Vegetable Exports Research Articles

Model design for factors affecting the packaging of Iranian fruit and vegetables for export

Model design for factors affecting the packaging of Iranian fruit and vegetables for export

Important Factors in Packaging Iranian Fruits and Vegetables for Export to Russia and Iraq

Packaging is one of the important marketing tools needed for manufacturers and exporters of products to increase their competitiveness in international markets. The purpose of this study is to identify the important factors in the packaging of fruits and vegetables for export. This study has practical purposes, and data collection is performed and described with a qualitative analysis approach. Interviews are structured or semi-structured. In this way, by interviewing export and packaging experts, traders, and senior executives of companies exporting fruit and vegetables, we examine the factors that affect customers' decisions to buy exported agricultural products. Data analysis is performed using the theme analysis method, and using MAXQDA software. The results show that the factors affecting the packaging are categorized into seven classes: environmental issues; appearance characteristics; shipping conditions; rules and regulations; characteristics of the export destination; product information and product type.

Determinants of the Agricultural Exports in Azerbaijan

Oil booming and accumulated mineral revenue contributed to the economic growth in Azerbaijan since independence but also pressurized the national currency leading to the appreciation of the nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) and real effective exchange rate (REER). An increase in export prices makes them expensive, decreasing the competitiveness of the country. Azerbaijan’s recent decreased economic performance during 2014–2015 reflected a common reality among the resource exporting countries: relying on the primary sectors might jeopardize the national economy due to the extreme price volatility. The paper investigates the extension of the relationship between NEER, REER, and other export-related macroeconomic variables and agricultural exports to identify Azerbaijan’s non-oil sub-sectoral dynamics between 2001–2018 via the OLS estimations. The main findings indicate that NEER negatively impacted potato, fresh fruit, and fresh vegetable exports. Moreover, potato and fresh fruit exports demonstrated more stable export dynamics during the economic crisis periods.

Export performance and export marketing strategy of Vietnam’s vegetable and fruit export firms

The paper aims at defining and measuring the relationship between export marketing strategy and export performance of vegetable and fruit export firms in the southern region and Lam Dong province by applying qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative method is carried out through through in-depth interviews of 10 chief executive officers, while the quantitative one is conducted through direct interviews with 207 managers of vegetable and fruit companies. Export performance are measured by a non-financial/non-economic approach. The results show that firm’s export performance is under the direct influences by 4 components of export marketing strategy including: (1) Product strategy; (2) price strategy; (3) promotion strategy; (4) place strategy, these factors have a positive impact on export performance, regression coefficients at 1% significance level. The research results are the scientific basis for proposing administrative implications for fruit and vegetable exporters to improve export performance when adjusting the adaptation level of export marketing strategies.

Responsive Regulation and Its Implications for Smallholder Participation in the Kenyan Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Export Value Chain

Previous studies of the African fresh fruit and vegetable (FFV) export value chain have shown that smallholder farmers have faced numerous regulatory challenges in complying with stringent food safety protocols, inevitably leading to their exit from the value chain. This paper considers the role of responsive regulation in ensuring that smallholders stay in this value chain. Motivational posture regulatory theory is applied to examine how actors in the Kenyan FFV export value chain are increasingly tuning their regulatory needs to each other in order to overcome the historical compliance problems. Smallholders are shown not to be passive in the regulatory process as is often thought, but to have the agency to influence the regulatory process, which if responsive to their legitimate concerns, increases their chances of staying in the value chain. The paper concludes by arguing for a shift towards responsive regulation in the value chain because of its broader benefits including cost reductions and ensuring that smallholders remain in the value chain.

Exportación hortofrutícola de México hacia los Estados Unidos de América

Objetivos: analizar el comportamiento de la exportación hortofrutícola de México hacia los EUA y, elaborar la función de exportación hortofrutícola de la república mexicana; el periodo de estudio fue de 1993-2013. Metodología: se caracterizó la situación comercial hortofrutícola existente entre México y los Estados de América y se utilizó el método de máxima verosimilitud. Resultados: los resultados mostraron un superávit comercial hortofrutícola de México a lo largo del periodo analizado; en el modelo se encontró que la elasticidad precio real por tonelada de exportación fue de 2.41 %, la elasticidad ingreso fue de 1.41 % y el del tipo de cambio real de 1.02 %. La variable que tuvo mayor impacto sobre la exportación hortofrutícola fue la variable precio; un incremento del precio internacional provoca el crecimiento de la exportación hortofrutícola. Limitaciones: para explicar el comportamiento de la exportación hortofrutícola, faltaron incluir variables como son la distancia y los factores medioambientales. Conclusiones: se espera que la balanza comercial hortofrutícola superavitaria de México se mantenga en el mediano plazo. En el corto plazo, para influir en el incremento de la exportación hortofrutícola, el instrumento de política comercial más efectivo que puede utilizar el gobierno mexicano es: el del tipo de cambio. México puede diversificar mercados de exportación si aprovecha los diferentes acuerdos comerciales que posee hoy en día.

An economic analysis of export performance of processed vegetables in India

Indian processed vegetables in International markets accelerate the growth of Indian economy. Studying the changes in share of processed vegetables to different countries, improve the welfare of farmers, processers and exporters. In this regard, an attempt was made to quantify the changing structure of Indian processed vegetables exports. The main objective of the present study was to analysis the growth and the direction of trade in processed vegetables export. In this regard, secondary data, mainly quantity of processed vegetables exports from India was collected from APEDA, for a period of 1995-96 to 2017-18. Growth rates was estimated by using the exponential growth model and the Markov chain analysis model was computed through linear programming method to assess the transition probabilities for the major Indian processed vegetables export markets using Lingo Programming computer package. Accordingly, processed vegetables export market have positive double digit growth rate, UK retained 22.5 per cent, countries pooled under ‘others category’ retained 32.4 percent of share of Indian processed vegetables export. That the countries pooled under ‘others category’ and UK would be the more stable importers of the processed vegetables from India in future and country like Germany and Netherland was not found as the stable importer.

Global unsustainable virtual water flows in agricultural trade

Recent studies have highlighted the reliance of global food production on unsustainable irrigation practices, which deplete freshwater stocks and environmental flows, and consequently impair aquatic ecosystems. Unsustainable irrigation is driven by domestic and international demand for agricultural products. Research on the environmental consequences of trade has often concentrated on the global displacement of pollution and land use, while the effect of trade on water sustainability and the drying of over-depleted watercourses has seldom been recognized and quantified. Here we evaluate unsustainable irrigation water consumption (UWC) associated with global crop production and determine the share of UWC embedded in international trade. We find that, while about 52% of global irrigation is unsustainable, 15% of it is virtually exported, with an average 18% increase between year 2000 and 2015. About 60% of global virtual transfers of UWC are driven by exports of cotton, sugar cane, fruits, and vegetables. One third of UWC in Mexico, Spain, Turkmenistan, South Africa, Morocco, and Australia is associated with demand from the export markets. The globalization of water through trade contributes to running rivers dry, an environmental externality commonly overlooked by trade policies. By identifying the producing and consuming countries that are responsible for unsustainable irrigation embedded in virtual water trade, this study highlights trade links in which policies are needed to achieve sustainable water and food security goals in the coming decades.

Transport of Spanish fruit and vegetables in cardboard boxes: A carbon footprint analysis

Abstract The increase in international trade due to globalization is evident in southeast Spain, which has become the top exporter of fruit and vegetables. Countries within the European Union, such as Germany and France, emphasize the sustainability and environmental impacts of these products. Hence, a greater understanding of the environmental implications of transporting fruit and vegetables between their origin and their destination might improve the sustainability of this commercial activity. The concept of a carbon footprint is a recognized environmental indicator that can be used for life cycle analysis. Here, a rigorous carbon footprint assessment was developed to examine the impact of using cardboard box containers to store and transport 1,000 t of fruit and vegetable products by road from their origin in Almeria, Spain, to a destination market. The assessment included the fabrication of the cardboard boxes, the service they provide while transporting the products to the distribution center of the destination, and the end-of-life of the boxes for the six main products grown in Almeria. The results showed that storing and transporting 1,000 t of product by road emits between 58 t and 130 t of CO2e depending on the fruit or vegetable type and the destination market. The implications of the end-of-life scenarios with respect to the destination are also discussed. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted for the transport distance. Lastly, biogenic CO2 production was also assessed according to standard carbon footprint assessment method.

Internal factors affecting vegetable and fruit export performance of Vietnamese firms

The paper aims at defining and measuring key internal factors which impact on export performance of vegetable and fruit export firms in Ho Chi Minh City, Lam Dong, Dong Nai, Binh Duong, Vung Tau, Binh Phuoc, Tay Ninh, Long An và Tien Giang province. The study uses resource-based theory (RBV) to explain the internal factors affecting the export performance by applying qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative method is carried out through in-depth interviews of 10 chief executive officers, while the quantitative one is conducted through direct interviews with 228 managers of vegetable and fruit companies. Export performance are measured under the subjective perspective to collect information from firms, considering the perception or satisfaction of firms on export activities. The results show that firm's export performance is under the direct influences of four internal factors including: (1) International experience; (2) export commitment; (3) product characteristics; (4) technology orientation. The study measures export performance and internal factors affecting export performance, thereby suggesting management implications that help businesses improve export performance of Vietnamese fruit and vegetable firms.

A State‐Level Analysis of the Impact of a U.S.‐EU Harmonization of Food Safety Standards on U.S. Exports of Fruits and Vegetables

AbstractA comprehensive trade agreement has the potential to intensify agricultural trade between the United States and the European Union (EU). The cooperation on non‐tariff barriers including food safety standards and sanitary and phytosanitary issues will expand trade in fruits and vegetables. Using quarterly bilateral trade data at the U.S. state level, we deployed gravity models and probit equations and found that a 10% reduction in MRL stringency would promote trade by 5%. If the final provisions endorse the Codex MRLs, the U.S.‐EU agreement would boost U.S. exports of fruits and vegetables to the EU by $473 million a year.

Relational Contracts and Smallholder Farmers’ Entry, Stay and Exit, in Kenyan Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Export Value Chain

Buyer-driven governance systems and the related value chain entry and stay barriers are known to have led to smallholder farmers exiting the Kenyan fresh fruits and vegetables export value chain. This paper addresses two gaps in this literature. First, the paper addresses the question of how the fresh fruits and vegetable export smallholder farmers have managed to secure their stay in this value chain known for its high entry barriers. Second, the paper addresses the question of what happens to the smallholders known to have exited the value chain. To explore the two gaps, transaction costs theory was applied. The results show that smallholders entry and stay in the value chain was underpinned by relational contract enforcement mechanism of supply reliability. Second, smallholders were found to occasionally exit and re-enter the value chain, depending on the prevailing risks. In conclusion, the paper argues that contemporary African value chain scholarship should consider the analysis of relational contracts and their enforcement mechanism as well as the totality of smallholders’ farming, in order to understand the motives behind smallholder value chain entry and stay decisions.

Screening of onion accessions for Stemphylium blight resistance under artificially inoculated field experiments

Onion (Allium cepa L.) contributes more than 50% of the net export earnings among fresh vegetable exports in India. Stemphylium blight and purple blotch are the most destructive fungal diseases in the tropics and cause 80–90% losses in bulb and seed crop. Our aim was to screen multiple onion accessions against Stemphylium blight under artificially inoculated conditions, assess morphological and biochemical traits and correlate the observed trait with disease incidence. Screening of fifty-nine accessions resulted in identification of ‘Pusa Soumya’ (A. fistulosum L.) and ‘Red Creole2’ (A. cepa L.) as moderately resistant and ‘Red Creole1’ as susceptible. Highest marketable yield was recorded in ‘AFW’ (28.00 t/ha) followed by ‘Punjab Naroha’ (25.85 t/ha) in New Delhi, whereas in Karnal, ‘AKON555’ (45.85 t/ha) performed best. Pooled analysis revealed highest marketable yield in ‘PWF’ (44.56 t/ha). These varieties have exhibited field tolerance and in the absence of credible resistance can be recommended for areas where Stemphylium blight is the major problem. Significant variation in foliage weight, gross yield, marketable yield, dry matter, total soluble solids, total phenolic content and pyruvic acid content were recorded between non-inoculated and inoculated field trials which suggests the devastating effect of this disease on onion crop. Pearson’s correlation coefficient exhibited that percent disease index (PDI) was significantly and positively correlated with average bulb weight, gross yield, marketable yield. Significant negative correlation (r = −0.30) between dry matter and PDI (p < 0.05) and significant negative correlation (r = −0.35) between ATP (total foliar phenols after inoculation) and PDI were observed. This signifies that dry matter and total foliar phenol content can be used as a biochemical marker for high throughput screening against Stemphylium blight at preliminary screening stage. Further, ‘Pusa Soumya’ and ‘Red Creole2’ can be used as parent material to study the inheritance mechanism and for breeding of Stemphylium blight resistant onions under short day tropical conditions.

Challenges to the use of fertilisers derived from human excreta: The case of vegetable exports from Kenya to Europe and influence of certification systems

Land degradation and inadequate faecal sludge management are two major issues in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The transformation of human excreta into soil amendments and their wide-scale adoption could improve soil health and contribute to solving the sanitation crisis in SSA. There are however perception challenges around these fertilisers because of the potentially harmful components they contain such as pathogens and heavy metals, which can be removed with appropriate treatment such as composting. A major barrier to the wide scale commercialisation of human excreta derived fertiliser (HEDF) is the unclear regulations surrounding their use. The aim of this study was to identify barriers to the use of HEDF by farmers participating in the horticultural export market with Kenya as focus area since horticultural exports are a major contributor to the country’s economy. Global GAP is the most widely adopted standard for quality assurance of horticultural crops and the use of human sewage sludge is currently not allowed on certified farms. Interviews with stakeholders along the food export chain highlighted the complex interactions that exist between them and showed that Global GAP certified farmers were not willing to use HEDF on their farms even if local regulations recognise treated sludge as a valid input to agriculture. Several countries (like the UK, Sweden, Australia and the USA) created specific certification or assurance schemes to improve public perception of biosolids. The creation of a similar assurance or certification scheme specific to fertilisers made from source-separated human excreta would be a step into formalising them as a product, establishing production procedures, limits on contaminants content as well as testing protocols. Such a certification scheme could increase the confidence of regulating bodies in HEDF and lead to their acceptance by global farming standards.

Review Value Chain Analysis Potato in Ethiopia

More than 80% of the Ethiopian population earns their livelihood from crop cultivation and livestock rearing activities. Crop production is a major contributor to Gross Domestic Product accounting for approximately 28% from the sub sectors of agriculture. Among the crops, coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, vegetables and cereals are principal crops grown in Ethiopia. As a result, potato is the most important vegetable in terms of both production and consumption in Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to review the production and productivity of potato, major potato value chain actors and their roles, determinants of quantity of potato supplied to the market and factors affecting potato value addition at different stages of the value chain in Ethiopia. Finally, from the review literature almost all results the production of potato and the demand of potato increase from year to year comparing to in the last period. The major actors of potato value chain were channeled from producer to final consumers, such as input supplier, producers (farmer), wholesalers, retailers, small scale processor, and consumers. Although trading of potato is profitable across all sample and Potato is among the major vegetable export products. It is traded in both local market and export market outlets. Among the different literatures the following variables determine the supply of potato such as, distance to the market, Access of market information, price of produce, Access to extension service, size of land, yield, Access of credit and access of non-farm income. . In addition to these the factor affecting value addition are not washing off soil from harvested potato, lack of packing material or baskets, as well as lack of transportation, storage, access of credit, access of extension services, small quantity to produce and distance to market. Keyword s: Value chain, potato, Value chain actors, value addition DOI : 10.7176/DCS/9-5-02 Publication date :May 31 st 2019

Exports and governance: the role of private voluntary agrifood standards

AbstractThe empirical evidence that institutional differences across countries affect bilateral trade is robust. The crucial question remains how countries can enhance trade amid these differences. In this article, we measure the degree to which governance and institutions differ between countries as “governance distance.” Using a sample of EU/EFTA imports, we examine how adopting private agrifood safety standards modify the effect of governance distance on exports of fruits and vegetables, in particular apples, bananas, and grapes, within a structural gravity framework. Our results show that while increasing governance distance hinders bilateral trade, the interaction of standards and the governance distance is positively associated with exports, hence partially offsetting the direct trade‐inhibiting effects of the latter. GlobalGAP certified countries see the trade‐inhibiting effects of governance distance on their exports reduced by about 50%, ceteris paribus.

Financial support to fruit and vegetables growing and impact on B&amp;H trade balance

Data on global competitiveness and trade balance fall within the most important indicators regarding the shape of economy in a specific country. Data for Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), are not very good according to either of the said indicators. In regard to competitiveness, the World Economic Forum (WEF) classifies B&H below the average, while the trade balance shows deficit for the past few years in a row. The goal of this paper is, in such situation, to point to one of the bright points, the agricultural sector, primarily fruit and vegetable growing, which, with financial assistance, in a relatively short time period could significantly change B&H’s trade balance. Since the largest volume of fruit and vegetables export is realized on a choosy European Union (EU) market, the increase of export can be achieved only by honoring the strict standards and having adequate certificates. A chance for increase in production and competitiveness is in interconnecting into clusters which have proven to be the best way of increasing the market competitiveness and survival in an era of globalization and rule of multinational companies.

Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on Indian fruits and vegetables export, postharvest management supply chain and future strategies

India is the fruit and vegetable basket of the world. It grows a variety of fruits and vegetables and has huge production of both fruits and vegetables. Country is the second largest producer of both fruits and vegetables in the world after China. India is the largest producer of ginger and okra amongst vegetables and ranks second in production of potato, onion, cauliflower, brinjal, cabbage etc. Amongst fruits, the country ranks first in production of banana (25.7%), papaya (43.6%) and mango (40.4%). Grapes, pomegranate, mango, banana and orange account for larger portion of fruits exported from the country while onion, mixed vegetables, potato, tomato and green chillies contribute largely to the vegetable export basket. The major destinations for Indian fruits and vegetables are Bangladesh, UAE, Netherlands, Middle East countries, Nepal, Malaysia, UK and Sri Lanka. After the arrival and attack of Covid-19 pandemic in India from first week of March 2020 it has lot of negative impact in the postharvest supply chain, transportation, retail marketing and trade of fruits and vegetables. But in long term point of view we can take the lessons and strengthen our production, management as well as postharvest management practices for benefits of the fruit and vegetable growers of India.

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ЭКСПОРТА И ИМПОРТА ПЛОДООВОЩНОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ В МИРЕ

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ЭКСПОРТА И ИМПОРТА ПЛОДООВОЩНОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ В МИРЕ

The Special Relationship and the Challenge of Export Diversification: Cuban Exports of Fruits and Vegetables to the United States, 1900 to 1962

For almost sixty years, Cuban exports to the United States enjoyed an advantage not available to any other country: at least a 20 percent reduction in import duties on items subject to a US tariff. This article explores the extent to which Cuba was able to take advantage of this special relationship to diversify its agricultural exports to the United States. I argue that US trade preferences toward Cuba played different roles in different periods. The 1903 Reciprocity Convention provided the incentive for the development and growth of a number of nontraditional fruit and vegetable exports to the US market. The combination of growing US protectionism and expanding US production of similar crops cut short this trajectory, as did external shocks. The 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreement that granted these exports even more favorable duty concessions during the US winter season had a minimally positive effect. In the post–World War II period, the lack of supportive domestic policies, the rise of nontariff barriers to trade, and growing competition from Mexico also constrained the growth of these nontraditional exports. Thus, Cuban exports of fresh and processed fruits and vegetables to the United States rarely reached four percent of total exports, reflecting the dominant role of sugar.