection between the Netherlands’s economic growth and inflation rate. While high and unstable inflation rates can have negative effects, reasonable levels of inflation can boost economic activity. Government spending and monetary policy are two major factors that affect this relationship. The research study intends to add to the body of knowledge already in existence by providing a more precise understanding of how inflation impacts economic growth in the Dutch setting. The results will impact economists and policymakers in their creation of efficient plans to control inflation and enhance long-term economic growth Fischer (1993).

Impact of digital transformation on global services trade flows

Abstract Globalization paired with rapid technological advancements has transformed the landscape of the services trade, positioning digital transformation as a critical determinant of trade flows. This analysis delves into how digital transformation influences global services trade flows, establishing a model to examine the dynamics between exports and imports. Through empirical analysis using cross-country panel data, the study reveals a positive correlation between digitalization and the activities of exporting and importing services. Notably, the escalation in digitalization level markedly boosts exports in telecommunication, information technology, and other business sectors. Factoring in controls such as exchange rates and trade efficiency, the findings highlight digital transformation’s role in elevating the growth rate of global services trade exports by 5.82%, especially pronounced in telecommunication and information services sectors. The study advocates for enhanced investment in digital infrastructure and policy innovation to minimize trade barriers and optimize global services trade flows.

ՀՀ ՏՀՏ ոլորտի արտահանման հաղթարշավը/ EXPORT TRIUMPH OF ARMENIA'S ICT SECTOR

The paper analyzes the rate of growth of the ICT sector in the Republic of Armenia, its structure and share in total exports, both in terms of goods and services. The export growth of ICT services during the studied period exceeded the growth rate of the total export of the RA. The lion's share of ICT sector exports belongs to services, and among them, computer services. Moreover, in the last 10 years, there has been a structural shift in the export of ICT services, the share of telecommunications has decreased from around one-third to one percent in 2022, while the share of computer services has increased even further.

The influence of ESG practices on domestic value-added to exports during the period of technological change.

Sustainable development and raising the domestic value-added rate of exports (DVARE) have become essential priorities in the pursuit of high-quality economic growth. An econometric spatial model is developed in this research using data on Chinese enterprises spanning 2008 to 2019. According to a study, exports' domestic value-added rate (DVAR) can be successfully increased using environmental, social, and governance (ESG) practices. Spatial spillover analysis demonstrates that adopting ESG practices boosts export DVAR both within and between regions. According to heterogeneity analysis, the sample's overall increase in DVARE as a result of ESG practices is mostly attributable to the mix and processing trade organizations, the eastern area, and large firms. An examination of the underlying mechanisms shows that businesses that implement advanced technologies are able to reinforce the favorable impact of ESG practices on DVARE. This article gives evidence from real-world studies that show how ESG practices help boost Chinese exports and advance sustainable development. The findings hold significant implications for other developing nations as they make the transition towards a pattern of economic growth.

Африка южнее Сахары: тренды, пропорции и факторы развития

The author’s calculations and models show that although the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) suffered greatly as a result of the plunder of their human and natural resources by the countries of the West during the period of colonial oppression and the centuries-old era of the slave trade, they have managed – after they gained political independence – to achieve on the whole a number of positive socio-economic results. The gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) as a percentage of GDP has doubled, the average number of years of education of the adult population has increased six times, the average life expectancy at birth has augmented by one and a half times, and the human development index has risen by 2.5 times. However, since SSA countries are growing on average slowly and unsteadily, the gap between SSA and the advanced economies as well as many Asian developing countries (ADCs) by levels of development has enlarged significantly, and the total number of poor people in SSA has more than tripled over the past forty years, reaching 1 billion people. Besides the demographic dividend coefficient that is almost twice as low as in ADCs, the low dynamics of per capita GDP growth in SSA, according to our model, is associated by 1/3, 1/4 and 1/10, respectively, with the low rate of GFCF, low growth rates of exports (mainly raw materials), low level of social institutions. Since the assistance of the countries of the West is small and decreasing, and the capacity of markets in SSA countries is low, in order to avoid worsening the situation, they need to (a) increase the share of investments in physical and human capital in GDP at least one and a half times (including by reducing unproductive use of resources), (b) more actively develop intra-African cooperation and foreign economic relations with other developing countries and the Russian Federation, (c) rely on export-oriented industrialization (as SSA lags the most – 3–4 times – behind ADCs in terms of output growth rates of manufacturing industry).

The Role of Bottom Friction in Mediating the Response of the Weddell Gyre Circulation to Changes in Surface Stress and Buoyancy Fluxes

Abstract The Weddell Gyre is one of the dominant features of the Southern Ocean circulation and its dynamics have been linked to processes of climatic relevance. Variability in the strength of the gyre’s horizontal transport has been linked to heat transport toward the Antarctic margins and changes in the properties and rates of export of bottom waters from the Weddell Sea region to the abyssal global ocean. However, the precise physical mechanisms that force variability in the Weddell’s lateral circulation across different time scales remain unknown. In this study, we use a barotropic vorticity budget from a mesoscale eddy active model simulation to attribute changes in gyre strength to variability in possible driving processes. We find that the Weddell Gyre’s circulation is sensitive to bottom friction associated with the overflowing dense waters at its western boundary. In particular, an increase in the production of dense waters at the southwestern continental shelf strengthens the bottom flow at the gyre’s western boundary, yet this drives a weakening of the depth-integrated barotropic circulation via increased bottom friction. Strengthening surface winds initially accelerate the gyre, but within a few years the response reverses once dense water production and export increases. These results reveal that the gyre can weaken in response to stronger surface winds, putting into question the traditional assumption of a direct relationship between surface stress and gyre strength in regions where overflowing dense water forms part of the depth-integrated flow.

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN FOREIGN TRADE WITH MAIN PARTNER COUNTRIES ON ARMENIA'S GDP

The paper analyzed the foreign trade and economic relations of RA with 13 main partner countries. In the post-Soviet period, these ties developed with Belarus, Georgia, the Russian Federation, Iran and Kazakhstan, and the development of ties with other countries showed different trends. In order to assess the impact of the trade relations of the main partner countries on the GDP of Armenia, a panel data model was built based on the annual data of 1995-2022. The following hypotheses were proposed and verified: “Increasing trade volume with key partner countries contributes to the growth of Armenia's GDP” and “GDP growth of key partner countries contributes to the growth of Armenia's GDP”. Using the Hausman test, the Random Effect model was selected from the Fixed Effect model and Random Effect model alternatives. According to the results of the model, a one percent increase in the growth rate of exports contributes to an increase in the growth rate of the nominal GDP of RA by 0.02 percent, and a 1 percent increase in the growth rate of imports contributes to an increase in the growth rate of the RA GDP by 0.07 percent. An increase in per capita gross domestic product of foreign countries contributes to the growth of Armenia's nominal GDP. A prediction was made based on the model.

Using the annual growth rate of exports palm ‎from the Kingdom to the United States

Using the annual growth rate of exports palm ‎from the Kingdom to the United States

기업체 인식조사를 통한 국가산업단지 융·복합 공간조성 연구

National industrial complexes are playing a pivotal role in the national economy, contributing tremendously to the creation of industrial jobs in Korea. However, the changing industrial environment and the resulting industrial policies are not supported, and the production, export, and utilization rates of industrial complexes are falling due to the downturn in the main industry and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The development of the ICT industry has changed the industrial paradigm and it is time to change the existing traditional manufacturing method. Since the 4th Industrial Revolution, the pace of industrial change has progressed more rapidly, and Korean industrial complexes have to solve urgent and wide-ranging tasks to overcome stagnation and crisis. It is not possible to maintain competitiveness with a single facility in the manufacturing industry, and it is necessary to pursue the creation of a space that combines complex economic spaces such as production, R&D, service, education and training, and life and leisure spaces for workers.
 Therefore, this study aims to analyze the basic status of the national industrial complex and examine the possibilities and necessary factors of the convergence and complex space through a survey on the perception of businesses and workers in the industrial complex. The main purpose of the study is to derive implications for each business and worker based on the review, suggest future-oriented industrial development directions for the national industrial complex, and suggest plans for the creation of future convergence and complex spaces.

A Comparative Study of India’s Foreign Trade in Pre and Post Reform Period

Foreign trade has been playing a vital role in the economic progress and prosperity of every country. In modern days foreign trade has assumed an immense prominence and substance for economic development of a country because of interdependence of economies, increasing specialization and joining regional cooperation. In 1991, the major program of economic reform were introduced which emphasize on external sector wherein the protective tariffs were decreased, changes into foreign investment and the restrictive import licensing system was relaxed and simplified. After the New economic reforms, India’s foreign trade has undergone substantial changes, volume of trade rose up and composition of trade was also frequently changed. The main objective of the paper is to study the trends of India’s foreign trade pre and post new economic reforms in India. The entire data for the present study is collected from the secondary sources. The collected data has been analyzed by using Paired t-test from SPSS software package and graphs. The findings of this paper said that there is positive relationship between economic reforms and India’s foreign trade. A push has been given to the exports but analyzes says that the increasing rate of imports is higher in comparison to the increasing rate of exports.

Indonesia’s macroeconomic conditions during United States-China trade war

The trade war between the United States and China can affect the Indonesian economy. It is because the United States and China are Indonesia's main trading partners in International trading. Indonesia's macroeconomic indicators affected by the trade war are exports, imports, interest rates, and inflation. This research examines the trade war's partial and simultaneous effect on Indonesia's macroeconomic conditions, such as exports, imports, interest rates, and inflation. The data used in this study is secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and Bank Indonesia (BI) in 2017 – 2020. The data analysis technique used is MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance). The empirical results showed that trade war simultaneously affects exports, imports, interest rates, and inflation. Meanwhile, the trade war partially affects exports, imports, and interest rates but not inflation. Our research concluded that trade conflicts between Indonesia's two main trading partners, namely the United States and China, affect Indonesia's macroeconomic conditions, especially on exports, imports, interest rates, and inflation. Indonesia must take strategic steps to anticipate the impact of the trade war, especially on export, import, and interest rate policies.

The Holocene silicon biogeochemistry of Yellowstone Lake, USA

Silicon (Si) is an essential macronutrient for diatoms, an important component of lacustrine primary productivity that represents a link between the carbon and silicon cycles. Reconstructions of lake silicon cycling thus provide an underexploited window onto lake and catchment biogeochemistry. Silicon isotope geochemistry has potential to provide these reconstructions, given the competing source and process controls can be deconvolved. The silica-rich volcanic and hydrothermal systems in Yellowstone National Park are a great source of dissolved silicon into Yellowstone Lake, a system with high silicon, and thus carbon, export rates and the formation of diatom–rich sediment. Yellowstone Lake sediments should be an archive of past silicon biogeochemistry, although the effect of sublacustrine hydrothermal activity or hydrothermal explosion events is unclear.Here, we analysed lake water, tributaries, and hydrothermal vent fluids from Yellowstone Lake for their dissolved Si concentrations, isotope composition (δ30Si) and Ge/Si ratios to evaluate the sources of variability in the lake's Si cycle. Bulk elemental composition and biogenic SiO2 (bSiO2) content, together with δ30Si and Ge/Si ratios from a single diatom species, Stephanodiscus yellowstonensis, were analysed in two sediment cores spanning the last 9880 cal. yr BP. We investigate these datasets to identify long term Holocene changes in hydrothermal activity and effects of large and short-term events i.e., hydrothermal and a volcanic eruption.Combinations of bSiO2, δ30Si and Ge/Si with XRF and lithology data revealed that Yellowstone Lake has a resilient biogeochemical system: hydrothermal explosions are visible in the lithology but have no identifiable impact on bSiO2 accumulation or on the δ30Si signature. Both cores show similarities that suggest a stable and homogeneous dSi source across the entire lake. A narrow range of δ30Si and Ge/Si values suggests that the productive layer of the lake was well mixed and biogeochemically stable, with consistently high hydrothermal inputs of Si throughout the Holocene to buffer against the disturbance events. Variation in bSiO2 concentration through time is weakly correlated with an increase towards younger sediment in the δ30Si fossil diatom record in both cores. This increase mirrors that seen in ocean records, and follows changes known in summer insolation, summer temperatures and lake water-column mixing since the deglaciation. This suggests that climate forcing, and soil formation ultimately govern the silicon isotope record, which we suggest is via a combination of changes in weathering stoichiometry, diatom production, and relative proportion of dSi sources.

How important is the real exchange rate for exports and growth?

Economists have long debated whether the real exchange rate (RER) has a significant impact on export performance and output growth. Some claim that export performance depends only on nonprice competition and the RER is irrelevant to long-run growth, whereas others argue that the RER is a key variable for promoting long-run economic development. Neither extreme view is supported by recent empirical evidence. Most econometric studies find significant effects of RERs on exports and growth, but subject to numerous qualifications. For example, RER effects on exports differ by type of goods exported, while the negative effects of overvaluation on growth may be stronger than the positive effects of undervaluation. Even if RER effects on growth rates are found only for medium-run transitions, these may imply a long-run impact on levels of output.