Export Programs Research Articles

Optimizing Iran's natural gas export portfolio by presenting a conceptual framework for non-systematic risk based on portfolio theory

Remarkable proven reserves of approximately 1200 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, with an unprecedented growth in global demand, have led Iranian policymakers to look for optimal natural gas export programs. This paper attempts to provide a novel conceptual framework to evaluate the natural gas export portfolio. In this regard, the present study develops the concept of non-systematic risk based on both the natural gas dependency risk index and the geopolitical risk index. Furthermore, it presents an aggregated quantitative index using entropy-based index aggregate method by providing appropriate sub-indicators toward natural gas transmission via pipeline and LNG. By introducing the non-linear mathematical programming model of Iran's optimal gas export portfolio and proposing four export scenarios, the efficient frontier is obtained for each scenario. Finally, the results show that the minimum risk level can be attained when the gas export portfolio constitutes a significant share of LNG transmission method.

Strategy of the development of Industry 4.0 in Ukraine: evaluation of the representatives of various organizations and companies of Ukraine

The object of research is the Ukrainian strategy for Industry 4.0. An important step in the development of the Industry 4.0 movement in Ukraine was the presentation of the Ukrainian strategy of Industry 4.0. Therefore, it is extremely important to evaluate representatives of various organizations and companies of Ukraine regarding the priorities of the Industry 4.0 development strategy in Ukraine. The survey used a questionnaire of several blocks of questions: – «Necessity of applying approaches to Industry 4.0 in national strategies of Ukraine»; – «Definition of industries where Ukraine has the best chance of taking a leading position on the development of Industry 4.0 approaches in the international arena»; – «Key factors for the success of Industry 4.0 strategy in Ukraine»; – «Main strategic initiatives for the development of Industry 4.0 in Ukraine». 122 respondents participated in the survey. The results of a survey of the views of representatives of various organizations and companies of Ukraine on the development strategy of Industry 4.0 in Ukraine and its seven main strategic initiatives: 1) Institutionalizing the development of industrial high-tech segments at the state level; 2) Creation of an innovative ecosystem of industrial high-tech; 3) Accelerating clustering in Industry 4.0; 4) Full digitalization of the key sectors of industry, energy, infrastructure; 5) Maximum integration of Industry 4.0 in the strategy of the defense complex and security; 6) Launching export programs for industry high tech sectors; 7) Internationalization and integration into the global space of Industry 4.0. Due to this, priority was given to the implementation of the Ukrainian Strategy for Industry 4.0, taking into account the views of representatives of different stakeholders. In particular, priority activities include enhancing digital skills, standardization, creating an ecosystem, financial incentives, integration programs into the European Union, technology transfer and more.

AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 2018: SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE

The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, the latest US farm bill, contains no major realignment of spending across its 12 titles. Nevertheless, potentially important programmatic changes are authorized. Payments by commodity assistance programs are more closely tied to current market conditions, including allowing farms to annually change commodity program starting with the 2021 crop. Commitment to using private-public partnerships to address farm environmental issues is increased. US land conservation programs appear to be evolving to a pyramid policy approach composed of (1) conservation farming practices for land cropped annually (2) short term contracts to revitalize soil health, (3) environmental fallow to remove land from production for longer periods, and (4) long term conservation easements. The Research and Extension title had the largest percent increase in mandatory funding. Mandatory funding for US agricultural export programs were increased by double digits. Issues with provisions in multiple titles include organic production, local foods, urban agriculture, food wastes, legalization of hemp production, and programs to assist young, beginning, veteran, and socially disadvantage farmers.

Internationalization and performance in agri-food firms

This paper studies the relationship between internationalization and performance in agri-food firms. In line with the recent literature, it analyses the effects of the degree of internationalization using a uniform sample, a long-term focus and a measure that combines export intensity and regional diversification. The study empirically confirms the hypothesis of a horizontal S-curve relationship between geographical diversification and performance and identifies three phases. Export firms are found in the first phase; their profits are low due the initial costs incurred in exporting. Companies with a more advanced internationalization process are in the second phase; they benefit from the positive outcomes of operating on a larger scale. Lastly, the third phase contains highly international, geographically diversified companies; their performance decreases as a result of the costs of entering extra-regional markets, which are especially steep in this sector; they also face higher transition costs and organisational complexity. The results presented could be interesting for policymakers designing and implementing export programmes for agri-food firms. Policies should include assistance at the start of the internationalization process and an attempt to prolong the strategy until the volume of business is sufficient to start showing an increase in performance. The policies could possibly promote networking between Spanish and foreign companies to reduce the costs of more global internationalization strategies.

Experiences with the Export of Education in Health Sciences from Denmark to Saudi Arabia

Background: Exports of entire educational programs from countries with established universities to other countries are increasing rapidly. Scant literature exists on education exports and related educational and pedagogical knowledge transfer. Evidence in this area helps us to develop better and more cost-effective future export programs, render knowledge transfer more efficiently and enhance intercultural learning in general—all important in the current globalized world. Aim: To share the experiences and lessons learned during the educational export project of two Bachelor of Science programs in health sciences from a Danish university to a newly established Saudi Arabian university. Methods: There were two contract periods: one of 4.5 years and another 1-year extension. An accredited program from Denmark was exported with the goal of gradually transferring the knowledge of the exporting staff to the local staff. Teams of one senior and two juniors traveled from the exporting university to the receiving university to deliver courses lasting 4 weeks each. Implicit knowledge comes from the personal experiences of the authors in the preparation, collaboration, administration, management and teaching of the two BSc programs. Explicit, written data come from the evaluation reports, for which 24 students and 31 staff members were interviewed, and from a review of document filing and administrative course material. Analysis was conducted based on the Neville and Warren theory of knowledge transfer in educational settings and using SWOT analysis. Analysis and Conclusion: Opportunities for knowledge transfer were not fully implemented; however, during the contract years, exchange and collaboration between the staff groups increased. The successful and well-received education export with sustainable knowledge transfer requires thorough and collaborative preparation and needs-based implementation. Learning to know each other’s working culture and creating mutual trust and acceptance take time and readiness to exchange expectations, views and experiences on equal footing.

BIM 기반의 협력 설계를 위한 Excel Export 프로그램 구현

BIM 기반의 협력 설계를 위한 Excel Export 프로그램 구현

Community-based enterprise export strategy success: Thailand’s OTOP branding program

Thailand’s One Tambon One Product (OTOP) branded handicraft and food export program in 2016 reached nearly US$3billion, with products coming from approximately 6,000 community-based enterprises (CBE) and small-medium enterprises (SME) countrywide. The OTOP movement is a global program, with communities in China, Malawi, South Africa, Thailand, Laos, and the Philippines. This study examined the influences of perceived quality, competitiveness, trust, and distribution satisfaction on entrepreneurial export performance strategy using the OTOP product brand. Structural equation modeling used LISREL Version 9.1 to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis and test the hypothesized inter-relationships on the variables influencing export performance strategy. Results showed that product quality, trust, distribution capability, and competitiveness are important factors influencing export performance strategy. It was also interesting to note that the majority of the 500 entrepreneurs (94.4%) either owned or worked in groups that had 50 or less employees.

Thai Entrepreneur and Community-Based Enterprises’ OTOP Branded Handicraft Export Performance

Thailand’s One Tambon One Product (OTOP) branded handicraft and food export program is expected in 2016 to reach nearly US$3 billion, with products coming from approximately 6,000, five-star-ranked community-based and small–medium enterprises countrywide. This study therefore examined influences of perceived quality, perceived price, trust, and satisfaction on enterprise export performance using the OTOP product brand. Structural equation modeling used LISREL Version 9.1 to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis and test the hypothesized interrelationships on the variables’ effect on export performance. The vast majority of the entrepreneurs selected by simple random sampling either owned or worked in groups that had 50 or fewer employees, which represented 472 of the survey’s 500 respondents, or 94.4%. Additional results indicated a high and positive correlation between perceived quality, perceived price, trust and satisfaction, and export performance, with the most significant factor affecting export performance being customer satisfaction. In addition, perceived quality also has a positive and direct effect on trust as well as on the exporter’s customer satisfaction. Perceived price plays a role as well and has a direct and positive impact on both customer satisfaction and a customer’s trust of the exporter. Perceived quality also affects export performance in a direct and positive way with trust having a direct and positive impact on satisfaction.

Export programs and SME market choice: evidence from North West England

Exporting, despite its potential for fostering increased overall sales, presents substantial obstacles for firms when compared to serving domestic or spatially proximate markets. Some of these problems center on accessing market information and selecting export destinations. Such challenges become even more demanding for small-and-medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), given their resource constraints and in many cases, relative inexperience with global markets. Export promotion programs are a way by which firms can potentially explore new markets. If firms take part in such programs, how do they access global markets and with which countries do they choose to engage? This research note examines the results of a recent export promotion program for SMEs located in North West England. It explores how firms utilized this program and more importantly, it explores market choice for firms participating in two types of direct buyer interaction: onsite visits and trade fair attendance. The results suggest that firms, even in light of trade promotion assistance, often choose to explore proximate or similar markets.

Optimization of High-Tech Products Export Program in Terms of Resource and Time Constraints

Background/Objectives: The article discusses the conflict between the satisfaction of domestic demands and the export product supply in conditions of limited production capacities of high-technology enterprises. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Economic and mathematical modeling has been applied to objectively determine the conditions of the proposed dynamic strategy application and assess its effectiveness. The optimality criterion is considered to be the total volume of high-tech products supply to the domestic market for the planned period. Findings: The authors have built a dynamic model of a high-tech enterprise or industry, the production of which is distributed between the export and the domestic market supply. The dynamic problem of optimal production distribution between the internal and external markets has been solved. The authors have substantiated the structure of the optimal dynamic export strategy: first of all, the priority shall be given to the product export in order to increase capacity, and at a certain point it is necessary to focus the attention on the preferential satisfaction of the domestic market. The conditions for the effective implementation of this strategy have been determined; the authors have proposed the method of assessing benefit from its use ensuring a potentially attainable growth in high-tech products supply for domestic customers for the planned period. The dependence of the benefit from exchange rate changes, duration of the planning period and from the minimum acceptable volume of supplies to the domestic and foreign markets has been studied. Application/Improvements: In conditions of investment resources deficit and depreciation of the domestic currency, it is expedient to give preference to export supplies, which will quickly increase the production capacity of enterprises.

The Philippines. Global Filipinos: Migrants' lives in the virtual village By Deirdre McKay Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012. Pp. 247. Notes, Bibliography, Index.

The Philippines Global Filipinos: Migrants' lives in the virtual village By DEIRDRE MCKAY Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012. Pp. 247. Notes, Bibliography, Index. In the early twenty-first century, Filipino migrants working overseas comprised the third-largest group of migrant labourers in the world. This global phenomenon has impacted the lives and livelihoods of Filipinos across the Philippine archipelago including indigenous villagers in rural areas in the northern Philippines. How do villagers, both those who migrate to work overseas and those who stay behind, view and interpret migration? How do villagers feel and think about themselves in the world? In Global Filipinos, Deirdre McKay tackles these questions in a multi-sited ethnographic case study of the lives of the villagers of Haliap in Ifugao province, many of whom migrate across the Philippines and overseas. Diverging from previous ethnographic studies of Filipino international migration that have focused on the Philippine government's labour export programme and institutions like the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration, McKay persuasively argues for the enduring significance of villagers' relationships and their desires for economic security and dignity as central features of late twentieth and early twenty-first century international labour migration. McKay's fieldwork took place in the 1990s and 2000s, a period of dramatic change in the municipality of Asipulo, where Haliap is located. By the end of the 1990s, Haliap respondents characterised those villages with many workers abroad as 'developed' and 'progressive' places. Progress was made visible by patterns of consumption --most notably new houses outfitted with modern appliances, and specific brands of clothing, such as Merrell shoes--enabled by the remittances sent by workers overseas. It also involved the increasing use of specific technologies such as cell phones, which resulted in the development of two cellular networks in Asipulo by 2002. Perhaps the most dramatic change was that overseas employment created a new category of elite persons in Haliap. Those villagers who had worked overseas became Haliap's 'new kadangyans', a term that referred to the old landed elite. While the chronological focus of the book is the late twentieth and early twentyfirst centuries, McKay emphasises that migration is not a new phenomenon for Haliap villagers. 'Villagers led mobile lives, even before overseas migration really took off (p. 4). They engaged in migration within the region to cope with a local shortage of irrigated paddy fields. Parental migration was a common practice that enabled their eldest children to inherit the family's most fertile fields. However, by the late twentieth century, overseas migration offered new and exciting opportunities for socioeconomic mobility. Earnings abroad transformed some Haliap villagers into a new class of persons who built modern homes, bought new cars, and could afford professional education for their children. These changes also wrought several downsides: villagers' perceptions of the limitless wealth of overseas workers; overseas workers' excessive borrowing that fuelled these misperceptions; and the resultant misunderstandings that created tensions among family and neighbours. …

Reforming the Bulgarian State of Knowledge: Legal Expertise as a Resource in Modelling States

The transformation of the Eastern European countries from communist states to EU members was supported by massive investments in Western discourses and social science knowledge and export programmes for these from the West to the East. In the West, and specifically in the US, a market for discourses and knowledge production professionalized and intertwined with institutions that exported specific forms of policy visions of US modes of the State. In the East, the importation of discourses and knowledge became pivotal in the struggles for power of modelling the state and its institutions, and thus as knowledge tools to guide and legitimize the path towards democracy and later towards membership of the EU. Based on the notion of co-production, this study focuses on how leading American and European lawyers, think tanks and different agencies were involved in the reorganisation of the Bulgarian field of power.

Managing export success – An empirical picture of German wineries’ performance

Export represents an important strategic lever for enterprises to reach new clients, to diversify, and to participate in regional economic growth. An online based survey invited more than 800 wine experts to assess wine export success factors as well as the performance of German producers. The questionnaire tested a literature based success factor framework with the four success factors. The experts assessed the relevance of the levers for the wine industry and the performance of German produc- ers. Respondents judged all four success factors as well as all underlying 27 criteria to be relevant in the wine industry. Export strategy receives highest value of the success factor rating. The survey depicts a heterogeneous performance of German produc- ers comparing the success factors but a homogeneous performance for all the underlying criteria within each success factor. The responses reveal a performance gap for the success factors export commitment and export strategy. For the success factor export knowledge German producers apparently overperform. Export programs are of importance and in the case of Germany appar- ently meet the needed level of support and activity. The results thereby support empiric findings in the context of cultural differ- ences of different nations. The study provides orientation for German wine producers but also small and medium enterprises of other industries.

Australia export programmes for irradiated fresh produce to New Zealand

Purpose of review: The pre-export application of agreed phytosanitary measures for economically important species of fruit flies (eg, Bactrocera tryoni – Queensland fruit fly) and other high risk pests are a critical aspect of New Zealand's biosecurity requirements. There are a number of successfully implemented treatments allowing for the commercial trade of fresh produce from Australia to New Zealand. The “tool box” of agreed measures include the application of post-harvest treatments such as heat treatments, cold disinfestation, chemical dips/sprays and methyl bromide fumigation. Other non-treatment options include sourcing products from recognised pest free areas (PFAs), the use of systems approaches and recognised non-host status. Over recent years, there has been a need to revise the commercial application for several of the historically recognised treatment options. In particular, the effective banning of dimethoate as an accepted post-harvest treatment option for several products required the development and implementation of new alternatives to facilitate the long-standing market access for important commodities such as mangoes, tomatoes and capsicums. The application of irradiation technology in this instance has successfully fulfilled an important technological and trade need. Furthermore, irradiation has also facilitated the market access for new commodities, such as lychees, and paved the way for the implementation of long-term and sustainable export-import programmes.Findings: A significant volume of irradiated mangoes, lychees, tomatoes and capsicums are now purchased by consumers in New Zealand. It is very clear that not only does irradiation fulfil a technological need but it also fulfils a consumer need by making quality produce available at competitive prices. Consequently, a significant proportion of the New Zealand public will consistently buy irradiated fresh produce when it is available to them.Directions for future research: The recent approval by FSANZ for the irradiation of a range of new commodities will open up further opportunities for both new market access (eg, for cherries and other stone fruit) and also provide a commercially viable treatment alternative for products with existing market access to New Zealand (eg, grapes). Since the commercial application of irradiation treatments has now been in place for more than a decade, trust and confidence in the technical effectiveness of the treatment has improved as well as consumer acceptance. Significant investments in associated infra-structure requirements directly relevant to the fresh produce supplychain (eg, maintaining the cold-chain before, during and after treatment) has also sent positive signals that irradiation is a sustainable and long-term option amongst the current toolbox of treatment options. Governments and regulators must now build on the existing science-based approvals and take a more pragmatic stand to ensure that the regulatory frameworks and approval processes are less obstructive and time consuming so that consumers can exercise their free choice of buying or not buying a wider range of irradiated produce.

Insights into public export promotion programs in an emerging economy: The case of Malaysian SMEs

This study evaluates the impact of public export promotion programs (EPPs) among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia. Three indicators, level of awareness, frequency of use, and perception of usefulness, were examined according to a firm's export status. The global evaluation suggests that exporters are more frequent users of EPPs and perceive them to be more useful than non-exporters. Nonetheless, both groups demonstrate higher levels of awareness, are frequent users, and perceive the programs relating to export info/knowledge are more usefulness than programs relating to financial assistance. Further analysis also reveals that the frequency of use and the perception of usefulness for most programs are positively related to export experience, but not to export turnover. This study offers insights into the effectiveness of export programs for encouraging export initiation and expansion in an emerging economy.

큰느타리버섯의 모의 수출운송과정에서 소포장 적용에 따른 품질변화 비교

큰느타리버섯 수출과정에서의 운송 포장방법으로서 현지 판매에 바로 적용할 수 있는 소포장 기술의 적용 가능성을 조사하였다. 5월 하순에 수확하여 <TEX>$4^{\circ}C$</TEX>로 예냉한 버섯을 2kg 단위 PE 필름봉지 대포장과 판매용 소포장 3개 방식을 적용한 후 4주 및 5주 모의운송 기간을 거쳤다. 기존의 2kg 대포장 버섯은 운송 후 소포장을 하였고 운송 단계에서부터 소포장을 적용한 버섯은 그 상태로 각각 7일간 저온유통 후 품질을 비교하였다. 소포장 방법은 400g 폴리프로필렌 봉지(PPB), 200g 스티로폼 트레이 + 랩핑(STW) 및 200g PET용기(PETC) 포장으로 구분하였다. 운송 조건은 <TEX>$0.5^{\circ}C$</TEX>로 설정한 소형 저장실에서 수행하였고 현지 저온유통은 <TEX>$7^{\circ}C$</TEX>로 설정한 저온 챔버를 활용하여 모의하였다. 모의 운송 중 포장 내부 MA 환경은 2kg 봉지 대포장의 경우 <TEX>$O_2$</TEX> 2% 이하 + <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 10% 이상으로써 장해 발생이 우려되는 수준까지 조성된 반면, PPB, PETC 소포장 운송 시에는 <TEX>$O_2$</TEX> 농도가 상대적으로 높은 경향이었고 STW 소포장에서는 MA 조성 효과가 미미하였다. 유통 7일간 적용한 소포장의 내부 MA 환경은 짧은 기간임에도 불구하고 PPB, PETC 포장에서 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 농도가 매우 높은 수준으로 상승하는 경향을 보였다. 이취, 갈변 정도를 반영한 전반적인 상품성은 2kg 대포장 운송 후 현지에서 재선별을 거쳐 소포장을 하는 방식과 운송초기부터 PPB, PETC 소포장 방식을 적용한 경우 모두에서 우수 수준 이상의 품질이 유지되었고 처리 간 뚜렷한 차이는 없었다. 다만, MA 조성 효과가 낮았던 STW 포장에서는 품질 저하가 빠르게 진행되어 운송 포장으로는 부적합한 것으로 판단되었다. 현장 적용 시 작업 효율과 안정적인 품질유지를 고려할 때, 큰느타리버섯의 5주 운송 + 현지유통 7일로 설정한 수출과정에서 운송에 적합한 포장방법으로는 기존 방식인 <TEX>$30{\mu}m$</TEX> PE 2kg 대포장 방식보다는 <TEX>$30{\mu}m$</TEX> PP 필름 백이나 PET 용기 소포장 방식이 보다 실용적인 것으로 판단되었다. Potential of consumer unit packaging was investigated for quality maintenance during export simulation in king oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus eryngii). Mushrooms were harvested in late May, precooled to <TEX>$4^{\circ}C$</TEX> within 6 hours, and then packaged for shipping in two ways: 2 kg bulk packaging in a polyethylene (PE) bag or three types of unit packaging methods such as 400 g in polypropylene film bag (PPB), 200 g on styrofoam tray + PE shrinkage film wrapping (STW), and 200 g in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers (PETC). For local distribution of bulk-packaged commodity, mushrooms were sorted again and packaged into 3 consumer units in the same way as for the initial shipping packages. Simulation of refrigerated container shipping was performed in a walk-in type pilot storage at <TEX>$0.5^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 5 weeks, while local marketing simulation was carried out on the shelf at <TEX>$7^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 7 days. During the shipment simulation, creation of modified atmosphere (MA) was substantial in 2 kg bulk packages with low <TEX>$O_2$</TEX> below 2% and high <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> over 15% whereas, in PPB and PETC unit packages, relatively higher <TEX>$O_2$</TEX> concentrations were observed. On the shelf at <TEX>$7^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> concentrations rapidly increased in PPB and PETC packages despite the short marketing period. Overall marketability evaluated by off-flavor, browning, and texture rating was maintained at excellent level when 2 kg bulk packaging in PE or unit packaging in PPB and PETC were used for shipment. In contrast, establishment of MA was very slight in STW packages during shipment and local distribution resulting in poor quality after export simulation. The results suggested that shipment using adequate consumer unit packaging is more practical and economically beneficial than using bulk packaging in the export program consisting of 5-week shipment and 7-day local distribution.

A propensity score matching analysis on the impact of international migration on entrepreneurship in Vietnam

This paper investigates the impact of international migration on job creation in the informal sector in Vietnam. Using the national representative household data on international migration in 2008, the results find no self-employment differential between migrant and non-migrant households. International migration matters only if business scale is taken into account. Estimations using the propensity score matching method reveal that Vietnam's migrant households are either poor or rich families. This points to the effectiveness of government labour export programmes designed to reduce poverty and the tendency of rich families to send children to study abroad. The results also show that international migration has no impact on entrepreneurship, and thus employment generation in the informal sector, raising concerns about the lasting impact of migration.

Moscas-das-frutas (Diptera, Tephritidae) no Estado de Goiás: ocorrência e distribuição

O Estado de Goiás apresenta grande número de espécies vegetais hospedeiras de moscas-das-frutas, cujos frutos amadurecem em diferentes estações do ano, proporcionando o aumento da densidade populacional da praga e sua ampla distribuição. Em todo o território goiano, são observadas moscas-das-frutas em alta ou baixa frequência, tanto em áreas rurais quanto urbanas. Além da mosca-do-mediterrâneo (Ceratitis capitata), são conhecidas, até o momento, 21 espécies de moscas do gênero Anastrepha, destacando-se as espécies A. obliqua, A. fraterculus, A. sororcula e A. zenildae, pela importância econômica, e A. grandis, pelo destaque como praga quarentenária. A espécie A. grandis foi registrada, até o momento, em 13 municípios goianos, porém, esta informação não inviabiliza os programas de exportação de frutos implantados no Estado, pois verificou-se que, nas unidades de produção, o índice MAD (moscas armadilha-1 dia-1) foi inferior a 0.1, mantendo-se dentro dos índices estabelecidos pela legislação, para a exportação de frutos de cucurbitáceas.

The Export Incentive Fund: A State-Level Export Program For Economic Development

The export incentive fund is a new and effective method of stimulating foreign exports available to state governments.

Australian national residue survey - closing the loop on pesticide residue risk management for Australian grain.

Australia exports a major proportion of its agricultural production and is highly dependent on maintaining and developing access to, and competitiveness in, export markets. To preserve Australia’s status as a provider of high quality grain, the majority of Australian primary producers rely on pesticides to protect their crops from pests and diseases, particularly in post-harvest situations. The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) supports Australian agriculture by registering and allowing the supply of safe and effective animal health and crop protection products. A residue risk management continuum is established when the effectiveness of chemical registration and control of chemical use regulations is assessed through residue monitoring programs. Programs assess good agricultural practice and provide traceback capacity to investigate areas of concern. Risk communication provides opportunities for continuous improvement. In the early 1960s, the Australian Government established a non-regulatory body, the national residue survey (NRS). In 2008-2009, random monitoring programs were conducted for over 50 commodities (21 grains, five horticultural commodities, 11 fish species, 12 animal species, honey and egg with over 20,000 samples collected for analytical testing. The NRS grain residue monitoring program is presented as a case study of the residue risk management continuum demonstrating to overseas markets the high level of residue integrity of Australian grain. Over 4,000 grain samples are collected and analysed per annum. Most of the samples are collected in the bulk export program where samples are collected from every hatch of every ship loaded at the seventeen Australian grain export terminals. The chemical screens have expanded beyond the multi-residue screen (MRS) insecticides, fungicides and herbicides, to include phosphine, additional herbicides (not included in the MRS), heavy metals and mycotoxins. In its current form, the NRS grains program provides 15 years of residue testing data which demonstrates a very high degree of conformance with Australian MRLs and the import tolerances of overseas trading partners. In addition, trends in residue testing data demonstrate a decline in the frequency of residue detections and the levels of residue detected. To be confident that residue testing results meet the requisite standards, the reliability of the Australian analyses must be assured. The NRS laboratory performance evaluation system has been developed to provide that assurance, using a range of proficiency tests and other techniques in the selection of laboratories for NRS work. Residue testing results are reported against both Australian MRLs and the international MRLs which apply in the relevant export market. NRS maintains databases of overseas MRLs and compares its residue testing results of exported commodities against those standards. Grain marketers receive certificates of analysis, in the form of NRS residue testing results, for each shipment prior to arrival at the overseas market. Keywords : Grain, Pesticide, residue, monitoring program, residue risk management