Coal Exports Research Articles

Analysis of Russia’s transport infrastructure and its impact on coal export

Analysis of Russia’s transport infrastructure and its impact on coal export

몽골-중국 경제협력: 사회간접자본 구축과 에너지 협력을 중심으로

This paper analyzes the background and process of economic cooperation between Mongolia and China, which focuses on establishment of social overhead capital and energy supply facilities, Mongolian coal exports to China. It is based on analyses of government policy documents and related literature. Mongolia and China collaborated construction of internal road network in Mongolia, and transport network connecting from Mongolia to Northern China and Russia. The internal network in Mongolia sought to connect from Ulaanbaatar to neighboring regions, Erlianhaote and Ganchimaodu. The immediate benefit for Mongolia was the injection of much needed capital, skilled manpower and technology from China, all of which Mongolia lacked. Beyond this, Mongolia stood to gain from social overhead capital projects and energy supply facilities, as well as alleviate difficulties in the domestic transportation. Externally, the expansion of Mongolia’s transport network aimed to increase coal exports to China. In addition, Shenhua Group and Chinese central government are trying to increase exports of Mongolian coal to China by expanding the railway network connecting the Chinese border with the Tavan tolgoy coal mine.BRHowever, Mongolia has some difficulties in the process of cooperation with China. The downswing for Mongolia‘s role in the process of domestic road network construction was that all the work was done by Chinese companies, because Mongolian firms did not meet the selection criteria set by the Asia Development Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Accordingly, Mongolian local companies had a difficulty in participating in its own social overhead capital construction projects which gave fund from multilateral development banks. Additionally, Mongolia’s dependence on China intensified, as experienced Chinese companies took charge of all of these construction projects. To protect their trust, the Chinese companies completed their assignments on schedule. Their performance, however, did not transfer the technical skills to Mongolian workers, including training in construction technology, and operating of technical equipment. Furthermore, the expansion of the railway network connecting Mongolia, China and Russia was expected to delay, pending economic feasibility studies and verification. Despite these challenges, Mongolia was expected to continue cooperating with China, to ease difficulties in domestic transportation, stabilize energy supply and increase coal exports to mainland China.

Perusahaan Tambang Batubara Tbk (IDX-Listed) Indonesia: Gaya Kepemimpinan Breakthrough Siknifikan Menaikkan Kinerja Organisasi melalui Kepuasan Karyawan

Indonesia is the largest coal exporter in the world. Indonesia's total coal production in 2018 was 528 million tons. Of this amount, 320 million tons were produced by coal mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The phenomenon of the performance of coal mining companies in Indonesia which has been established in the period 2014 to 2018 there is a very high difference, both in terms of financial performance and the resulting production. The difference in the performance gap is thought to be influenced by the leadership style in the company. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of transformational leadership style, servant and breakthrough leadership on organizational performance with employee satisfaction as an intervening variable in coal mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and suggest implications for improving company performance. The respondents of this study were 15 coal mining companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange. The type of research used is a quantitative method with 201 respondents, in supervisory to director positions. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Model (SEM – AMOS). The results of the study indicate that the current speed of change in organizational behavior, technology and the business environment in the coal mining sector in Indonesia requires a change in the existing leadership style towards breakthrough leadership with 5 (five) dimensions, so that in its implication in the coal industry sector the existing leaders Currently, more emphasis is placed on changing leadership styles to become “multi power leaders” and “visionary leaders” and this will significantly increase organizational performance through employee satisfaction.

Совершенствование механизма таможенного регулирования экспорта угля из Российской Федерации

The article discloses the essence and role of customs regulation of coal exports in the development of the coal industry of the Russian Federation. Based on the results of authors’ researches, the essence and elements of the mechanism of customs regulation of coal exports from the Russian Federation were clarified, the results of regulation and the system of key consumers needs were identified. These aspects allowed to determine the directions of implementation of the proposed mechanism, its subject area and conceptual model.

Экономическая оценка вариантов перспективного развития производственной подсистемы экспортно-ориентированных угольных компаний

The authors review the challenges and trends of the Russian coal exports and describe fields that are potentially attractive for exports in the new coal mining centers in the East of Russia. A conclusion is made that the only option available for the Russian coal industry in the eastern parts of the country is the export-oriented sustainable development in conditions when the global coal trade is shifting towards the Asia-Pacific region. Scientific and methodological support for the implementation of investment projects of Russian coal companies has been developed for the new economic conditions. The economic and mathematical model is proposed to assess the options of perspective development of production subsystem of an export-oriented coal company, which helps to define the parameters of a rational option to develop the coal sector including the volumes of annual expenses of investors to obtain the highest revenue from coal export.

The coal trade surplus and merchant seafarers in British-Norwegian relations during the First World War

During the First World War, more than 800 Norwegian ships were sunk by hostile action, with a loss of about 2,100 seafarers. The Norwegian merchant fleet was extremely important for Norway's economy and for securing the import of vital goods. In addition, Britain and her allies needed goods carried in Norwegian merchant ships, such as coal shipped across the Channel to France. This article examines the relationship between Britain and Norway during the war, concentrating on the roles of two important resources, coal and maritime labour. The first part of the article outlines the wartime Anglo-Norwegian relationship. Negotiations around the so-called ‘coal trade surplus’, and how the surplus was allocated, are analysed in the second section. The coal trade surplus derived from British coal exports to Norway and was transferred from the British to the Norwegian Government in 1919. The British Ministry of Shipping, in recognition of the efforts of Norwegian seafarers, demanded that part of the surplus should be allocated to their well-being and to a memorial for the Norwegian merchant seafarers who had perished during the war.

Hydrogen versus coal: Implications of the hydrogen energy engineering advance for the coal industry

The influence exerted by advancement of the hydrogen energy engineering on the coal industry in Russia and in the world is assessed. Percentage of export supplies at the coal companies in Russia has been continuously growing in the recent decade and exceeds 50 % thus far. As a result, Russia is world’s third exporter of coal, and Russian coal companies have gained a wider distribution area. On the other hand, in connection with ratification of the Paris Agreement on climate, many countries importing coal, including Russian coal, are reducing coal consumption, which can result in the loss of expected profit from investment in the Russian coal sector due to coal production decline. According to the development programs of the world powers, the reduction in coal consumption will be compensated by the advance in hydrogen energy engineering. While slackening coal export, Russia can become a hydrogen supplier and can ship hydrogen via available gas-supply mains.

An integrated model for vessel traffic and deballasting scheduling in coal export terminals

Most bulk carriers arrive at coal export terminals (CETs) under empty or lightly loaded conditions. Ballast water, which is onboarded to maintain vessel stability during a voyage, must be pumped out as the cargo is loaded. As modern CETs are rapidly developing, vessels’ deballasting capability is being updated too slowly and far behind the CET loading efficiency improvement. Therefore, an increasing number of vessels fail to finish deballasting in a timely manner, which results in frequent operational interruptions at the terminal. The high loading efficiency of modern CETs is discounted by a ship’s deballasting capability. Conventionally, many CETs have allowed vessels to deballast in advance at anchorages or lay-by berths to avoid delays at the loading berth and wasted resources. In this sense, in addition to making a complex traffic-scheduling plan for vessels entering and leaving terminals, port managers must make proper deballasting plans for vessels and avoid excessive deballasting problems. However, research on vessel scheduling considering deballasting is limited to date. To fill this gap, this paper proposes an integrated scheduling model (ISM) that manages the scheduling process of vessel traffic and deballasting operations. Special considerations of vessel stability under deballasting and tidal influence are introduced. As a result, with the goal of minimizing the total weighted delay, the model can simultaneously optimize the vessel sequence, lay-by berth allocation, and deballasting plan. A series of comprehensive experiments was conducted based on practical data collected from a major CET in China. The performance of the proposed ISM was tested through comparisons of scheduling under common rule-based scheduling methods with varying traffic density and terminal efficiency properties. The results show that the ISM can avoid untimely deballasting, shorten the vessel port stay time, and directly contribute to a total weighted delay reduction of 20.84%. Application of the ISM to address the conflict of unbalanced machinery upgrades between CETs and vessels at various stages is of great importance to guarantee improved port efficiency.

System dynamics approach in determining coal utilization scenario in Indonesia

Indonesia plays an important role in the global coal market. In 2018, Indonesia ranked as the 5th largest coal producer and the 2nd largest coal exporter in the world. However, only 21% of the production volume is utilized in the domestic market. In the future, Indonesia's coal production is expected to continue to increase due to the growth in coal demand for electricity generation. This research aims to predict the future of coal production in Indonesia to support economic growth with less damage to the environment and examine its contribution to the national primary energy mix as a part of national energy policy. System dynamics model is utilized, which simulates the future of coal supply and demand in relation to the availability of coal reserves, the interaction between coal and its substitutes, economic growth, and the price of commodities. Four scenarios are introduced to analyze the impact of coal utilization to the economy and environment, which are Business as Usual (BaU), Economic Growth Priority (EGP), Policy Regulation (PR), and Environmentally Oriented (EO) scenario. The results show that coal production in Indonesia will continue to increase in the future. The EO scenario will be the best alternative for future energy policy in Indonesia because of its ability to fulfill both economic growth and low carbon intensity target. Furthermore, the EO scenario also able to achieve the government target in primary energy mix in 2030 with 33.5% of coal, 19.4% of oil, 7.8% of gas, and 39.3% of renewable energy.

THE DETERMINANTS OF INDONESIA’S COAL EXPORTS DEMAND TO SIX ASIAN COUNTRIES

Coal is one of the most needed commodities globally because of its power plants and industrial machinery. According to World Coal Institute (2018), the world coal trade is dominated by several producing countries, Indonesia (ranked 2nd with 28.21 percent). Indonesia's coal exports are influenced by determinants of demand from export destination countries. This study will test at least four demand determinants in destination countries for their effects on Indonesian exports: exchange rate, foreign exchange reserves, population, and coal production. The study used six Asian countries (Japan, South Korea, India, Thailand, Philippines, and Malaysia) over 2008-2018. The methodology used is multiple linear regression with a series of chow and Hausman tests. Each variable has been tested by t-test (partial) and f test (simultaneous), and R2 test to analyze the percentage of the influence of the model on the dependent variable. This study revealed that the variable foreign exchange reserves and population growth of six Asian countries have a significant positive effect on Indonesia's coal export. Simultaneously, the exchange rate and coal production of the destination countries were not proven to have a negative impact but positively affected coal export. All variables have a significant and partially significant effect so that the model can explain the coal export variable at 93.08 percent (Adjust R-squared).Keywords: Coal Export, Demand DeterminantsJEL Classification: C2, F1, Q31

INDONESIAN COAL EXPORT TO JAPAN: INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMIC REVIEW PERIOD 2010 - 2015

Indonesia is one of the largest coal-producing countries in the world but is weak in the utilization, technology, and management of coal. Meanwhile, Japan is a developed industrial country with the largest energy consumption in the world, but its resources are limited, so it relies on imports from other countries such as Indonesia. So that there is a coal export-import trade cooperation with the formation of the IJEPA and IJCPD cooperation as bilateral cooperation between Indonesia and Japan which carries the basic concept of the EPA. The purpose of this research is to find out that Indonesian coal exports to Japan can provide benefits for both countries and meet their respective interests. countries viewed in an international political economy review. This research uses the library research method. Japan in fulfilling its energy consumption cannot be separated from trading with other countries such as importing coal from Indonesia which is manifested in the IJCPD Cooperation which is one of the cooperation frameworks in IJEPA, providing great opportunities for Indonesia to maximize management, technology, utilization of coal and bring in investors in Indonesia. . Indonesia and Japan in fulfilling their political economy interests under the auspices of the IJEPA cooperation, in which Japan has established itself as a guarantor country for economic and political stability in the East to Southeast Asia region. Meanwhile, Indonesia had the opportunity to equalize its position and compete with other competing countries that had established cooperation with Japan in the Japanese market.

Beyond the discourse of denial: The reproduction of fossil fuel hegemony in Australia

Despite growing public concern over the worsening climate crisis, tangible action to reduce carbon emissions and limit fossil fuel use remains limited. This is particularly apparent in carbon-rich nations which promote the extraction, export and use of coal, oil and gas as key drivers of economic activity. We examine this contradiction between growing public demands for climate action and the continued dominance of fossil energy in Australia, now the world’s largest exporter of coal and gas. Through a qualitative analysis of media coverage and industry public relations during the period 2008–2019, we show how the fossil fuel hegemony has been maintained and extended in the face of growing social and political critique. We identify the key discourses that the Australian fossil fuel sector has employed in reproducing hegemony and delaying action on climate change. This extends previous theorisations of moral and intellectual leadership by detailing how the fossil fuel sector embeds particular technical claims into the climate change debate. Second, we expand knowledge of political strategy to show how corporate discourses aimed at maintaining hegemony are extended through the state as an ideological promoter.

Application of 3D Laser Scanning Technology in Monitoring Deformation of Port Trail

Qinhuangdao Port, as the main hub port for coal transportation from north to south, has become an important coal, oil and other energy export port in China. The port facilities are in continuous operation all the year round, especially in the peak period of coal transportation in the south. The maintenance and monitoring of the equipment are faced with such problems as heavy work tasks, poor working environment, many construction disturbances, and the influence of monitoring on port production. This paper mainly introduces the application of ground 3D laser scanner in building deformation measurement based on the deformation measurement project of positioning car cable track in the unloading department of coal terminal of Qinhuangdao Port. Through actual results illustrate using the ground three-dimensional laser scanner for high-risk, complex structure deformation monitoring operation is of field operation is simple, short construction period, small impact on the continuity of production equipment, complete data and reliable advantages of accuracy, which is the ground three-dimensional laser scanner in Qinhuangdao port for the first time application, for the future of 3 d laser scanning technology in the port risk measuring project and digital 3 d modeling and so on has certain reference value.

Coal Mining, Forest Management, and Deforestation in French Colonial Vietnam

Abstract No industry had a more profound impact on the environment and communities of northern Vietnam than coal mining. Following the French discovery of the vast Quảng Yên coal basin in the early 1880s, Tonkin, a small French protectorate in northern Vietnam, rose to become one of the world's largest coal exporters. Large-scale coal mining denuded forests, fashioned massive open-pit wastelands, and created some of Vietnam's most enduring environmental problems. This article explores one of those issues: the transformation wrought by the coal boom of the 1920s on Tonkin’s forests. As the demand for mine timber soared during that decade, an illicit timber-trading network built upon the collusion of coal-mining enterprises and indigenous loggers managed to operate under the radar of the French forest surveillance. The rise of mining-driven, illicit logging activities in French colonial Vietnam provides a useful lens for examining not only the intense ecological consequences of unchecked capitalist development but also the ingenuity and adaptability of indigenous networks and the limits of French colonial authority.

Does coal mining benefit local communities in the long run? A sustainability perspective on regional Queensland, Australia

The Bowen Basin in Central Queensland is one of the most active coal mining regions in Australia. Coal mining is highly lucrative and a major contributor to the Australian economy. However, that industry is also responsible for many social and environmental impacts, including air and water pollution, soil erosion, destruction of biodiversity, health-related issues and reduced community cohesion in mining areas. With pressing issues like climate change requiring an energy transition and the danger posed to the Australian economy by an over-reliance on coal exports, the decision to support that industry becomes increasingly questionable. In this study, we compare coal mining, livestock grazing and nature conservation expansion scenarios in the Bowen Basin over a 31-year period. We conduct a hybrid cost-benefit analysis, combining primary data and semi-quantitative weightings constructed from a social impact risk matrix. We estimate the net public benefits of each land use option, and the externalities that they may generate. When solely considering the economic benefits of each scenario, coal mining is by far the better option, generating 10 to 14 times more benefits than grazing and 800 to 3000 times more benefits than nature conservation. However, when including the costs of negative externalities, we find that the net present value of coal mining becomes negative (-$538 to -$690 billion on average), while grazing ($2.84 to $2.85 billion) and nature conservation ($16.35 to $79.29 million) remain positive. Therefore, this study contributes to the much-needed literature that can help demonstrate the many impacts of coal mining and the long-term risks that industry may pose to local communities in regional areas of Australia. • We study coal mining expansion in the Bowen Basin, Central Queensland, Australia. • We compare coal mining, grazing and nature conservation land use scenarios. • A hybrid cost-benefit analysis is conducted, relying on a social impact risk matrix. • Social and environmental impacts of coal mining and grazing are estimated. • Coal mining becomes a less desirable option when externalities are factored in.

Forecasting the coal industry development the in Russia in the context of the transition to carbon neutrality

The purpose of the study is to develop a forecast for the development of the coal industry in Russia for 2021-2030 in the context of the transition to carbon neutrality. Irwin’s criterion was used to analyze outliers of a number of dynamics, the method of ascending and descending series to identify a trend, standard methods for assessing autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity. For forecasting, the equations of trends, the method of exponential smoothing were used. The necessity of constructing a differentiated forecast for three elements of the use of coal mined in Russia is shown: domestic consumption, export to Europe, export to the Asia-Pacific region. Domestic coal consumption is very stable and with a 95% probability it will be between 210 and 225 million tons. Coal exports to the west will decline monotonically in line with plans by European governments to stop using thermal coal. It will be about 60 million tons in 2025 and about 15-20 million tons in 2030. Exports to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region will grow until 2030. After 2030, demand for thermal coal in the Asia-Pacific region will begin to decline in line with China's plans to move towards carbon neutrality by 2050-2060. According to the forecast obtained in the study, the export of coal from Russia to the east will reach 150 million tons in 2025 and 190 million tons in 2030, after which it will begin to decline. Therefore, the coal-mining regions of Russia in the next 5-10 years must diversify the economy.

Choosing a Scheme for the Delivery of Foreign Trade Cargo

The article studies various options for routes of export-import transportation through seaports and through land border crossings. A model of coal export through the seaports of the Russian Federation is proposed. At the same time, there may be options for the schemes of mutual arrangement of links in the transportation chain through the sea (river) ports of Russia, the Commonwealth of Nations and the Baltic states. One of the most important problems associated with the export of coal is the analysis of the economic aspects of its passage through seaports. It is note that the management of the delivery of export coal can be effective only if there is complete information about the state of the elements of the system for the delivery of foreign trade goods. The delivery of coal by rail, its transhipment to sea vessels and further transportation by sea can be consider as a complex of parallel processes occurring and interacting with each other, for which the theory of interacting processes can be applies.

Węgiel w polsko-radzieckich stosunkach gospodarczych

Polish coal played an important role in economic relations between the People's Republic of Poland and the USSR. Its resources constituted an important element of the Soviet policy towards Poland. In 1946–1953, the forced deliveries of black fuel were a kind of donation. The Soviet authorities explained them with losses in war reparations as a result of the transfer of German lands on the Oder and Nysa Łużycka to Poland, with rich coal resources in Silesia. The Soviet Union also did not refrain from taking over some of the Polish coal deposits as a result of the forced correction of the borders in the east in 1951. Deliveries of "reparative" coal at lower prices brought Poland serious financial losses and inhibited the development of economic relations with Western countries. The export of coal under trade agreements concluded from 1945 was also economically unfavorable. The Soviet authorities imposed both excessive quotas and difficult financial conditions. From 1949, for this purpose, they used the price and exchange rate mechanism applied by the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Only in the 1960s did it become beneficial for Poland, and in the following decades it brought losses. The export of coal to the USSR, which in the 1980s amounted to 30% of total exports, caused a deficit of fuels on the domestic market, made it difficult to use the existing economic potential and maintain an adequate standard of living of the population. The political transformation after 1989, which introduced market regulations to foreign trade, led to the collapse of coal exports to the USSR.

Analysis of Trends of the Sustainable Development Strategy of Coal Industry in Kuzbass

The article analyzes the trends of the strategy of sustainable development of coal industry in Kuzbass and the prospects for its development. The main problems connected with the coal enterprises operations are identified, possible ways of their solutions are presented within the framework of the adopted "Strategy for social-and-economic development of the region for the period up to 2035". Having analyzed the program under study, the proposals for its correction or addition in terms of improving the ecology of the region, social-and-economic development, preserving the natural landscape and biogeocenosis were made. The options for transporting coal and increasing the level of coal production technologies in underground mining were proposed. The article provides statistical data on coal mining for the period 2009-2020, and international experience of coal-mining countries. The authors consider the problems of export and transportation of coal, the impact of world prices on coal production. In addition, the authors of the article focus on the legal and legislative consolidation of the main conditions for control and regulation of the subsoil use in Kuzbass, make proposals for its effectiveness, in order to reduce social tension, environmental pollution, reduce the risk of earthquakes, and preserve coal resources for future generations.

Kuzbass in the context of strategic challenges: coal chemistry as a solution to economic problems

The increase in coal production and export for Kuzbass cannot remain the only factor affecting economic growth in the future. Coal chemical cluster development is one of the ways to diversify regional economy which can not only contribute to monetization of coal resources and attraction of high-tech knowledge-intensive industries to the region but also improve domestic economic efficiency.