Export Platform Research Articles

Analysis of Factors Inhibiting MSME Exports in the Culinary Sector to Enter the Global Market

MSMEs are currently the most developed commercial sector in the local market. The sector that is most in demand and survives in the local market is the culinary sector. However, culinary MSMEs have the lowest share in the global market. Lack of potential exporter capacity and products that do not meet export standards as well as a lack of export financing are currently the main obstacles for SMEs. This research aims to help prospective exporters with an overview of exporting their products on the global market as well as the export standards and procedures that must be followed, as well as providing solutions for export organizations to provide a more efficient export platform. This research uses data collection techniques through qualitative methods with primary data and secondary data. The research results show that exported products do not meet HACCP standards and food safety licenses in several countries. strict export procedures that must be followed by culinary MSMEs with relatively low human resources. Export stakeholders do not yet have sufficient skills to compete in the export market, and MSME stakeholders also do not have sufficient knowledge regarding Export Pro.

Optimization of Import and Export of Aquatic Products in Zhanjiang City--Platform Construction Based on Blockchain Perspective

Abstract Amid the advancement of the global economy and the digital era, Zhanjiang’s aquatic products have increasingly contributed to its total import and export volume. However, its geographical position, encircled by the sea on three sides, exposes the region’s aquaculture and processing industry to significant challenges, notably the discharge of nuclear wastewater from Japan. Traditional practices governing the import and export of Zhanjiang’s aquatic products face several issues, including complex transaction negotiations, inefficient customs supervision, inadequate logistics, high settlement costs, and difficulties in tracing product quality. The adoption of blockchain technology offers a promising solution to these challenges. By harnessing the inherent features of transparency, decentralization, security, and confidentiality, along with integrated consensus, trust, security, and synergy mechanisms, this study proposes the development of a comprehensive import and export platform for Zhanjiang’s aquatic products. This platform is structured across five layers: data source, data layer, network layer, service layer, and operation layer. Enhancements across five critical components—signing, supervision, logistics, payment, and consumption links—can significantly optimize the traditional pain points associated with Zhanjiang’s aquatic product transactions. The implementation of blockchain technology in this context is anticipated to foster healthy and rapid development within the sector, promoting a more sustainable and efficient trade environment.

Logistical fixes and China’s spatial division of logistics integration - in search of economic rebalancing?

ABSTRACTThis article analytically foregrounds the role of logistics, infrastructure, and the transformation of capitalist circulation as an integral component of Chinese capitalism’s changing developmental paradigm. Based on a historical-comparative study of two developmental paradigms, the Open Door Policy (1978–2013) and New Normal (2014–2021), we argue that two layered logistical fixes have shaped Chinese capitalism, while driving unequal regional development between the coastal and inland regions. During the Open Door Policy, the initial logistical fix was centered around the coastal region as an export platform and logistical hub. Consequently, networked spaces of capital accumulation were formed based on the transfer of raw materials and intermediary inputs from the inland to the coastal region, followed by their processing into marketable commodities valorized in global export markets. Following China’s transition to the New Normal, the emergence of a new spatial division of labor between the coastal and inland regions necessitated a new logistical fix. This new logistical fix is notably centered around the inland region as a logistical hub, from which capital circulation and infrastructural linkages with neighboring Asian and coastal regions are being built.

FDI-led growth models: Sraffian supermultiplier models of export platforms and tax havens

This paper develops two Sraffian supermultiplier models of two different kinds of economies that are dependent upon foreign direct investment (FDI): the ‘export platform FDI-led’ growth model and the ‘tax haven FDI-led’ growth model. The former is driven by the growth of the exports of foreign-owned firms and is associated with greenfield FDI inflows, whereas the latter is driven by the growth of profits booked at foreign-owned shell companies that are partly absorbed through taxation and is associated with intangible FDI inflows. The two models achieve demand, output, and income growth via fundamentally different channels yet appear similarly export-led given how profit shifting artificially inflates the net exports of tax havens. Based on these models, a set of empirical indicators are proposed to differentiate export-platform from tax haven economies. In contrast to Bohle/Regan (2021), who characterise output growth in both Hungary and Ireland as being led by the exports of foreign-owned firms, the model and indicators proposed here support the hypothesis that Ireland is closer to the tax haven FDI-led growth model whereas Hungary is better approximated by the export platform FDI-led model.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN E-EXPORT: TURKIYE ANALYSIS

Purpose- The purpose of this study is to analyzes will be made about how artificial intelligence applications in e-export and how it will affect Turkey's export capacity and productivity with the innovations it will bring in the context of technology. It is researched how e-export can play a more active role with artificial intelligence in the context of public, private sector and individuals. Methodology- The methodology of the study will be analyzed through literature review and secondary data. Based on the analysis, grouping (topic and keywords) clustering will be emphasized and interpreted. The study was made in the form of compilation from different sources. Findings- The analysis reveals that the secondary data analysis, based on artificial intelligence and big data are evaluated, the countries with which Turkey cooperates in e-export are European, Asian and African countries. It is seen that the transactions made with these countries based on artificial intelligence, they can be considered as subjects that need to be studied because they are mostly new technologies. When the subject of e-export and artificial intelligence is examined by countries, its place and strategic importance in international trade can be seen. This situation occupies an important place especially in terms of Turkey's e-export. Conclusion- Based upon the analysis findings it may be concluded that It has been seen that the cooperation of academia and private sector is important in the applications of artificial intelligence in e-export, especially in applications in Turkey. Turkey's e-export performance is contributed by public policies and especially by the systems developed by the Ministry of Commerce to make exporters easier and more efficient transactions by giving importance to this area. As a result of these practices, it is aimed that there will be an increase in Turkey's total export figures and significant positive effects on the current account deficit and the ratio of imports to exports. The increase in the use of artificial intelligence in e-export accelerates efficiency and transactions. In the study, it is stated that the cooperation between the public and private sector and artificial intelligence applications in e-export have a high importance in Turkey. Keywords: E-export, Artificial Intelligence, Easy Export Platform, Ministry of Commerce, Secondary Data Analysis JEL Codes: A10, B22, F10

From short to long term: Dynamic analysis of FDI and net export in global regions.

It is crucial to examine the impact between foreign direct investment (FDI) and net exports (NE) for unveiling international trade dynamics, and the economic development of different geographical regions. It yields sharp insights into how FDI inflows, driven by theories such as backward linkage, export platform, and knowledge transfer, enhance a host country's export capacity and contribute to economic growth. Moreover, studying the reciprocal linkages between FDI and NE helps recognise the aspects of domestic factors, such as productivity and the product life cycle, in attracting FDI and increasing export performance. Based on those theories, the study aims to ascertain the dynamic causality or correlation between FDI and NE across all regions with the utilisation of panel data gathered from 110 countries, considering the period from 2002 to 2020. The Wavelet coherence method is used to investigate the relationship between these variables across different frequencies and periods, followed by a Granger causality test. The findings demonstrated that FDI and NE have a significant relationship in most regions, with a bidirectional relationship between FDI and NE across all continents. The results could assist respective governments and policymakers in formulating policies related to FDI flows and offer insights into how a host country can attract more FDI and boost NE.

GVCs and trade elasticities with multistage production

We build a quantitative model of trade with multistage manufacturing value chains, which features many countries, iceberg trade costs, and technology differences across both goods and production stages. We estimate technology and trade costs via the simulated method of moments, matching bilateral shipments of final goods and inputs. Applying the model, we investigate how comparative advantage and trade costs shape the structure of global value chains and trade flows. As the level of trade costs falls, we show that the gravity elasticity of bilateral trade to trade costs increases, due to the endogenous reorganization of value chains and increased export platform production. Surprisingly, however, the resulting increase in world trade (as a share of GDP) is not magnified by multistage production, relative to a benchmark Ricardian model with roundabout production.

Ripple effects in regional value chains: Evidence from an episode of the US–China trade war

AbstractThis study empirically examines the ripple effect of demand shocks on upstream suppliers in regional value chains. Specifically, we investigate how changes in US imports from China alter China's imports of intermediate inputs in machinery industries from Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. The analysis of China's monthly imports from the three supplier economies during 2018–2019 finds that the decrease in China's output exports to the US caused by the Trump tariffs reduced China's input imports from supplier economies. Also, this adverse ripple effect was the most significant in Taiwan, where multinational enterprises use China as an export platform.

The Impact of Reverse Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions in Emerging Countries on the Division Position in the Global Value Chain: A Systematic Framework of the Third Country Effect

The purpose of this paper is to build a systematic framework of the spatial spillover effects of host country heterogeneity, and to illustrate the impact of the third country effect of reverse cross-border mergers and acquisitions in emerging countries on the division position in the global value chain. We develop a composite index to measure the gap in the global value chain position, and use the ADB-MRIO database in UIBE GVC from 2010 to 2019 to conduct an empirical test, which includes 27 sample countries. The spatial modeling results suggest that both the third country effect of reverse cross-border mergers and acquisitions and the direct effect of forward cross-border mergers and acquisitions are conducive to narrowing the gap in the division position in the global value chain of China, as well as the host country. Therefore, reverse cross-border mergers and acquisitions should develop the export platform based cross-border mergers and acquisitions, while forward cross-border mergers and acquisitions are suitable for choosing the destination countries directly. An interesting insight shown by the spatial and temporal heterogeneity test is that the narrowing effect of cross-border mergers and acquisitions on the gap in the division position varies with time and space. There is also a trend of increasing convergence and spatial differentiation, and the change of this spatial spillover effect may be closely related to the bilateral relations between countries. The model of the third country effect with spatial heterogeneity affirms the spatial impact of host country heterogeneity, and provides empirical evidence for cross-border mergers and acquisitions based on export platforms.

The impact of the brexit referendum on greenfield foreign direct investments from countries within and outside the European single market

ABSTRACT We use a Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) specification to investigate whether the number of greenfield foreign direct investments (GFDIs) announcements in the UK decreased from the referendum year and, if so, whether the decrease is more pronounced for announcements made by investors outside the European Single Market (ESM) than for those by investors within the ESM. In this context, we argue that increased uncertainty about the UK’s future economic relationship with EU began early in the referendum year and affected investors outside the ESM more than investors inside the ESM. One possible reason for this heterogeneity could be, among others, that not following the ‘Norwegian Model’ after the implementation of the withdrawal agreement poses a greater threat to them, since they tend to use the UK more often as an export platform. For the analysis, we use data from fDi Markets, the World Bank and the Tax Foundation, which contain information on 185 countries from 2005 to 2019. The results obtained support our hypotheses and are robust to model specifications.

European trajectory of USА direct investment

The present paper focuses on the U.S. direct investment in European countries. To date Europe attracted 60 % of the total volume of US global investment. These ties become more complex, covering a growing number of different fields of activities. The study of this issue implies the analysis of the modern features of outward FDI fl ows and the main directions of their placement in Europe. New technologies have made noticeable changes in the usual investment pattern. A global presence without significant FDI is becoming the most important trend in the international activities of companies. However, 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act which fi rst turned capital outfl ows negative, and hen resolved the tax liability overhang on overseas assets, which have contributed to a jump in cross-border M&A purchases by United States MNEs. Thus, FDI fl ows have received a powerful impetus, including investment growth opportunities in European countries. The top countries receiving US FDI: аre Great Britain (identical US business conditions), Luxembourg and the Netherlands (minimizing tax bills), Ireland (export platform). France and Germany are also joining these countries. The most important directions in the industrial structure of US FDI are the information, the service sector, the chemical industry, including pharmaceuticals. The increased role of intangible assets forces branches of American companies to increase their attention to R&D. Europe remains one of the most competitive regions in the world in terms of scientific and technical potential.

An amphipathic helix in Brl1 is required for nuclear pore complex biogenesis in S. cerevisiae.

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the central portal for macromolecular exchange between the nucleus and cytoplasm. In all eukaryotes, NPCs assemble into an intact nuclear envelope (NE) during interphase, but the process of NPC biogenesis remains poorly characterized. Furthermore, little is known about how NPC assembly leads to the fusion of the outer and inner NE, and no factors have been identified that could trigger this event. Here, we characterize the transmembrane protein Brl1 as an NPC assembly factor required for NE fusion in budding yeast. Brl1 preferentially associates with NPC assembly intermediates and its depletion halts NPC biogenesis, leading to NE herniations that contain inner and outer ring nucleoporins but lack the cytoplasmic export platform. Furthermore, we identify an essential amphipathic helix in the luminal domain of Brl1 that mediates interactions with lipid bilayers. Mutations in this amphipathic helix lead to NPC assembly defects, and cryo-electron tomography analyses reveal multilayered herniations of the inner nuclear membrane with NPC-like structures at the neck, indicating a failure in NE fusion. Taken together, our results identify a role for Brl1 in NPC assembly and suggest a function of its amphipathic helix in mediating the fusion of the inner and outer nuclear membranes.

A study on usability of big data analysis in marketing activities of SMES: An example of easy export platform and business evaluation report in Turkey

Büyük veri ve KOBİ’ler çok popüler kavramlar olmasına rağmen büyük verinin KOBİ’lerdeki kullanımına ilişkin çalışmaların sınırlılığı göze çarpmaktadır. Bu çalışmada büyük veri analizinin KOBİ’lerin pazarlama faaliyetlerinde kullanılabilirliğine yönelik araştırma yapılmakta ve Türkiye’de iki kurum tarafından KOBİ’lere büyük veri analizine dayalı bilgi sağlanan platformların içeriği analiz edilmektedir. Çalışma ile bir taraftan literatüre katkı sağlanırken diğer taraftan uygulamacılar için faydalanabilecekleri vaka analizleri ile farkındalıklarının ve bilgi seviyelerinin arttırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Literatür araştırması ile kavramların ve bulguların ortaya konulması ve iki proje örneğinin kurumların resmi siteleri üzerinden vaka analizi olarak değerlendirilmesine dayalı keşifsel bir çalışma yürütülmüştür. KOBİ’lerin kısıtlı imkânları nedeniyle büyük veri analizine dayalı pazarlama faaliyetlerine kendi imkânlarıyla ulaşması oldukça zordur. KOBİ’lere büyük veri analizi hizmetleri sunan yapıların gelişmesiyle KOBİ’ler önemli ölçüde istifade edeceklerdir. Türkçe literatürde KOBİ’lerin pazarlama faaliyetlerinde büyük veri kavramının ele alınmamış olması ve Kamu kaynaklı büyük veri projelerin KOBİ’lerin büyük veri kullanımına ilişkin değerlendirilmesine yönelik çalışmaların bulunmaması bu çalışmanın özgünlüğünü oluşturmaktadır. Sonraki çalışmalarda yürütülecek olan büyük verinin KOBİ’lerde uygulanmasına yönelik üstünlük ve zayıflıkların işletme fonksiyonları bazında ele alındığı niteliksel ve niceliksel araştırmalar literatüre, uygulamacılara ve ilgili politika yapıcılara katkı sağlayacaktır.

Transferência de Políticas Públicas e Organizações Internacionais: A complexa relação entre o Brasil e o Banco Mundial na implementação do programa Bolsa Família

Abstract This article discusses the complex relationship between the World Bank and the Brazilian government regarding the implementation of the Bolsa Família Program (Family Allowance Program) from 2004 onwards. The hypothesis is that there was an alignment of the agendas for combating hunger and poverty among the entities. This made it possible to transfer Brazilian instruments and experiences to the world through World Bank. Based on a triangulation technique, it argues that the development of state capacity for the implementation of the program took place on a more cooperative basis than an imposition on the part of the World Bank, in a positive-sum game. Brazil gained the World Bank’s seal of approval as a model of policy transfer to the world and the international organisation found new experience of best practices, which renewed the Bank’s portfolio of policy instruments. As a result, in the last years of Lula’s second term, Brazil became an export platform for social policies in an international context, specifically concerning conditional cash transfer and poverty reduction policies.

Analysis of Business Process Reengineering and Export Platform in Supporting Business Exports of Creative Economy Players in the Micro, Small and Medium Business in Culinary Sub-sector

The creative economy has a large contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) that the role of creativity and knowledge in generating new ideas is a driver of economic growth and is able to absorb a large number of workers. Strong infrastructure support is needed, such as platfroms and facilitators as an intermediary between creative industry players and the market or consumer if they want to expand their business into the global market. The purpose of this research is to describe the factors that can help Indonesian creative industry players to enter the global market by focusing on four things: Business Process Reengineering ; support system (in terms of product technology, legality, and capital); as well as a platform as an infrastructure as an intermediary between creative industry players and the global market. This research used a qualitative method (review paper) by using data obtained from related journals and articles that were studied, then described descriptively based on the researcher’s perspective. The key informants in the study were cassava flour producers and gluten free food pioneers who have successfully exported as research subjects

Investor State Dispute Settlement and Multinational Firm Behavior

This paper shows that Investor-State Dispute Settlements (ISDS) makes multinational firms more aggressive by increasing cost-reducing investments with the aim to enlarge the potential compensation an ISDS provision may offer. While a larger investment reduces the market distortion, it will also make potential compensations larger. Consequently, potential compensations to a foreign investor do not imply a zero-sum game. ISDS may decrease domestic welfare, in particular if the investment leads to the establishment of an export platform, and we find that even global welfare may decline.

Investor‐state dispute settlement and multinational firm behavior

AbstractThis paper shows that investor‐state dispute settlements (ISDS) make multinational firms more aggressive by increasing cost‐reducing investments with the aim to enlarge the potential compensation an ISDS provision may offer. While a larger investment reduces the market distortion, it will also make potential compensations larger. Consequently, potential compensations to a foreign investor do not imply a zero‐sum game. ISDS may decrease domestic welfare, in particular if the investment leads to the establishment of an export platform, and we find that even global welfare may decline.

The Role of Macroeconomic Policies on Savings Mobilization in Nigeria

This research work analyzed the roles of macroeconomic policies on savings mobilization in Nigeria (1985-2018) empirically. The secondary data were adopted and sourced from CBN. Ordinary Least Square and Cointegration were used to determine the role of the selected macroeconomic policies on savings mobilization in Nigeria. The aftereffect of the overall statistic showed that there is a positive and significant impact between the macroeconomic variables and domestic savings mobilization in Nigeria. But in particular, financial deepening appeared to have a greater impact on savings mobilization in Nigeria. Exchange rate and inflation uncovered a reverse relationship with domestic saving mobilization in Nigeria. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root tests and cointegration demonstrated that the variables are stationary and there exists a long-run relationship among the variables. The study hence recommended among others that efforts should be geared towards continuous and all-around fiscal and monetary policies that will sustain this development in the financial sector. Additionally, the government ought to guarantee that adequate macroeconomic policies will be set up to attract foreign investors, encourage export, and make Nigeria an export platform where export goods could be delivered, this will assist with strengthening Nigeria’s exchange rate incite domestic savings. Finally, appropriate measures ought to be placed into encouraging banks to open branches in rural areas to mop up deposits. The rural banking policies should be returned to adjusted and implemented in Nigeria. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/12-4-02 Publication date: February 28 th 2021

In-cell architecture of the nuclear pore and snapshots of its turnover.

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) fuse the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope. They comprise hundreds of nucleoporins (Nups) that assemble into multiple subcomplexes and form large central channels for nucleocytoplasmic exchange1,2. How this architecture facilitates messenger RNA export, NPC biogenesis and turnover remains poorly understood. Here we combine in situ structural biology and integrative modelling with correlative light and electron microscopy and molecular perturbation to structurally analyse NPCs in intact Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells within the context of nuclear envelope remodelling. We find an in situ conformation and configuration of the Nup subcomplexes that was unexpected from the results of previous in vitro analyses. The configuration of the Nup159 complex appears critical to spatially accommodate its function as an mRNA export platform, and as a mediator of NPC turnover. The omega-shaped nuclear envelope herniae that accumulate in nup116Δ cells3 conceal partially assembled NPCs lacking multiple subcomplexes, including the Nup159 complex. Under conditions of starvation, herniae of a second type are formed that cytoplasmically expose NPCs. These results point to a model of NPC turnover in which NPC-containing vesicles bud off from the nuclear envelope before degradation by the autophagy machinery. Our study emphasizes the importance of investigating the structure-function relationship of macromolecular complexes in their cellular context.

Motives for foreign direct investment location in Europe and EU enlargement

European Union (EU) enlargement of the mid-2000s is likely to have changed the motives for foreign direct investment (FDI) location between the existing Member States (the EU15) and the new entrants of Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs), but it is poorly understood. This paper uses the framework of Dunning’s eclectic paradigm and data for 35,105 foreign investments in Europe not only to examine if the motives differ between these, but also how they are affected by the enlargement. Three asset-exploiting motives of market, resource and efficiency seeking are explored using a conditional logit model for the location choice. This is separately for greenfield and brownfield FDI, involving new facilities or jobs, where the latter is efficiency seeking from an expansion or a co-location of functions. The paper finds greenfield FDI in the CEECs seeks an export platform for the EU market and a low-skilled workforce but a national market and higher skills in the EU15. Brownfield FDI differs from this for expansions only, for which the EU market is important, reflecting scale economies. Surprisingly, EU enlargement has a much stronger effect on the FDI location motives in the EU15 by increasing the importance of the European market, which is possibly because the CEEC liberalisation was ongoing throughout the accession process. The paper finds evidence that the differences in the motives between the CEECs and EU15 are narrowing over time, but they are pronounced, and it is argued that they will persist.