Export Demand Research Articles

Factors Affecting Export Demand for Malaysian Palm-Based Finished Products

The encouraging growth in volume and exports of palm-based finished products (PBFP) was directly related to an increase in their demand. It is thus important to investigate the factors influencing such demand. Our study attempts to elucidate this for the Malaysian PBFP in 10 major foreign markets, namely, Turkey, China, Iraq, Iran, Singapore, Romania, Australia, Pakistan, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. This study constitutes a panel data analysis for the 10 countries using data from 2007 to 2021 using the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) method. Pedroni and Westerlund cointegration test indicates the presence of a long-term relationship between the variables under study. The empirical results show that gross domestic product (GDP) has a long-term positive influence on the demand for PBFP, with every 1% increase in GDP will increase the demand for palm oil by 0.9%. In addition, population size (POP) also shows a positive sign and is statistically significant at the 1% level, indicating that a 1% increase in POP will lead to a 0.3% increase in PBFP demand. Substitute oil price also has a long-run positive influence where for every 1% increase in the price of both commodities will increase the demand for PBFP by 0.1%. Meanwhile the price of PBFP has a long-term positive influence on its demand. Thus, information regarding the factors influencing the demand for PBFP from our findings may help industry player and policymakers in formulating strategies to improve the markets, and academicians may also benefit from sharing the knowledge gained from the study.

An Empirical Analysis of Sectoral Export Demand Elasticities and Trade Policies: The Case of India

An Empirical Analysis of Sectoral Export Demand Elasticities and Trade Policies: The Case of India

Posisi Pasar Karet Indonesia Di Pasar Internasional

Indonesia's position as the largest rubber producing country in the world allows them to become the main exporter of natural rubber. Indonesia exports the majority of its natural rubber production to countries like Japan, India, Brazil, the United States, South Korea, China, Turkey, and others. The competition between Indonesia and other producing countries in exporting rubbers to international markets is relatively tight. The aim of this research is to analyze the position of Indonesia’s technically specified natural rubbers (TSNR) in the international market compared to other exporting countries. The analytical method used is the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) Model. The data used in this research is secondary data from Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Ivory Coast, Vietnam, Belgium, and Nigeria over the last 10 years (2012 – 2022). The results show that there is a tight competition between Indonesia and Thailand, Ivory Coast, Belgium, Nigeria and the Rest of the World in competing for market share of natural rubber in the international market because the relationship between Indonesia's natural rubber and these countries are substitutional. Meanwhile, Indonesia's natural rubber relationship with Malaysia is complementary. Indonesian natural rubber is a normal good, so if there is an increase in prices it will cause a decrease in demand. If there is an increase in demand for rubber exports in the international market, then the country that will benefit the most is Vietnam. Meanwhile, Indonesia is the fourth ranked country that will benefit the most if it happens.

Analysis of Swallow Nest Nitrite Levels and Export Volume Projections: A Statistical Approach to Quality Improvement and Global Market Development

The global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is impacting public health and living systems. Edible Bird's Nest (EBN), one of the variants of Swallow's Nest (SBW), is recognized as a medicinal food. The potential of SBW as a therapeutic agent is gaining attention due to its ability to inhibit viral hemagglutination activity. This study provides information on the prediction of SBW demand in the coming year so that it can contribute to determining Indonesia's SBW export performance. Net weight data (tons) of SBW export time series were obtained for 10 years from 2012 to 2022 in 10 countries, namely: Hong Kong, China, Singapore, USA, Vietnam, Canada, Taiwan, Thailand, Japan, and Cambodia, combined with laboratory examination on nitrite levels conducted at the Surabaya Agricultural Quarantine Center, Indonesia. This study shows the minimum limit on nitrite levels in SBW exports and the need for SBW exports in the next four years. One of the requirements for SBW exports is the minimum limit of nitrite levels. The ARIMA method has been implemented to forecast SBW export demand in 10 countries for the next four years. SBW export demand in the next four years is expected to decline. The findings make a significant contribution as a source of information for decision-makers involved in SBW export activities.

Export demand patterns for blue swimming crab from Indonesia to United States : impact of fishing seasons in FMA 712 (2018 to 2022)

Abstract Blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) is a significant fishery export commodity from Indonesia, especially the fisheries management area (FMA) 712. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between export demand and fishing season in FMA 712 during the last five years (2018–2022) based on export volume, prices, and fishing season information. Fishing season in Indonesia was classified as the west season with high rainfall (November to May) and the east season with low rainfall (June to October). The data were analyzed by correlation and trend analysis. The results showed that the export demand for blue swimming crab fluctuated with the fishing season. Demand for blue swimming crab tends to increase in the west season due to abundant supply from a favorable fishing season, leading to decreased prices due to international market competition. Conversely, demand for blue swimming crabs declines in the east season due to reduced supply from an unfavorable fishing season, resulting in increased prices due to limited availability. To address fluctuations, market diversification, product quality improvement, and sustainable fishery resource management are essential to balance profitable exports and marine preservation. Other variables that may influence export demand, such as global economic and political factors, were not included in this analysis.

The impact of construction of an integrated shell waste management site on social, economic, and environmental aspects in Cirebon, West Java

Abstract The concept of a blue economy encourages business growth and efficient investment while protecting the environment by making the most of spending and financing resources that will increase economic growth and improve people’s lives. Crab shell is one of the industrial wastes of the pasteurization of crab meat, which is growing along with the demand for exports. Direct stockpiling of crab shells creates an unpleasant odor and makes access difficult for collectors of crab shells. Therefore an Integrated Shell Waste Treatment Site (ISWTS) is very important to build to support the blue economy principle, where all economic operations are zero-waste, clean, and efficient. The purpose of the study is to examine the impacts of ISWTS development on the social, economic, and environmental aspects in the Cirebon Regency. Data was collected through focus group discussions and interviews with eight miniplant owners and one supplier of crab shells. Qualitative descriptive and triangulation were applied to analyze the increase in earnings in crab industry laborers, the impact of individual and group capabilities, the strength of partnership partners, and labor absorption. The result shows there is an increase in earnings, which can contribute to the fisheries sector to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (PDRB) in Cirebon Regency through the application of the website for making orders operated by laborers and customers. This business makes more strong connections among miniplants, dryer shells, and TPLCT side through labor absorption primarily to involved and utilize at TPLCTThe study findings show that the community supports the construction of the TPLCT because it employs many people, but the building must be carried out far from residential areas.

Species diversity and catch per unit effort (CPUE) of Portunidae in Batubara, North Sumatera, Indonesia

Abstract Crabs from the family of Portunidae are distributed widely in Indonesian waters, including the blue swimming crabs which has been exploited as a target species to meet the export demand and economic needs 3 of the capture fisheries sector. Crab catches from Portunidae family makes a major contribution to marine fisheries production in Batubara Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to analyze the species diversity and catch per unit effort (CPUE) of crabs of Portunidae family in January–March 2023 in Tanjung Tiram Waters, Batu Bara Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The fishing area was located right across the Malacca Strait, which is congested with international shipping traffic. Data were obtained through observations and community interview. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) of crabs was analyzed. The results showed about five species of crab from the Portunidae family were caught, including Portunus pelagicus, Scylla serrata, Charybdis feriata, Charybdis affinis, and Charybdis natator. The avearga CPUE value of target species Portunus pelagicus was 8,8 kg/trip.

The small open economy in a generalized gravity model

To provide sharp answers to basic questions in international trade, a standard approach is to focus on a small open economy (SOE). Whereas the classic tradition is to define a SOE as an economy that takes world prices as given, in the new trade literature it is defined instead as one that takes foreign-good prices and export demand schedules as given. We develop a gravity model that nests all its standard microfoundations and show how to take the limit so that an economy that becomes infinitesimally small behaves like a SOE. We then derive comparative statics and optimal policy for the SOE. Ignoring standard tax indeterminacies, optimal policy is characterized by export taxes and import tariffs equal to the (inverse) foreign demand and supply elasticities, respectively, and employment subsidies determined by the scale elasticity (under perfect competition) or markups (under monopolistic competition).

Imports, Exports, and Employment: India’s Trading Relationship with China

This paper examines the effect of increased import competition and export demand on local labour markets in the context of India’s trading relationship with China. Using an instrumental variables approach, I find that Indian districts exposed to Chinese imports experience decreased manufacturing employment growth relative to their positive pre-existing trend with no offsetting adjustment in services employment or population. The negative employment effect of imports is greater for large establishments. On average, manufacturing employment does not grow in response to export demand shocks, but districts with sufficient development, density, or access to Chinese markets see increased manufacturing employment in response to Chinese export demand.

First report of pepper yellow leaf curl Thailand virus infecting hot chili in central Vietnam and Laos.

Hot chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivation has been on the rise in South East Asia to meet export demands. In Thailand, the top chili exporter in South East Asia, chili production has been severely hampered by pepper yellow leaf curl disease (YLCD) caused by the begomovirus pepper yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (PepYLCThV) (Chiemsombat et al., 2018; Suwor et al., 2021). In the neighbouring countries of Laos and Vietnam, a limited survey of chili fields (200 plants in total) in Savannakhet (Savannakhet University campus, n = 150), Laos and Quang Nam province (Ka Dang commune, Dong Giang district, n = 50), central Vietnam in 2023 led to the finding of eight plants (5 in Laos and 3 in Vietnam) exhibiting YLCD-like symptoms, which included bright yellow color in young leaves and leaf curl and mosaic chlorosis in mature leaves (Fig. S1). Total DNA was extracted from leaves of two symptomatic plants (one from Savannakhet and one from Quang Nam) using a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-based DNA extraction protocol (Doyle & Doyle, 1987; Nguyen et al., 2023). Next, PCR were performed using newly designed PepYLCThV-specific primers based on PepYLCThV sequences in GenBank (Table 1). PCR products of expected sizes were observed in samples with disease symptoms, but not from DNA extracted from C. annuum (cv. VA.99999) grown at the Institute of Biotechnology in Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam (Fig. S2). The amplicons were Sanger sequenced (Apical Scientific, Selangor, Malaysia) and the complete bipartite genome sequence of two isolates ('Sava01' from Laos and 'QNam01' from Vietnam) were obtained. The sequences of the DNA-A component from isolates 'Sava01' (GenBank PP437580) and 'QNam01' (GenBank PP437581) exhibited the highest sequence identity of 99.2% and 94.7% with the PepYLCThV isolate 'ChiangDaoS1' (GenBank OM677627), respectively (Table 2). Conversely, the sequences of the DNA-B component from the isolates 'Sava01' (GenBank PP437579) and 'QNam01' (GenBank PP437582) exhibited the highest similarity of 91.8% and 90.9% with the PepYLCThV isolate 'KKN601' (GenBank MW715820), respectively (Table 2). These results confirmed the presence of PepYLCThV in hot chili pepper plants exhibiting YLCD-like symptoms in central Vietnam and Laos. Infectious clones of PepYLCThV DNA-A and DNA-B (isolate 'QNam01') were created based on the pLX-AS vector as described by Pasin (2022), and transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105. The resulting bacteria were cultured in LB broth containing rifampicin (25 μg/mL) and kanamycin (50 μg/mL) at 28°C and used for agroinoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana (n = 6) and C. annuum (cv. VA.99999, n = 6) (4-6 leaf plants) as described by Pasin (2022). In all N. benthamiana plants, agroinoculation with both DNA-A and DNA-B infectious clones caused stunted growth, severe leaf curl, with yellow and white patches 21 days post inoculation (Fig. S3). In C. annuum plants, symptom expression, which included leaf curl and stunted leaves with yellow mosaic patterns, was observed in two out of six inoculated plants six weeks postinoculation (Fig. S3). PCR assays confirmed the presence of PepYLCThV DNA in N. benthamiana and C. annuum symptomatic leaves (Fig. S4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of pepper yellow leaf curl Thailand virus in hot chili pepper in Laos and central Vietnam. Appropriate containment and management strategies should be developed and implemented to control the spread of this disease in hot chili pepper crops in both countries.

Ripe for contracts? Estimating the impact of an avocado producer organization contract farming intervention

AbstractWe evaluate the impact of a producer organization avocado contract farming intervention in Kenya that included (1) an agreement to sell to an avocado exporting company, (2) access to training, and (3) support to gain group‐level Global Good Agricultural Practices (GLOBALG.A.P.) certification as main activities. Using a (nonexperimental) doubly robust difference‐in‐differences design with farm‐level panel data from 2015 and 2017, we show that farmers began selling to the contracted company, were recently trained and received the GLOBALG.A.P. certification. However, the intervention's uptake was less than perfect, especially concerning the procurement aspect of the contract, suggesting widespread side selling. In terms of outcomes, contract farming nevertheless significantly improved sales prices and reported quality, increased direct sales to companies, and led to more planted trees, but also increased total production costs. The effects are driven by the Hass avocado variety, which is in higher demand in export markets and the contracted avocado variety. No significant income and other welfare effects were found.

Evaluasi Indeks Tarik dan Indeks Sobek pada Bleaching Pulp: Pengaruh Hidrogen Peroksida (H2O2), Klorin Dioksida (ClO2) dan Suhu

Indonesia is one of the leading Pulp and paper producers globally, with an estimated annual growth rate of 3.5%. However, domestic production has not yet fully met the domestic needs and export demand for paper. Currently, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) are the primary bleaching agents used in Pulp and paper production. This research aims to evaluate the effects of H2O2, ClO2, and temperature on product quality parameters, specifically the tensile and tear indices. The variations of ClO2 used are 2%, 0.4%, and 0.7%; H2O2 concentrations are 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%; and the temperatures used are 75°C and 85°C. The study found that the addition of ClO2 at a concentration of 0.7% resulted in the highest tensile index of 76.9 N.m/g and a tear index of 3.5 m.N.m²/g. The addition of H2O2 at a concentration of 0.1% resulted in a tensile index of 83.9 N.m/g and a tear index of 9.4 m.N.m²/g. Temperature variations did not significantly affect the tensile and tear indices, with the tensile index reaching 9.35 m.N.m²/g. The addition of H2O2 is essential as it enhances the bleaching process and improves the mechanical properties of the Pulp, which is beneficial for optimizing bleaching conditions to enhance product quality, thus meeting both domestic needs and export demands.

Adapting To The Global Economic Downturn In Indonesia: Harnessing Fiscal And Monetary Instruments

The study evaluates the efficiency of fiscal and monetary measures mitigating the worldwide economic downturn impacted Indonesia's economy. During the crisis, Indonesia faced challenges such as trade disruptions, decreased export demand, and financial sector experiences liquidity issues. Bank Indonesia implemented accommodative monetary policies, including interest rate adjustments, to stabilize financial markets and support economic recovery. The Indonesian government pursued an expansive fiscal policy, increasing government spending on infrastructure and social welfare programs to stimulate economic activity and mitigate social unrest. Tax incentives and relief measures were introduced to support businesses and stimulate investment, while targeted subsidies were provided to specific industries. Despite challenges such as fiscal constraints and external shocks, these policy measures contributed to reducing the crisis's impact, promoting economic resilience, and fostering sustainable development in Indonesia. Continuous evaluation and adaptation of policy frameworks are recommended to address emerging challenges effectively in the future.

Genetic prospective of a local invader: the strange pattern of Pontastacus leptodactylus population structure in Greece and Turkey based on microsatellite DNA.

The combination of the increasing demand of freshwater crayfish exports, the reduced population sizes due to overfishing, the crayfish plague epidemics and the habitat degradation, have led to unrecorded translocations of Pontastacus leptodactylus in Greek lakes. In the present study, the genetics of five narrow clawed crayfish (P. leptodactylus) populations were studied, namely three translocated populations inhabiting in Northern Greece, one native Greek population from Evros river and one potential progeny source population from Turkey. Nine microsatellite loci previously designed for the specific species were investigated, in order to assess the levels of genetic diversity and further to confirm the origin of these translocated populations some decades after the translocation events. Our results confirmed that the source population for the translocated Greek population is the Turkish lake Eğirdir. Further, despite the low values of the number of alleles, heterozygosity, and FST the populations were generally diverse, providing evidence for local adaptation. The low values of FIS for the translocated populations in combination with the high values of gene flow, possibly indicate the existence of re-introducing events. Apart from the translocated populations, high levels of genetic diversity and heterozygosity were observed in Evros population, suggesting it as a possible unit for future conservation purposes both as a donor population for reintroduction purposes as well as a unique gene pool protection source. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study dealing with the genetic composition of Greek P. leptodactylus populations from Nothern Greece, operating as a first step towards the development of proper management practices for restocking events and monitoring of translocated populations.

Keuangan Syariah dalam Menghadapi Resesi Global

This research aims to investigate the development, role, principles and mechanisms of Sharia finance so that they can be applied in facing the global financial crisis. The research used in this research is library research, using a descriptive qualitative approach, namely data obtained from the library and then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results of the analysis are that global sharia financial assets have reached US$3.96 trillion in 2021. This figure has increased by 16.76% from the previous year, namely US$3.39 trillion, which indicates that the global sharia financial industry is growing more resiliently in line with the global economic recovery. Sharia economics and finance also contribute to accelerating the momentum of national economic recovery. The role of sharia financing is increasingly important to support economic growth and stability amidst increasing global uncertainty. Sharia Financial Principles are free from maysir, gharar, usury, haram and falsehood. The impacts that would arise if a recession occurs in Indonesia are: the weakening of the rupiah exchange rate, increasing unemployment, decreasing demand for Indonesian exports, weakening people's purchasing power, and increasing interest rates. Sharia finance in facing the global recession is first, increasing the independence of MSMEs in the future, secondly improving new strategies in building relationships between MSMEs and banks. Third, being able to identify the causes of recession by paying attention to financing that can affect banking health. Fourth, banking must pay attention to capital adequacy to overcome the risk of bad credit. Fifth, increase the value of profit sharing so that people are interested in saving. Key Words:Islamic Finance, global recession.

Análisis de la producción y exportación de fresa mexicana: 1988-2020.

The objective of this study was to carry out a descriptive analysis of the variables that determine strawberry production in Mexico; to analyze the potential export markets for Mexican strawberries; and to determine the effect of strawberry exports on production using a regression model for the period 1988-2020. The results were that, if the average rural price increases 1%, suppliers will be willing to produce 118,096 tons more and if strawberry exports increase 1%, production will increase 2.9%. The COVID-19 sanitary crisis reduced Mexican strawberry production by 279,794 tons. Since export demand influences strawberry supply, it is necessary to assist small and medium-sized producers to meet export quality standards and take advantage of market opportunities in Latin America and Europe.

Peramalan Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) Industri Furnitur di Indonesia Menggunakan Metode Double Exponential Smoothing-Holt

Furniture raw materials are still a major challenge in the industry, in line with the wishes of consumers to get good quality raw materials and soaring export demand, so there is a need for a control process to monitor the value of products using forecasting. The purpose of this study was to predict gross domestic product in the furniture industry in Indonesia in 2022. This study used secondary data on the quarterly trend of gross domestic product in the furniture industry in Indonesia 2010-2021 taken from the research industry data processed by BPS and Bank Indonesia, The method used is Double Exponential Smoothing-Holt. The results of the calculation using the double exponential smoothing-holt method obtained a value of α of 0.658 and β of 0.008 where the forecasting results for the 2022 period, namely the 1 quarter of 7.602 billion rupiah, quarter 2 of 7.676 billion rupiah, quarter 3 of 7.749 billion rupiah, and quarter 4 of 7.822 billion rupiah. Where the MAPE value is 0.737% which means forecasting has very good results.

The Heterogeneous Impact of Market Size on Innovation: Evidence from French Firm-Level Exports

Abstract We analyze how demand conditions faced by a firm in its export markets affect its innovation decisions. We exploit exogenous firm-level export demand shocks and find that firms respond by patenting more; furthermore, this response is driven by the subset of initially more productive firms. The patent response arises two to five years after the shock, highlighting the time required to innovate. In contrast, the demand shock raises contemporaneous sales and employment for all firms regardless of their productivity. This skewed innovation response to common demand shocks arises naturally from a model of endogenous innovation and competition with firm heterogeneity.

Development of GIS-Based Pangasius Aquaculture Areas Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Tulungagung Regency, East Java, Indonesia

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research The author mentioned four highlights from their research: 1. Pangasius aquaculture in Tulungagung Regency continues to increase 2. GIS can be used to determine the suitability of aquaculture land 3. AHP can be used to determine the weight of aquaculture land suitability parameters 4. The development of aquaculture areas must consider other land uses. Abstract Tulungagung Regency in East Java Province has an export demand of 300,000-400,000 tons per year. The high demand for exports spurred the people and government of Tulungagung Regency to develop pangasius aquaculture areas. This will have a negative impact if carried out without a land suitability assessment. The study aimed to analyze the parameters of pangasius aquaculture and map the potential areas for pangasius aquaculture using AHP and GIS-based analysis. This research was conducted from January to August 2022 in Tulungagung Regency, Indonesia. Several stages were carried out, including primary data collection (water quality, soil quality, and infrastructure), secondary data collection (literature, reports, fisheries statistics data, government statistical data, and journals/articles), application of land suitability assessment, and pangasius farming area suitability analysis. Land suitability analysis consists of measuring water quality parameters (DO, temperature, TDS, pH, ammonia, and nitrate), soil quality (texture, pH, and slope), and infrastructure (roads, markets, hatcheries, and fillet factories) using the Analytical Hierarchy Process method (AHP), which includes standardization, determination of weights, and combining the weights of land suitability maps, which are then mapped by ArcGIS Software. Most of the land conditions for the pangasius aquaculture areas in Tulungagung Regency are moderately suitable, suitable, and most suitable, with percentages of 30, 21, and 28%. The area that can be developed for pangasius aquaculture is 976885.71 ha, with the most suitable category being 2619.35 ha, the appropriate category being 2235.74 ha, and the most suitable category being 4913.77 ha.

Vertical Spillovers in Global Value Chains

This paper uses input-output relationships across highly disaggregated products to establish two empirical regularities with bilateral trade data. First, countries are likely to have revealed comparative advantage (RCA) in a product if they also have RCA in products that are upstream or downstream to that product. Second, the RCA of a product improves over time if the country experiences export demand shocks to its inputs or outputs. This suggests that being integrated as suppliers into the global production network can benefit countries by improving their capabilities across different stages of production.