Export Of Livestock Products Research Articles

Virtual Land and Water Flows and Driving Factors Related to Livestock Products Trade in China

Agricultural trade, which involves the exchange of virtual water and land resources, can effectively regulate the allocation of resources among countries while enhancing the well-being of resource-rich and resource-poor nations. China’s animal products trade market concentration is greater, and the livestock industry consumes more water than other agricultural sectors. In order to alleviate the pressure on China’s domestic water and land resources and to ensure that Chinese residents have access to animal products, this article examines the trade situation and drivers of virtual water and land resources related to Chinese animal products trade. This study used the heat equivalent method to measure the virtual water and land flows of the import and export of beef, pork, and mutton from 1992 to 2018, which is followed by the gravity model to investigate the factors impacting China’s flow of virtual land and water related to livestock products trade. We found that the economic development and the agricultural resources of exporters, as well as China’s agricultural employment rates, have a stable beneficial impact on China’s livestock imports. The population of importing nations, China’s cultivated land area, and the livestock production index of importers and exporters have a positive impact on the export of livestock products from China. Our results remain robust following a series of additional tests.

Determinants of livestock products export in Ethiopia

Ethiopia has one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. In 2016–2017, the share of live animals, leather, and meat in the total export of the country reached 9.6%. This paper aims to identify the determinants of the export of Ethiopian livestock products by means of vector autoregressive and vector error correction models. Multivariate time series is used to model the association between the products of the Ethiopian livestock export included in the study. Vector autoregressive and vector error correction models are used for modelling and inference. The results indicated the existence of a long term correlation between the volume of live animals, meat and leather exports. The volume of meat export is significantly affected by a lag occurring in the export of live animals in the short-run. Therefore, 3.7% of the shortrun imbalance in the volume of leather export is adjusted each quarter. It is suggested that the exporters of livestock products should properly utilise the Ethiopian livestock resources. On the other hand, the government should offer different forms of support to exporters, especially those focusing on exporting value-added products.

Models and Forecasts of the Export Potential of the Regional Economic System

Introduction. The export potential of the regional agricultural market causes great interest from both the scientific community and government agencies. Many scientific studies are devoted to the search for methods to increase the export potential in order to ensure the sustainable development of regional economic systems. The article proposes and tests the original author’s algorithm for creating a dynamic econometric model for forecasting the volumes of production, sales and exports of the main types of livestock products at the regional level. The purpose of the article is to assess the export potential of the main products of the regional agricultural market based on the built dynamic econometric models. Materials and Methods. The research is based on a set of empirical data of result and input variables characterizing the production, sales and export of the main livestock products in the region for the period 2010–2020. Research methods include dynamic analysis, econometric modeling and forecasting. The dynamic analysis carried out made it possible to assess the change in the production, sale and export of the main agricultural products in the region, to assess the current trends. Based on the constructed econometric models, the most significant factors influencing the resulting variables were identified, the specifications and verification of the models were carried out. The method of extrapolation of the identified trends made it possible to evaluate the predicted values of the resulting variables for the medium term. Results. Based on the selected input variables, models of production, sale and export of milk, wool and eggs by agricultural producers in the region were built. From a variety of alternative models, models with the best statistical quality characteristics were selected. The high level of quality of the obtained models made it possible to use them for predictive calculations of the levels of resulting variables for the period 2021–2026. Comparison of the results of the forecasts made it possible to identify the types of livestock products that already have a high level of exportability. In addition, types of products with a low level of exportability were identified, which have a high potential for increase. Discussion and Conclusion. As a result of using econometric modeling methods, dynamic models were obtained that made it possible to obtain a forecast for the development of livestock in a region with a high export potential in the near future. The practical significance of this article lies in the possibility of influencing the production, sale and export of livestock products in the region through a change in the corresponding set of factor variables of the models. Thus, the resulting dynamic models can be used both by agricultural producers for planning economic activities, and by regional authorities when drawing up regional development programs.

The effect of Korea’s policy to support the purchase of raw materials for export of livestock products

The effect of Korea’s policy to support the purchase of raw materials for export of livestock products

STATE OF LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

The article presents the study of the current state of such livestock industries as cattle breeding, pig breeding and sheep breeding. After all, Ukraine has favorable natural and economic conditions for keeping animals in these industries and also favorable conditions for growing the necessary crops in order to create a full-fledged fodder base for livestock. The world's demand for livestock products is growing due to the growing rate of population growth. This is the impetus for increasing exports of livestock products and increasing foreign exchange earnings from foreign economic activity. On the other hand, the need of Ukrainians for livestock products is unmet due to the protracted crisis in which the industry appears to be. The size of these livestock industries is constantly declining due to the reduction of livestock and it is mainly concentrated in households. It has been found that the number of animals in the population has also been declining recently due to reduced efficiency. It is determined that the number of enterprises producing these types of products has decreased; and the operating conditions for small and medium-sized businesses in this area are particularly difficult. Among the considered branches of agrarians’ pig breeding is economically attractive. The considered levels of animal productivity give grounds to draw a conclusion about low indicators, their lag behind the indicators of productivity in competing countries and the incredible potential for growth in the future. Summarizing, we outline that the restraining factors in the development of animal husbandry are as follows: the use of outdated technologies of livestock production and low level of innovation activity of farmers; no motivation for vertical integration; unbalanced state policy to regulate issues in the industry. The study identifies the main factors that impact the efficiency of livestock industries in Ukraine, in particular, selection work, government support, the creation of procurement cooperatives, vertical integration. Keywords: animal husbandry, cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, development, productivity, technology.

A Comparative Analysis of the Social Preference for Export of Livestock Products : Focusing on Heterogeneity

쇠고기 등급제는 부정육 유통근절, 축산기술 일반화 등 한국 축산업 역사에서 가장 성공적인 축산정책으로 불리우며 축산업 생산기술의 발전에 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 또한 시장 개방이 확대되면서 쇠고기 등급제가 한국 육우산업의 경쟁력을 높이는 데 결정적 역할을 하였지만 과도하게 마블링 수준에만 의거하여 평가하는 단점이 있다. 이러한 실정에서 소비자들은 등급제가 전달하려는 객관적 정보 외, 다른 정보들도 추가하여 받아들일 수 있는 여지가 충분히 존재할 가능성이 있다. 따라서 소비자들이 쇠고기 등급제를 인지함에 있어 품질 척도 이외, 어떠한 인식을 형성하고 있는지 에 대한 이질성 시각에서의 확인이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 <2018 식품소비행태조사>데이터를 이용하여 쇠고기 등급 선호와 축산물 구매 특징, 인구 통계 특징 간의 영향 관계를 기술하고, 한우 쇠고기 생산 유통 체계 하에서 소비자의 소비 패턴과 인식 특징 등의 문제점들을 분석하였다. 분석결과 축산물 구입시 고려기준에서 가격보다는 안정성, 신선도와 영양을 고려하는 소비자일수록 높은 등급의 쇠고기를 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 소비자는 높은 등급 쇠고기가 낮은 등급 쇠고기보다 안전하고 신선하며 영양이 있다고 판단하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 이변량 프로빗 모델을 이용해 변수 간의 내생성을 측정하고 쇠고기 등급제도의 정보비대칭성을 검증하였다.Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship among beef grading preference and livestock products purchase characteristics and demographic characteristics, and to analyze the existing problems in the Korean beef production and circulation system. Research design, data, methodology: The current Korean beef production and circulation system were investigated and consumer consumption patterns and cognitive characteristics were analyzed. Data were drawn from the “Consumer Food Consumption Behavior Survey 2018” published by the Korea Rural Economic Research Institute. The Bivariate-Probit model was used to detect the endogeneity between variables, and the asymmetry of the information. Results: Using bivariate probit models, the study found that consumers in general have a misperception that high-grade beef is safer, fresher, and more nutritional than mid or low-grade beef. Conclusion: The current grading system cannot be a correct guide for consumers’ beef purchase behavior. It is proposed that when formulating the beef grading system, the relevant stakeholders involved should carefully convey the basic information about the beef grading system.

Export potential of the livestock breeding industry of Ukraine

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study and substantiate the export potential of the livestock industry of Ukraine based on available resources and taking into account the productivity of fodder crops and farm animals. Methodology / approach. In the course of the conducted research, general scientific methods were used, in particular, a monographic one at a complex and comprehensive study of production and export potential of livestock products in Ukraine; the calculation-and-design method was used in determining the main options for exporting livestock products by their main types and choosing the best of them; the economic-and-mathematical method was used to optimize the export of livestock products according to the selected criteria of finding the maximum value, taking into account the established technological and market variables. Results. The article investigates and substantiates the export potential of the livestock industry of Ukraine. Evaluation and planning of fodder resources were carried out that can be used to increase livestock production. An economic-mathematical model was developed to determine the export potential of the livestock industry of Ukraine based on the search for the maximum value of the value of exports, taking into account technological, economic, and market limitations. According to the modeling results, the export potential of the livestock industry of Ukraine, depending on the level of productivity of the resources used, is estimated at 39 to 55.5 bln EUR per year. Originality / scientific novelty. Modeling method of the optimal structure of livestock production and export of Ukraine was improved taking into account technological, economic, and market factors to ensure the growth of export potential of the industry and efficiency of the use of mobilized resources. Practical values / implications. The results of the study can be used to justify the development of those areas of livestock in Ukraine, which will ensure maximum efficiency in the distribution of fodder resources from value-added growth, which will contribute to the export potential of livestock and agro-industrial complex in general.

Factors of competitiveness of domestic livestock products in the international agri-food market

The article considers the current state and possibilities of exporting domestic production of livestock products. The main conditions and factors for the development of the export potential of the industry and the factors influencing its formation are determined. The key countries-importers of Russian food of animal origin and goods supplied to the world market have been established. Reflects trends and macroeconomic conditions for increasing the volume of exports of livestock products. Proposed measures to improve the mechanisms of state support for exporters of livestock products and products of its processing.

Marketing principles for the formation of veterinary services

Тhe problems of the formation of market veterinary services and the marketing activity of business entities that provide such services are analyzed in the article. The practical significance of these problems is combined with inappropriate attention to this issue in scientific publications. They were not taking into consideration in the process of agriculture reforming on the basis of private property and market relations. The competitive environment in this area has not been formed by this time. Improper veterinary services, due to the limited funding of public veterinary services and the slow formation of non-state veterinary services, restrain the formation and development of family-type farms that mostly need of such services. Due to the problems of ensuring the safety of products, the possibilities of increasing the export of livestock products are limited. State support to newly created business entities with a focus on the provision of veterinary services was not provided. Because of the high risk of such activity, bank loans were not involved in purchasing the necessary equipment. State veterinary services have significant competitive advantages because the material and technical base has been formed for a long time. The advantages of these services are being increased by repayment at the expense of state budget funds. Formally, the state departments of veterinary medicine were aimed at the formation and development of non-state alternative services. However, as a result of such efforts, one should expect coming the competitors in the market of veterinary services, the capacity of which was reduced. Accordingly, it is hopeless to expect that such efforts will be effective. It has been shown that the marketing activities of the services providing veterinary services should be carried out taking into account that the main competitive advantage of the veterinary service is a set of characteristics that is valuable for potential consumers. The customers of veterinary services first of all evaluate the possibility of obtaining operational professional assistance, reputation and professional behavior of the person providing the service, the level of the organizational process, availability of the necessary equipment and the package of services. A significant number of veterinary services are urgent and have destined seasonal nature, indicating the importance the efficiency factor in the veterinary service system.

Dynamic analysis of the livestock inventory in Inner Mongolia

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to test hypotheses about the effects of economic and weather factors on the inventories of cattle, sheep and goats in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR).Design/methodology/approachAn equilibrium displacement model of livestock products is combined with an inventory relation proposed by Rucker et al. (1984) to deduce hypothesis about the effects of expected price and feed costs, weather, and supply and demand shifters on herd size. Dynamics are incorporated using the partial adjustment and adaptive expectations models originally proposed by Nerlove (1956). The hypotheses are tested using both the structural equations implied by the model, and the reduced form.FindingsResults suggest livestock inventories in IMAR in general are more responsive to weather conditions than to economic conditions. This is especially true for cattle and sheep, where isolated 1 percent changes in weather variables, namely precipitation and radiation, were found to have a much larger effect on inventory than isolated 1 percent changes in expected price and forage costs. The effects of the weather variables, moreover, were found to be different for goats than for cattle and sheep, with goat numbers decreasing with improvements in weather, and cattle and sheep numbers increasing. This suggests herders respond to poor weather in part by substituting goats for cattle and/or sheep. Price was found to have a negative effect on cattle inventory, and no effect on sheep and goat inventory. Forage costs were found to have a positive effect on cattle and sheep inventories, and no effect on goat inventory. These results suggest policies to protect grassland by controlling inventory levels must be designed carefully if they are to be effective.Originality/valueThe paper makes a methodological contribution in that the livestock inventory relation proposed by Rucker et al. (1984) is extended to include supply and demand shifters for livestock products in a partial-equilibrium setting where the industry in question is a net exporter of livestock products. The paper makes an empirical contribution in that additional evidence is provided on the role that price plays in inventory behavior.

(Development Potential of China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor and Korea's Linkage Plan)

(Development Potential of China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor and Korea's Linkage Plan)

The application of epidemiology in national veterinary services: Challenges and threats in Brazil

The application of epidemiology in national veterinary services must take place at the interface between science and politics. Animal health policy development and implementation require attention to macro-epidemiology, the study of economic, social and policy inputs that affect the distribution and impact of animal or human disease at the national level. The world has changed fast over the last three decades including the delivery of veterinary services, their remit and the challenges addressed by public and animal health policies. Rethinking the role of public services and how to make public programs more efficient has been at the heart of the political discussion. The WTO through its SPS Agreement has changed the way in which national veterinary services operate and how trade decisions are made. Most low and middle income countries are still struggling to keep up with the new international scene. Some of these countries, such as Brazil, have very important livestock industries and are key to the global food systems. Over the last two decades, Brazil became a leading player in exports of livestock products, including poultry, and this created a strong pressure on the national veterinary services to respond to trade demands, leading to focus animal health policies on the export-driven sector. During the same period, Brazil has gone a long way in the direction of integrating epidemiology with veterinary services. Epidemiology groups grew at main universities and have been working with government to provide support to animal health policy. The scope and quality of the applied epidemiological work improved and focused on complex data analysis and development of technologies and tools to solve specific disease problems. Many public veterinary officers were trained in modern epidemiological methods. However, there are important institutional bottlenecks that limit the impact of epidemiology in evidence-based decision making. More complex challenges require high levels of expertise in veterinary epidemiology, as well as institutional models that provide an appropriate environment for building and sustaining capacity in national veterinary services. Integrating epidemiology with animal health policy is a great opportunity if epidemiologists can understand the real issues, including the socio-economic dimensions of disease management, and focus on innovation and production of knowledge. It may be a trap if epidemiologists are restricted to answering specific decision-making questions and policy makers perceive their role exclusively as data analysts or providers of technological solutions. Fostering solutions for complex issues is key to successful integration with policy making.

Implications of global emission policy scenarios for domestic agriculture: a New Zealand case study

Agricultural GHG mitigation policies are important if ambitious climate change goals are to be achieved, and have the potential to significantly lower global mitigation costs [Reisinger, A., Havlik, P., Riahi, K., van Vliet, O., Obersteiner, M., & Herrero, M. (2013). Implications of alternative metrics for global mitigation costs and greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Climatic Change, 117, 677–690]. In the post-Paris world of ‘nationally determined contributions’ to mitigation, the prospects for agricultural mitigation policies may rest on whether they are in the national economic interest of large agricultural producers. New Zealand is a major exporter of livestock products; this article uses New Zealand as a case study to consider the policy implications of three global policy scenarios at the global, national and farm levels. Building on global modelling, a model dairy farm and a model sheep and beef farm are used to estimate the changes in profit when agricultural emissions are priced and mitigated globally or not, and priced domestically or not, in 2020. Related to these scenarios is the metric or GHG exchange rate. Most livestock emissions are non-CO2, with methane being particularly sensitive to the choice of metric. The results provide evidence that farm profitability is more sensitive to differing international policy scenarios than national economic welfare. The impact of the choice of metric is not as great as the impact of whether other countries mitigate agricultural emissions or not. Livestock farmers do best when agricultural emissions are not priced, as livestock commodity prices rise significantly due to competition for land from forestry. However, efficient farmers may still see a rise in profitability when agricultural emissions are fully priced worldwide.Policy relevanceExempting agricultural emissions from mitigation significantly increases the costs of limiting warming to 2 °C, placing the burden on other sectors. However, there may be a large impact on farmers if agricultural emissions are priced domestically when other countries are not doing the same. The impacts of global and national climate policies on farmers need to be better understood in order for climate policies to be politically sustainable. Transitional assistance that is not linked to emission levels could help, as long as the incentives to mitigate are maintained. In the long run, efficient farmers may benefit from climate policy; international efforts should focus on mitigation options and effective domestic policy development, rather than on metrics.

Veterinary parasitology in Australia – A short history

As an important producer and exporter of livestock products, animal health has always been of major significance to the Australian economy, and research into efficient parasite control has continued since the 1800s. With substantial research achievements also involving parasites of companion animals and wildlife, Australian parasitologists have made numerous contributions of global significance. This summary outlines the development of investigations into parasite biology and parasitic disease in Australia.

Efficient Components on Livestock Products Export in Iran

Iran’s dependence on oil revenues has caused severe impact of commodity price fluctuations on the currency revenues and any reduction in export prices has led into a deficit in the country’s balance of payments. Accordingly, it was in the past years and especially the Second Development Plan that government included encouragement and reducing the country’s dependence on oil revenues in its agenda. The international agricultural exports, especially exports of live-stock and poultry country subdivision have a proper status due to its relative advantage. Therefore, in this study factors affecting the supply of exportable animal products are considered. For this purpose, factors affecting exports of live-stock products are studied by using Cointegration Analysis based on statistical intervals in 1984-2008. Experimental results showed that the value of income per capita importer countries of Iran and the real exchange rate had a positive effect on export demand and the added value and export price index had a negative impact on exports of livestock sector.

Present Status of Rinderpest Diseases in Pakistan

SummaryAll animal diseases have the potential to affect human lives adversely by reducing the quantity and/or quality of food (meat, milk, etc.), secondary livestock products (hides, skins and fibres) and animal power (traction and transport). The importance of the livestock sector is growing more rapidly than any other agricultural sector in Pakistan. In the past, livestock production in Pakistan has been affected because of transboundary animal diseases like rinderpest, foot and mouth disease and peste des petits ruminants disease, posing a serious threat to the livestock industry in Pakistan. The continuing persistence of rinderpest has been of grave concern for the entire region including Pakistan. The export of livestock products managed to retain its growth with relaxation of restrictions imposed by the Gulf states in the year 2001 only. Pakistan has been provisionally declared a rinderpest free country in 2003, as a result of a vigorous eradication programme.

Políticas y prácticas de bienestar animal en los países de América: estudio preliminar

The Americas have a large population of farm animals, mostly for export. There are diverse production systems distributed over an extensive and varied geography, which hampers efforts to respond to the demands of the different markets. This study provides an overview of the elements influencing animal welfare implementation, such as the requirements of importing countries, the requirements of private agents, the demands of producers and manufacturers, quality promotion policies, the demands of the community, the recommendations of reference bodies and the results of applied research. To explore the level of animal welfare development in the countries of the region, a detailed case study was made of Chile, in addition to a survey of the Member Countries of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) in the Americas. An analysis was made of progress with the issues considered by the OIE as priorities, namely humane slaughter for human consumption, transport and killing for disease control purposes. Furthermore, the study considers various aspects of production which the OIE has not included up to now. It also explores the status of research and producer and consumer perceptions of the issue. The results reveal that the level of development and implementation of animal welfare differs from one country to another. While the adoption of animal welfare regulations certainly relates to all the above-mentioned aspects, the one which appears to have the most impact is the export of livestock products to certain markets. Although there is great interest in improving animal welfare conditions, this calls for the general characteristics of animal husbandry in the various countries to be taken into account. While some livestock production in the Americas follows world patterns, many countries still find it difficult to integrate good animal welfare practices, owing to specific geographical, social and cultural situations that are reflected in local livestock development rationales.

The economic impact of foot and mouth disease control and eradication in the Philippines.

The authors evaluate the impact of foot and mouth disease (FMD) and control of the disease in the Philippines using cost-benefit analysis. A scenario in which FMD control is maintained at recent levels with continued presence of the disease is compared to scenarios in which a publicly funded programme achieves eradication by 2005 (current policy objective), 2007 and 2010. Under varying assumptions regarding the development of exports of livestock products following eradication, estimated benefit-cost ratios for the investment in eradication range from 1.6 (2010, no exports) to 12.0 (2005, export of 5,000 tons each of low-value and high-value livestock products annually), indicating eradication to be an economically viable investment. The commercial swine sector is estimated to capture 84% of the benefits generated by the public investment in eradication, versus 4% by backyard swine producers. The implications of these results within the context of regional efforts to control FMD in South-East Asia are explored.

South African farmers' needs of agricultural data

Data on agriculture are required by decision-makers, including farmers, to solve problems and make business decisions. The needs of decision-makers have changed over time. Since information systems are designed to aid decisionmakers, their needs should be determined. A mail survey among farmers indicated that they are chiefly interested in information regarding producer prices, prices of field crop inputs and statistics on imports and exports of livestock products. There is also interest in employment data and statistics on economic, institutional and infrastructural matters.

New Zealand, Britain and the Survival of the Ottawa Agreement, 1945–77*

Unlike Australia, which diversified its markets after 1950 (to the extent that Japan superseded Britain as Australia's foremost customer in the late 1960s), New Zealand remained dependent on outlets in the United Kingdom. New Zealand's reliance on the British market was a consequence of its emphasis on the export of livestock products, imports of which were restricted by other major industrial countries. This paper argues that New Zealand's trade policy was tightly constrained by its short- and medium- term reliance on UK markets. As a small country, New Zealand had little bargaining power. In order to induce the British to safeguard New Zealand's traditional export trade, Wellington had to offer generous tariff preferences to British manufacturers, who retained a dominant position in New Zealand in the 1960s. New Zealand found it difficult to escape from this situation, because it had even less bargaining power with other countries, and it feared British retaliation against its lamb and butter exports. Failure to match Australia's record of diversification left New Zealand particularly vulnerable when Britain joined the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973.