Export Products Research Articles

Export Product Concentration and Poverty Volatility in Developing Countries

ABSTRACT The present article has examined the poverty volatility effect of export product concentration using a panel dataset of 120 developing countries over the period of 1980 to 2014. Results, based on the feasible generalized least squares estimator, suggest that export product concentration tends to induce greater poverty volatility in low-income countries but reduces poverty volatility in relatively advanced developing countries. These outcomes reflect the fact that export product concentration reduces poverty volatility in countries that improve their manufactured export performance. Finally, the greater the level of export product diversification (or economic complexity), the higher the degree of poverty volatility reduction.

A dual-channel and dual-signal microfluidic paper chip for simultaneous rapid detection of difenoconazole and mancozeb

Using L-cysteine (L-Cys) modified carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and CdTe quantum dots (CdTe QDs) as fluorescence signals, we developed a novel dual-channel and dual-signal microfluidic paper chip, which enables portable and rapid analysis of difenoconazole and mancozeb by internal filter effect (IFE) and photoinduced electron transfer (PET), respectively. The results indicate that the two single-fluorescence imprinted paper chips have great stability and fluorescence property, and the dual-channel microfluidic paper chip composed of them can achieve simultaneous rapid detection of difenoconazole and mancozeb in a mixed solution. The rapid quantitative detection of two templates was achieved under the same excitation wavelength (360 nm) within 5 min. The limits of detection of difenoconazole and mancozeb were 0.18 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the dual-channel microfluidic paper chip also had good specific recognition for their analogs. Moreover, its recoveries of the actual samples were 102.2–108.8% and 96.0–105.5%, respectively, and the relative standard deviations were all less than 5.6%. In conclusion, this work has successfully prepared a multi-template rapid quantitative pesticide residue detection sensor, which provides a useful exploration for the development of new universal rapid detection technologies and theories and is of great significance for the rapid detection of pesticide residues in export products.

Trade Directions of Indian Basmati Rice Export- Markov Chain Approach

"This study aimed to measure the changes in the export direction of Indian basmati rice from 2009-10 to 2021-22 using the Markov chain approach. The data used in the study was obtained from APEDA as secondary time series data. The study found that the export of Indian basmati rice increased in quantity over the study period due to strong demand in the international market, comfortable domestic production, and favorable government policies. Iran and Iraq showed the highest growth rate in both quantity and value of export, while UAE had higher instability in both terms. The study also revealed that UAE and Saudi Arabia were the most stable and reliable markets for Indian basmati Rice, with a probability retention of 76.17 percent and 55.64 percent, respectively. On the other hand, the UK was an unstable market with zero probability of retention. The projected share of different importing countries up to 2027-28 indicated that Iraq and Iran would likely lose their share in the coming years, while UAE, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia are expected to increase their share in the future. Additionally, the study showed that the export of basmati rice increased over the study period and is a competitive export product. To have a competitive advantage in the export of basmati rice, the government should focus on improving processing facilities, transportation facilities, handling and loading facilities at ports, and quality maintenance to facilitate the export of Indian basmati rice."

Study on the Spatial Evolution of China’s Pulp and Paper Product Import Trade and Its Influencing Factors

The purpose of this research is to study the changes in the market structure of China’s pulp and paper product imports. In particular, the import trade environment and market layout of Chinese pulp and paper products have changed under the international context of the coronavirus pandemic and the Sino-US trade dispute and the domestic policy context of zero imports of Chinese waste paper. This study attempts to fill the gap regarding the influencing factors of market structure, while contributing new ideas on China’s trade in pulp and paper products. Based on pulp and paper product import and export trade data from 2005 to 2021, a trade gravity model was used to explore the changes in the share of China’s trade partners for pulp and paper product imports and their influencing factors. The results indicated that the outbreak of COVID-19 led to a significant increase in China’s imports of packaging paper products, bringing about an increase in Indonesia’s status as a partner in China’s pulp and paper product trade. The US-China trade dispute had an impact on pulp and paper product trade between the two countries, with China’s tax countermeasures causing the US to lose its status as a trading partner in China for pulp and paper product imports. The center of gravity for paper product imports has moved from the US and Japan to Indonesia and Russia. The restrictions on waste paper imports have shifted the focus of China’s paper raw material imports, with the US no longer being the main importer of China’s paper raw materials. Specifically, the main importers of wood pulp are Brazil and Chile, while the main importers of waste paper pulp are Thailand and Malaysia. In the future, China needs to continuously strengthen dialogue with the United States to resolve trade disputes and create a favorable environment for trade in pulp and paper products. At the same time, China’s paper enterprises should strengthen the expansion of the Southeast Asian market and reduce dependence on the US market, and China should continue to improve the waste paper recycling system and improve the utilization rate of domestic waste paper.

Firms’ entry choices across export products and markets, and the consequences of trade in an open economy: Evidence from China

We outline a model of endogenous choices of market entry and product scope in a partial-equilibrium model of heterogeneous firms with arbitrary productivity. Firms’ choices of interest depend on market characteristics including variable trade and fixed market-entry costs. Conditional on fixed costs, the extent to which firms respond to shocks depends on their (potentially nonparametric) density around the zero-profit threshold. Accordingly, identical changes in, e.g., variable trade costs per product and market can lead to vastly different responses across not only markets and products but also firms. We shed light on the heterogeneity of these responses by estimating parameters and otherwise calibrating the model to firm-and-product-level bilateral trade data for China.

Spatial Analysis of the Suitability of Hass Avocado Cultivation in the Cauca Department, Colombia, Using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis and Geographic Information Systems

Avocado is an important export and consumption product in Colombia, and its economic importance is expected to increase in the coming years. With its vast potential territory for avocado cultivation, the department of Cauca is a crucial area for producing this variety. However, small producers in the region often need more knowledge of the most suitable locations for planting. This study seeks to determine the ideal areas for Hass avocado cultivation in Cauca using geographic information tools and multi-criteria decision analysis, using a set of official data from different governmental entities and the hierarchical analytical process that allows determining the intensity of the interrelation of factors in the cultivation of Hass avocado. The results indicate that the municipalities near the Popayán plateau have the most significant potential for Hass avocado production, using the analytical hierarchy process. Approximately 9.2% of the administrative territory of the region is classified as highly suitable for Hass avocado cultivation, and an additional 14.2% is considered moderately suitable, constituting about 700,000 hectares of arable land. This research provides decision-makers and producers with valuable knowledge to support and improve Hass avocado agriculture in the region by implementing agricultural engineering practices.

Exploring the impact of managerial abilities on the competitive advantage and performance of creative industries in Indonesia during the post-pandemic recovery phase

In the pre-COVID-19 era, the creative fashion industry stood as a robust pillar in Indonesia's economy, contributing to over 50 percent of the nation's creative economy exports. Batik clothing and hijabs were at the forefront, emerging as the key export products. However, with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, this once thriving sector suffered substantial setbacks. This study aims to investigate how managerial ability influences competitive advantage, and whether the performance of that small-medium creative sectors is directly affected by managerial ability or indirectly through the mediation of competitive advantage. Our study aims to extent the existing studies by focusing on the sustained resilience of businesses in a post-pandemic. The study's sample consists of 134 Batik business owners and/or managers from East Java, Indonesia. The gathered data was then processed and analyzed using a structural equation model. Although the findings indicated that managerial ability did not directly affect business performance, there was a positive relationship between managerial ability and business performance when mediated by the competitive advantage. These findings suggest that competitive advantage continues to play a crucial role in business performance. The higher the managerial ability, the greater the potential to enhance their competitive, which in turn escalates their performance.

Digital Transformation and Export Quality of Chinese Products: An Analysis Based on Innovation Efficiency and Total Factor Productivity

In recent years, Chinese manufacturing enterprises have competed to chase the wave of the “digital revolution”; digital empowerment has become an important strategic path of technological reform for many manufacturing enterprises. Based on the micro data of listed companies, this paper investigates the impact of digital transformation of Chinese listed companies on the quality of their export products. It is found that digital transformation can significantly improve the quality of enterprises’ export products. After a series of robustness tests, this conclusion is still valid, and there are two ways to improve innovation performance and total factor productivity. The export product quality enhancement effect of enterprise digital transformation also has the heterogeneity of ownership, region, and industry. Furthermore, this paper also examines the impact of digital transformation on the internal salary gap of enterprises, and finds that digital transformation may increase the internal salary gap of enterprises and form a “masking effect” on the quality of export products. To a certain extent, this paper deepens the understanding of the study of enterprise digital transformation on the quality of export products and its differences and provides certain guidance for enterprises to implement the strategy of digital transformation.

Propagation of the Colombian genotype of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) CNCh-12 by somatic embryogenesis

Cocoa production (Theobroma cacao L.) is essential globally and constitutes one of the leading export products for Colombia. Understanding the limitations faced by this crop in Latin American countries, it is required, among other aspects, to contribute to strengthening the first link in the production chain through efficient propagation methods and genetic improvement. Knowing that somatic embryogenesis is an alternative to conventional propagation and constitutes an obligatory step in a breeding platform, the objective of this work was to establish a somatic embryogenesis protocol until the plantlet acclimatization in the nursery for the regional genotype CNCh-12, a promising material with productivities higher than 2,000 kg/ha. Different protocols were evaluated, from callogenesis induction, through the expression of primary somatic embryos (PSE) followed by maturation and subsequent conversion to plantlet two types of explants (petal and staminode) and culture time (according to the stage). Additionally, the induction of secondary somatic embryos (SSE) was evaluated in two culture media (L and F). For CNCh-12, the petal was found as an appropriate explant, with a minimum time of 15 days in induction for PSE formation, without difference between the culture media F and L (22 average embryos). Embryo maturation was achieved in medium F after 30 days, followed by an additional 30 days for conversion to plantlet (52.83%). The concentration of salts to increase the conversion and development of the embryos was 1/5 of that used in F. The highest number of SSE was in the L medium. Finally, the ex-vitro adaptation was achieved when the plants were planted in 50:50 sand-coconut fiber and moistened weekly with Hoagland's solution (1:10). Keywords: Cacao, petals, in vitro propagation, plant growth regulators, somatic embryogenesis.

A ‘Uniform’ for All States?

A ‘Uniform’ for All States?

The effect of export tax rebate policy reform on SO2 emission intensity of firms in China

The development of trade has brought about serious pollution problems, and the impact of trade policies on firms' pollution has attracted attention. Taking the export tax rebate (ETR) policy changes of “the highly energy, highly polluting and resource consuming” (HHR) products as an exogenous shock, we examine the impact of the ETR reform on the SO2 emission intensity of Chinese industrial firms by using the time-varying DD method. The study found that the ETR policy reform of HHR products could reduce the SO2 emission intensity of firms by increasing the investment of environmental protection equipment and improving the energy utilization of technology of enterprises. The heterogeneity analysis shows that the policy has a more significantly effect on technology-intensive firms, the firms with a cleaner export product structure and the firms located in less environmentally protection force areas. The findings of this paper provide empirical evidence to support the governance of corporate pollution from the perspective of ETR policy.

A brief insight to Pakistan’s Pharmaceutical industry- A critical review study

Aim: This is a review article, which focused upon Pakistan’s pharmaceutical industry. This industry has fallen into the trap of our country’s buckwheat. Basically, it’s the main concern of pharmaceutical industries of Pakistan, one of the present standing position or top most sold products. Method: This is a comparison between industry from start to form or global level. It has been a detailed review of Pakistan’s import and export products over the years. This article gives an overview on APIs, how they are synthesized and major exporters of APIs. Drugs formulations are also discussed in it. Formulation of drugs are solid, liquid and semi solid. Moreover, it also focused at the limitations and strengths of the factors that are important in determining the strength. Results: The pharmaceutical business has a strong capacity for innovation, and governments should conduct studies and encourage discussion on how to improve this capacity without endangering public health. Practical implication: The strength of each pharmaceutical industry based upon quality goods, providing values, services excellence.There are concerns about the current rules in Pakistan for evaluating the quality of pharmaceuticals raw materials (APIs).The pharmaceutical industry strengths could include low operating overhead, firm fiscal management, low staff turnover, high return on investment (ROI), state-of-the-art laboratory equipment and an experienced research staff. Conclusion: The medical system in a country is crucially dependent on the pharmaceutical sector. This study's goal was to shed light on Pakistan's entire pharmaceutical sector, including startups, imports, exports, and detail of APIs. The pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan is still in its early stages, but it has managed to establish a small presence in Asia-Pacific market. Keywords: Brands, Ointment, ROI, spurious drugs and PIDB

The Influence of International Student Recruitment on Korean Product Export

유학생 교육은 국제 교육산업의 교육 서비스 무역 형태로서 한국의 대외투자 및 무역의 중요한 분야이다. 한국의 내한 유학생 사업이 국가 전략 차원에서 추진되면서 내한 유학생 규모는 급속한 발전 추세를 보이고 있으며, 동시에 한국의 수출 무역도 산업 구조의 고도화를 위한 중요한 발전기에 접어들었다. 세계화의 맥락에서 한국 유학이 한국 수출 무역에 미치는 영향을 올바르게 이해하고 분석하면 한국 수출 무역의 품질과 효율성을 높이는 데에도 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다. 본 논문에서는 한국의 수출 무역액을 연구 대상으로 하여 한국의 유학 교육 현황이 한국 상품 수출에 미치는 영향을 검증해 보고자 하였다. 본 논문에서는 양방향 고정효과 회귀모형을 이용하여 내한 유학이 수출 무역에 미치는 영향의 매커니즘을 규모와 품질의 측면에서 종합적으로 논의하였다. 실증된 논의의 결과를 살펴보면 유학생 교육은 전반적으로 한국의 수출 확대를 촉진할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 매년 유학생 유치 규모가 큰 국가의 경우는 해당 국가에 대한 상품의 수출도 확대되어 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있다고 판단할 수 있는 반면, 유학생 유치 규모가 작은 국가의 경우는 상품의 수출 확대에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 본 논문의 연구 결과를 통해 한국이 국제 교육 협력하에서 ‘유학 대상국’이라는 긍정적 브랜드를 더욱 발전적으로 구축하고, 동시에 인재 유치 정책을 개선하여 우호적 외교 관계를 발전시키며, 국제 인재 유입 활성화 및 한국 수출 무역의 발전에도 긍정적 영향을 줄 수 있기를 기대해 본다.

The Impact of Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Product Quality and Export: Evidence from China

While China’s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) is growing rapidly, few studies have considered the impact of this growth on product quality. This study uses microdata at the enterprise level to investigate the effects of OFDI on product quality and export trade, from the perspective of enterprise heterogeneity. The results denote that (1) OFDI improves product quality, which is caused by the direct promotional effect of OFDI and the productivity effect brought by OFDI. (2) As OFDI of low productivity enterprises creates a productivity effect and leads to a promotional effect on product quality enhancement, the magnitude is significantly higher than that of high productivity enterprises. (3) Product quality enhancement significantly increases the promotional effect on exports induced by OFDI of low productivity enterprises, while simultaneously significantly suppressing the promotional effect on exports induced by OFDI of high productivity enterprises. (4) The promotional effect of OFDI on exports decreases as productivity increases, and OFDI significantly promotes exports of low productivity enterprises and has no significant effect on high productivity enterprises. These results suggest that China should continue to expand the space for international cooperation and encourage enterprises to invest overseas, especially those facing export pressures.

Research on the Problems and Countermeasures of China's Wooden Furniture Product Exports

After the reform and opening up, China's wooden furniture industry has made great progress. The production of wooden furniture has continued to grow, and the total amount of exports is also steadily increasing. Wooden furniture is also an integral part of our daily life. As China's economy continues to develop, the demand for wooden furniture is increasing and the proportion of its exports is rising year on year. Since China's accession to the WTO, China's exports of wooden furniture have gradually expanded and China's influence and competitiveness in the international market has increased. However, there are still many problems in China's wooden furniture export trade, including the export market being too congregated and facing trade barriers; facing competitive pressure from the markets of emerging countries, led by Vietnam; increasing export costs and low added value of products; and a single product structure and weak brand awareness. The main reason for these problems is that the export value of Chinese wooden furniture products is small, the export scale is not large, and the export scale fluctuates; the export product structure is simple, of which bedroom wooden furniture occupies a large proportion; the export market structure is too aggregated, mainly in the United States. Therefore, China's wooden furniture industry should continue to optimize the market structure of products, and actively respond to trade barriers; actively respond to the challenges from the international market, to strengthen international competitiveness; constantly adjust the product structure, establish and strengthen brand awareness, to create high-quality, high value-added wooden furniture products, in order to promote the development of wooden furniture export trade.

Impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on medical product imports from china from outbreak to stabilization: Monthly panel data regression and instrumental variable test.

This study conduct regressions of panal data with OLS and test with IV, empirically examines the COVID-19 epidemic's impact on the import of medical products from China from the perspective of the importing countries, exporting country, and other trading partners, and analyzes the inter-temporal impact across different product categories. The empirical results reveal that, in importing countries, the COVID-19 epidemic increased the import of medical products from China. In China, as an exporting country, the epidemic inhibited the export of medical products; by contrast, for other trading partners, it promoted the import of medical products from China. Among them, key medical products were most affected by the epidemic, followed by general medical products and medical equipment. However, the effect was generally found to wane after the outbreak period. Additionally, we focus on how political relations shape China's medical product export pattern and how the Chinese government is using trade means to improve external relations. In the post-COVID-19 era, countries should prioritize the stability of supply chains for key medical products and actively engage in international cooperation on health governance to further combat the epidemic.

Effect of innovation capabilities on export performance: evidence from manufacturing SMEs in Tanzania

PurposeThis paper examines the relationship between product innovation (PRODIN), process innovation (PROCIN) and export performance (EXPF) of manufacturing small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Moreover, the paper investigates the moderating effect of marketing innovation (MAKIN) in the relationship between PRODIN, PROCIN and the SMEs' EXPF.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional survey design was used and data were collected through structured questionnaires from 250 manufacturing exporting SMEs in Tanzania. CFA was used to test the measurement model. The hypotheses were empirically tested using PROCESS macro test.FindingsThe findings suggest that PRODIN is a significant determinant of EXPF. However, PROCIN was found to have a significant negative effect on EXPF. Additionally, MAKIN was found to be a significant moderator of the relationship between PRODIN, PROCIN and EXPF.Research limitations/implicationsThis study covered only manufacturing SMEs. Future studies can include large firms because they may behave differently on innovations due to the resources advantage they have. Also, because only a single country context was used, the findings of this study should be interpreted with caution.Practical implicationsManagers of exporting SMEs should develop and cultivate PRODIN and MAKIN to nurture EXPF of their firms.Originality/valueThe findings of this study extend the application of resource-based view theory in exporting context by unpacking the process through which resources result in successful performance. Also, this study contributes to the debate about the innovation–EXPF relationship by establishing a moderating effect of MAKING in the relationship between PRODIN, PROCIN and EXPF.

Geographical Indication, Agricultural Products Export and Urban–Rural Income Gap

The Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the implementation of a rural revitalization strategy, which is an important way to achieve common prosperity for all the people, as promoting farmers’ income increase and narrowing the urban–rural income gap are key to promoting rural revitalization and common prosperity. So, under the background of vigorously promoting the rural revitalization strategy in China, it is very important to explore the effect and realization mechanism of geographical indication (GI) on reducing the urban–rural income gap. Based on the statistical data of 31 provinces in China from 2008 to 2019, this empirical study uses the spatial Durbin model (SDM) to analyze the relationship between GI and urban–rural income gap, and the stepwise regression method is used to explore the mediating effect of agricultural product exports on it. The results show that: (1) The potential economic value of GI branding can reduce the urban–rural income gap, and each additional unit of GI in this region will reduce the urban–rural income difference of this region by 0.160 units, and the urban–rural income difference of neighboring regions by 0.133 units. The result is still consistent after changing the proxy variable of urban–rural income gap for robustness test; (2) The brand effect of GI can form a stronger competitive advantage in foreign trade and promote the export level of agricultural products; (3) GI can narrow the urban–rural income gap through the export of agricultural products, and agricultural product export plays an important mediating effect. In the future, the government should not only strengthen the management and protection of GI but also actively market GI products. Promoting the international mutual recognition and mutual protection of GI can ensure the agricultural product export of GI and improve the foreign trade level of GI.

The Impact of Green Finance on Export Technology Complexity: Evidence from China

With the improvement of the technology level and the prevalence of the concept of environmental protection, green finance has been gradually applied to the field of production and economic development. As an important measure of economic development, the export sector is inevitably affected by the development of green finance. However, using the high technology of exports to analyze the relationship between green finance and exports has not drawn much attention. Based on the panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020, this study empirically examined the impact of green finance as well as export technology complexity, by using a combination of fixed effects and mechanism analysis. The results show that green finance has a significantly positive impact on export technology complexity, which means that an increase in the depth of green finance can improve export product quality. In terms of regional heterogeneity, the impact of green finance on the high technology of exports is greater in the eastern region than in the central and western regions of China. In terms of the manifestation of green finance, the effect of green bonds on export technology complexity is greater than that of green investment and insurance. Green finance improves the export technical complexity through three intermediaries, such as green technology innovation, capital investment strength, and product upgrading capacity. This study highlights the importance of green finance and provides new methods for governments to assist in the formulation of policies that can improve export technology complexity.

Value addition and farmers: Evidence from coffee in Ethiopia.

Local value-addition in developing countries is often aimed at for upgrading of agricultural value chains, since it is assumed that doing so will make farmers better off. However, transmission of the added value through the value chain and constraints to adoption of value-adding activities by farmers are not well understood. We look at this issue in the case of coffee in Ethiopia-the country's most important export product-and value-addition in the coffee value-chain through 'washing' coffee, which is done in wet mills. Washed coffee is sold internationally with a significant premium compared to 'natural' coffee but the share of washed coffee in Ethiopia's coffee exports has stagnated. Relying on a unique primary large-scale dataset and a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, we examine the reasons for this puzzle. The reasons seemingly are twofold. First, labor productivity in producing red cherries, which wet mills require, is lower than for natural coffee, reducing incentives for adoption, especially for those farmers with higher opportunity costs of labor. Second, only impatient, often smaller, farmers sell red cherries, as more patient farmers use the storable dried coffee cherries as a rewarding savings instrument, given the negative real deposit rates in formal savings institutions.