Explosion-proof Electrical Equipment Research Articles

Effect of field emission on contact spark in the spark test apparatus

Explosion-proof electrical equipment must be tested with the spark test apparatus (STA). This discharge was important for electrical explosion-proof safety. This study aimed to investigate the effect of field emission on the contact spark of the STA. Results show that the primary discharge modes were field emission and electron impact ionization. The gap width was estimated to be 6–8 μm. The distribution of the ions and radicals were revealed under the different field emissions. The impact of radicals on ignition was also discussed.

The Inspection Technology for the Maximum Surface Temperature Test of Coal Mine Explosion-Proof Electrical Equipment

The Inspection Technology for the Maximum Surface Temperature Test of Coal Mine Explosion-Proof Electrical Equipment

Considerations regarding the choice of cable glands for electrical equipment used in potentially explosive atmospheres

The evaluation of explosion-proof electrical equipment for certification is particularly important given the risk of explosion and must be minimized. This in order to ensure the safety of life, health of workers, to prevent damage to goods and the environment when they meet the essential security requirements at European level. Directive 2014/34 / EU states that equipment used in explosive atmospheres must be designed to operate without endangering the environment for which it is intended. This paper presents a comparison between the different types of cable glands for electrical apparatus by comparing some common characteristics that are important for maintaining the integrity of explosion protection. Consequently, this paper intends to be the precursor of a practical guide for the selection and implementation of different types of protection on the apparatus intended for use in areas with hazard of explosive atmospheres, both for designers and manufactures. This state of fact is negatively more emphatic because, lately, the groups of standards from this field in the world, Europe and Romania have a peculiar dynamic caused especially by the homogenisation and generalisation process opened and maintained by IEC.

Study on common aspects of the types of protection for electrical equipment used in explosive atmospheres

The evaluation of explosion-proof electrical equipment for certification is particularly important given the risk of explosion and must be minimized. This in order to ensure the safety of life, health of workers, to prevent damage to goods and the environment when they meet the essential security requirements at European level. Directive 2014/34 / EU states that equipment used in explosive atmospheres must be designed to operate without endangering the environment for which it is intended. This paper presents a comparison between the types of protection for electrical apparatus by comparing some common characteristics that are important for maintaining the integrity of explosion protection. Consequently, this paper intends to be the precursor of a practical guide for the selection and implementation of different types of protection on the apparatus intended for use in areas with hazard of explosive atmospheres, both for designers and manufactures.

Aspects regarding the specific tests applicable to electric motors with type of protection increased safety „e”

Evaluation of explosion-proof protected electrical equipment in scope of certification is extremely important considering the risk of explosion that has to be minimized in order to ensure life safety and health of workers and to prevent damaging of property and the environment, as well as free movement of goods when they meet the essential safety requirements at European level. Most of the equipment operating in potentially explosive atmospheres is represented by electric motors, which in most situations act on various other elements (e.g. pumps, valves, fans etc.). Even if electric motors for explosive atmospheres are designed and manufactured following some of the same principles as the ones used for other electric machinery, they have certain particularities related to their field of use. Thus, a series of specific restrictions and tests are required to be considered in their case. The purpose of this paper is to present the importance of the specific tests for electric motors with type of protection increased safety „e” designed to be used in explosive atmosphere.

Considerations regarding the new requirements for the evaluation of rotating electric machines with increased safety protection type “e”

The evaluation of explosion-proof electrical equipment for certification is particularly important given the risk of explosion and must be minimized. This in order to ensure the safety of life, health of workers, to prevent damage to goods and the environment when they meet the essential security requirements at European level. Directive 2014/34 / EU states that equipment used in explosive atmospheres must be designed to operate without endangering the environment for which it is intende. This paper proposes the study and evaluation of the requirements for the evaluation of rotating electric machines with increased safety protection type “e”. The rotating electric machines with increased safety protection type “e”, in order to comply with the explosion protection, it must meet certain requirements given by the standard SR-EN 60079-7.

Requirements for explosion and fire safety of industrial enterprises

The modern requirements for explosion and fire safety of industrial enterprises are considered. Equipping the production with high-quality explosion-proof electrical equipment ensures the safety of resources and people's lives. Basic concepts are given, principles and classifications are described, international and Russian standards are indicated, which should be followed by manufacturers of such devices.

Technical requirements for entries in flameproof enclosures operating in potentially explosive atmospheres

The evaluation of explosion-proof electrical equipment for certification is particularly important given the risk of explosion and must be minimized. This in order to ensure the safety of life, health of workers, to prevent damage to goods and the environment when they meet the essential security requirements at European level. Directive 2014/34 / EU states that equipment used in explosive atmospheres must be designed to operate without endangering the environment for which it is intended. This paper proposes the study and evaluation of the requirements for flameproof enclosures. In order to verify explosion protection, the representative samples made available by explosion-protected equipment manufacturers are tested under the worst possible conditions that may occur in practice.

Explosion-proof Technology to Mitigate the Risk of Flammable Gas Explosions in Nuclear Power Plants

There are several devices in domestic nuclear power plants that prevent fire explosions when gas leakage occurs, as many explosions occur every year due to flammable gases. Some explosions involving hydrogen have actually occurred in power plants, and caused human and material damage. In fact, flammable liquids and gases are employed for storage, transportation, and various uses in nuclear power plants. Specifically, hydrogen has been used extensively in seawater electrolysis plants, for power generation in batteries, cooling turbines, and removing dissolved oxygen. Hydrogen has a very wide explosion range (4-7 5%), and it can be an ignition source even with a very small current in the circuit. Therefore, explosion-proof electrical equipment is installed and operated to mitigate the risk associated with this hazard. However, what is more important is to maintain the equipment strictly abiding to domestic and international standards. In this study, various improvements are recommended for these needs, to mitigate the following hazardous situations: some concept recognition in the explosion-proof front, some risk area of the explosion-proof area, explosion-proof equipment some installation, some insufficient of explosion-proof equipment management, and DB construction. Keywords: Explosion Proof Equipment, Hydrogen Explosion, Explosion Range, Ignition Source

Применение методики прогнозирования пожароопасных свойств продуктов нефтепереработки на основе молекулярных дескрипторов для обоснования температурного класса взрывозащищенного электрооборудования

Применение методики прогнозирования пожароопасных свойств продуктов нефтепереработки на основе молекулярных дескрипторов для обоснования температурного класса взрывозащищенного электрооборудования

Advances in impact resistance testing for explosion-proof electrical equipment

The design, construction and exploitation of electrical equipment intended to be used in potentially explosive atmospheres presents a series of difficulties. Therefore, the approach of these phases requires special attention concerning technical, financial and occupational health and safety aspects. In order for them not to generate an ignition source for the explosive atmosphere, such equipment have to be subjected to a series of type tests aiming to decrease the explosion risk in technological installations which operate in potentially explosive atmospheres. Explosion protection being a concern of researchers and authorities worldwide, testing and certification of explosion-proof electrical equipment, required for their conformity assessment, are extremely important, taking into account the unexpected explosion hazard due to potentially explosive atmospheres, risk which has to be minimized in order to ensure the occupational health and safety of workers, for preventing material losses and for decreasing the environmental pollution. Besides others, one of the type tests, which shall be applied, for explosion-proof electrical equipment is the impact resistance test, described in detail in EN 60079 which specifies the general requirements for construction, testing and marking of electrical equipment and Ex components intended for use in explosive atmospheres. This paper presents an analysis on the requirements of the impact resistance test for explosion-proof electrical equipment and on the possibilities to improve this type of test, by making use of modern computer simulation tools based on finite element analysis, techniques which are widely used nowadays in the industry and for research purposes.

Research on the management system of lithium battary

Lithium battery is the first choice for the energy source of explosion-proof electrical equipment because of its small size, light weight and large energy. In order to ensure the safety, improve the battery life and prolong the service life of the lithium battery, it is necessary to study the lithium battery management system. For this reason, the article uses the modular design idea to design a lithium battery intelligent management system. The system takes the microcontroller as the core to control the current voltage signal sampling, power indicator, serial communication and other management functions, and combined with the software process, the implementation of the system control algorithm is described in detail. Finally, combined with the system software and hardware function, and through repeated experiments and continuous improvement and improvement, it can be run safely and stably.

A calculation method of chamberless thermal determination of intrinsic safety for electrical circuits

A mathematical model of electric ignition for methane-air mixture from a source of sustained power is applied to develop a reliable calculation method for determination of the intrinsic safety of electrical circuits of explosion-proof electrical equipment. A method for rapid calculating of the intrinsic safety for explosion-proof electrical equipment is developed that is suitable for evaluation of a wide class of circuits, including systems with reduced discharge time, based on regression relationships obtained by the preliminary pattern of thermal explosion field. The possibility of using the proposed method is shown by the example of determination of the intrinsic safety of electrical circuits of a dc power supply with high load capacity, which responds to the excess of the modulus for the rate of change of load current strength.

Classification of Hazardous Area and Selection of Explosion - Proof Equipment in Iron Steel Company

According to the international standard, main problems lying in the process of hazardous zone classification were emphatically analyzed. The source of release was determined in light of its release frequency and duration, namely the continuous source, primary source and secondary source. Considering the effect of release rate, LEL, density, ventilation, obstacles, and meteorological conditions on the classification of the hazardous area, it could be found that the hazardous zone would expand as the release rate increased with lower explosion limit. The gas that was heavier than air covered larger hazardous areas than the lighter gas. Besides, ventilation might speed up the diffusion so as to reduce the scope the hazardous zone; obstacles prevented the diffusion so that concentration of partial gas increased and then the danger level increased; wind at high speed quickened the diffusion to decrease the range of dangerous area. Finally, explosion-proof electrical equipment was selected rationally according to the type of explosive gas and temperature group.

Lessons learned—Fire due to leakage of ethanol during transfer

AbstractEthanol is a highly flammable liquid with a relatively low flash point (18°C (open cup). There is a concern that evaporating ethanol could pose an explosion hazard in bonded warehouses and in distillation rooms. A literature search indicated that explosions occur very rarely. The present study is based on an accidental leakage of ethanol during transfer from a road tanker to a static tank and it caught fire with sparks generated due to electrical faults.The major lessons learned from this accident, included: (a) designers and operators should always use explosion proof electrical equipment when handling flammables and (b) management must take the responsibility to adequately train their personnel who handle hazardous material. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007

Chamber for testing explosionproof electrical equipment

Chamber for testing explosionproof electrical equipment

XL. Explosion-proof electrical equipment.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExplosion-proof electrical equipmentT. E. Ehrenkranz Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1967, 44, 7, A601Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1967Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 July 1967Published inissue 1 July 1967https://doi.org/10.1021/ed044pA601RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views39Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Explosion-Proof vs. Purged or Pressurized Electrical Systems for Missile Hydrogen Areas

This paper describes and evaluates the two types of electrical equipment - purged or pressurized and explosion-proof - that may be considered for use in hydrogen hazardous areas, such as those at missile sites. Included is a discussion of the properties and potential hazards of hydrogen. There is also a brief description of intrinsically safe systems. The merits of pressurized and explosion-proof systems are compared in detail, and new developments are described. Finally, it is shown why new explosion-proof electrical equipment designed specifically for Class I, Group B, Division 1 (hydrogen) areas is the more feasible, from both technical and economic standpoints.