Exploratory Design Research Articles

Impact of Parental Engagement on Academic Achievement in School-age Children

Parent’s participation in their child's education creates academic progress. A quantitative approach was adopted in this study and non experimental exploratory research design. A non probability convenient sampling technique was used among 300 parents of school age children various statistical tests were adapted. Questionnaire was confined to the areas of Epstein’s six different types of involvement which included parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision making and collaborating with community and Parental involvement opinionnaire was developed and referring to the ‘No child left behind Act’ (NCLB). The study showed, 295 parents has shown full parental involvement in academic performance, 5 of them showed partial involvement and no one showed any involvement in academic performance of their child. Final results revealed 178 children were having good academic performance and 118 were having average academic performance and 4 of them shown poor academic performance. In study group there was highly significant difference of parental involvement i.e. P<0.005 and no significant difference of academic performance i.e. P>0.05. The conclusion is that there is no significant difference between the parental involvement and academic performance of the child.

The Relationship between Communication Technologies and Performance of Shipping Lines in Kenya: The Moderating Effect of International Maritime Regulations

Proper implementation and use of technology are reputed to offer a major capability in enhancing a firm’s achievement of its goals. The maritime sector in Kenya, more so shipping, has been experiencing low logistics efficiency, which is usually characterized by poor track and trace, high transportation costs, customs clearance, and delayed delivery. The performance of these firms, much as the rest of organizations’ performance, is greatly dependent on the adoption and use of the requisite technology. The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between communication technologies and the performance of shipping lines in Kenya as moderated by international maritime regulations. The study was anchored on Technology Acceptance Model, Institutional Theory and Task Technology Fit Theory. The explanatory survey research design was utilized. Positivist research philosophy was employed in this study to create a practical solution to the problem bedevilling this sector, such as dismal performance. 2835 respondents formed the target population for this study and were drawn from the Sales and Marketing, Logistics, Finance and IT staff of the 53 shipping lines listed in Kenya business directory 2021. 438 respondents formed the appropriate sample size for the research study, which included: 103 Finance staff, 109 logistics staff, 130 sales and marketing staff, and 96 IT staff. In order to arrive at a specific respondent, a random stratified sampling design was used. The required data for research was gathered through self-administered structured questionnaires. In order to check the reliability and validity of the research instrument, a pilot study was done in 6 shipping lines from Mombasa, and 44 questionnaires, which formed 10% of the target population, were administered. Reliability was ascertained by the use of Cronbach’s alpha index at 0.7, while validity was checked through KMO Bartlett’s test and factor analysis. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 after being well-coded. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression and hierarchical regression model) were generated and presented in tables and graphs. The research findings indicated the existence of a direct and positive association between the use of Communication technologies and shipping lines’ performance. The study further indicated that the moderating variable positively influenced the relationship between Communication technologies. The study concluded that shipping lines should invest more in communication technologies to improve their performance.

Spiraling up: Sense of place with co-creation experiences insights from Crow Island Beach Park, Sri Lanka

Researchers highlight that one significant intrinsic motivation for taking part in co-creations is a sense of place. Vice versa, some scholars indicate an enhanced sense of place can be achieved through community participatory strategies and place-making. However, there is a noticeable absence of empirical investigations into this seemingly reciprocal relationship. This study uses the Crow Island Beach Park development in Sri Lanka as a case study to explore the relationship between co-creation experience and the sense of place. Following an exploratory research design, data was collected through in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of sixteen members engaged in the beach park development. Subsequently, thematic and inverted pyramid-based co-occurrence analysis was employed within a qualitative research approach. The findings unveil a reciprocal relationship between the sense of place and the co-creation experience, marked by a spiraling-up dynamic. The findings further indicate variations in participants’ sense of place and co-creation experiences, providing valuable insights for planners, environmental managers and policymakers aiming to utilize active community participation for sensible and sustainable place-making.

Student behavior at university: The development and validation of a 10-dimensional scale.

This study proposes the multidimensional concept of 'student behavior at university' and methodology for its quantitative investigation. Unlike previous concepts related to aspects of the student experience, the idea of student behavior considers the combinations and interrelations of individual and environmental characteristics affecting student experience and outcomes. It provides a new lens for viewing student experience at university, highlighting the multifacetedness of this phenomenon and the diversity of possible patterns of student behavior. Based on the conceptual model, a ten-dimensional scale measuring student behavior was developed and validated through mixed-method research with an exploratory sequential design. The following dimensions of student behavior were identified: 1) interaction with course content in class; 2) persistence; 3) self-learning; 4) irresponsible learning behavior; 5) active learning; 6) friendship; 7) study collaboration; 8) obedience; 9) creating a positive self-image; and 10) extracurricular involvement. To develop a survey instrument, we utilized semistructured in-depth interviews with Russian students (n = 119). In the quantitative phase of the study, based on the survey (n = 1,253) carried out at seven highly selective Russian universities, we tested the reliability and validity of the ten-dimensional scale. To test construct-related validity, we utilized the self-determination theory developed by Ryan and Deci and a short version of the Academic Motivation Scale developed by Gordeeva, Sychev, and Osin for the Russian educational context. Our findings are in line with assumptions of self-determination theory and the results of previous studies and can be considered evidence of construct validity. The directions for further development of the methodological approach and its practical implications are discussed.

Successful Implementation of Aeronautical Information Management: Does Change Management and Organizational Culture Matter? Evidence from Kenya

The study aimed to explore how change management and organizational culture influence the successful implementation of AIM within the Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA). It was guided by two key theoretical frameworks: Kurt Lewin’s change management theory and systems theory. An explanatory research design was utilized to achieve the research objectives. The study focused on a population of 1,630 individuals directly involved in AIM implementation at KCAA. A sample of 310 respondents was selected using a stratified random sampling technique, with the sample size determined using Krejcie and Morgan's table. Bivariate correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were employed to investigate the relationships between change management, organizational culture, and AIM implementation. The findings indicated that both change management and organizational culture have a significant positive impact on the successful implementation of AIM within KCAA. The study concludes that promoting a collaborative and innovative culture alongside dynamic change management is crucial for enhancing AIM implementation. It recommends that aeronautical organizations prioritize these aspects to improve AIM implementation and contribute to the long-term sustainability of the aviation industry.

“Roses, Bruises, Wholeness” Development and Implementation of a Psychological Healing Program on Depression of Women Victims of Intimate Partner Violence

The study aimed to develop and implement an intervention program for the psychological healing of depression of women victims of intimate partner violence. To lay the groundwork and come up with the data needed to develop an intervention program, the study used the Sequential Explanatory Design. This mixed method suggests gathering and evaluating the quantitative data and qualitative data in two consecutive phases. The data-gathering tools used in the study included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) to measure the depression level of the participants; a Semi-structured interview and a focus group discussion were conducted to provide the data needed for the qualitative phase. A pretest of the BDI-II was administered to the participants. Results showed that the participants were found to have depression during the time of the administration of the test. The BDI’s results provided the formation of the experimental and the control groups while the individual interview and focus group discussion provided the themes used in the development of the intervention program. These themes were categorized based on Physical Violence, Psychological Violence, Sexual Violence, and Neglect according to the Diagnostic Manual for Mental Disorders 5 (DSM5-TR). The experimental group participated in the eight-session intervention program and the control group did not participate in the sessions. Subsequently, a posttest was administered to the experimental and the control groups. Results showed that the six experimental group participants decreased their depression level significantly, except for one participant who got a four-point increase in her posttest score. There was no significant difference in the pretest and post-test scores of the control group.

Development of a Mobile App for Occupational Stress Screening Among Female Workers: Protocol for an Exploratory Sequential Design Study.

Occupational safety hazards include physical, chemical, ergonomic, biological, and psychological hazards. Technological innovation in screening for occupational stress, especially among female workers, is needed to improve their health and productivity. This research is being conducted to obtain a prediction model of work stress through a questionnaire instrument that includes stressors and symptoms based on the transactional model, as well as measurement of work stress through a mobile app that can be used anywhere. The research is conducted in 3 stages: qualitative research, quantitative research (cross-sectional), and mobile app development. Data were collected from companies located in Jakarta, Indonesia. The sample was chosen based on purposive sampling. For the quantitative research (n=430), logistic regression analysis was used. We are developing a work stress screening instrument for female workers, which includes stressors and symptoms based on the transactional model, in the form of a digital platform so that female workers can undertake the examination anywhere without interfering with working hours or home duties. This research was funded in January 2024 and qualitative data collection began in February 2024. Quantitative data were obtained in March 2024; the number of respondents in the qualitative stage was 6, and in the quantitative stage it was 430. The work stress screening app is in the development stage and will be launched at the same time as the data collection is performed so we can examine the respondents' perspectives on the use of the app. This study analyzes the prediction of work stress to help female workers screen for work stress. Workers who are detected as experiencing work stress will be educated using an algorithm programmed in the app. PRR1-10.2196/55874.

Innovative Game-Based Teaching Methods for Promoting Nursing Students' Cultural Competence and Attitudes Toward Refugees: An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Study.

Nursing cultural competence is crucial for enhancing the quality of care for refugees. While innovative game-based teaching methods have been used to foster in a wide range of clinical competences, little is known about its use on refugees' care. This study aims to evaluate the effect of these methods on nursing students' cultural competence and attitudes toward refugees. An explanatory sequential mixed design was conducted from March to May 2023. One-hundred forty-one nursing students participated. There were no statistically significant differences in total Outgroup Threat Perception Scale and Cultural Competence Assessment Scale scores between the experimental and control groups, pre- or post-intervention. However, students reported increased awareness and empathy for refugee issues. The study showed that innovative game-based teaching methods effectively increased nursing students' awareness of health-related issues faced by refugees. It recommends incorporating transcultural nursing courses into curricula and professional training, with updated content on migration and refugee issues.

Does access to and use of primary healthcare services influence health insurance uptake? A mixed-methods study in the Wa Municipality, Ghana

ABSTRACT Purpose This study explored access to quality primary healthcare services under Ghana's National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), its impact on NHIS enrolment, and the implications for attaining Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Methods A sequential explanatory mixed-method research design was employed using a multistage sampling technique. We collected data from 413 insured individuals and 47 healthcare facilities for quantitative community-level analysis using questionnaires. Purposive sampling was used to select 17 healthcare providers and 20 insured key informants for qualitative investigation using interview guides. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and binary logistic regression. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed to explain the quantitative findings. Results The results indicated a positive association between outpatient and inpatient services, maternal healthcare, and laboratory testing. Maternal healthcare and laboratory diagnostics positively influenced the renewal of NHIS membership. Binary logistic regression revealed that access to, and utilization of PHC services significantly increased the likelihood of NHIS membership renewal, influenced by healthcare system factors such as service availability, acceptability, and affordability. Conclusion Our findings suggest that policymakers must enhance the NHIS with improved service delivery to attain UHC in Ghana.

Strategies for Strengthening Network Capacity in the Implementation of Food Security Policies at the Local Level in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze network management strategies in the interactive governance perspective in the implementation of food security policies in North Luwu Regency, Indonesia. The complexity of food security issues requires effective collaboration and interaction among various actors in the policy network. Using a qualitative approach with an explanatory case study design, this research examines seven indicators of network management strategies: network (de-)activating, constitutional reform, (de)coupling games, changing incentives, changing internal structure and position of actors, changing relations, and management by chaos. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis, involving relevant stakeholders from government agencies, farmer organizations, and private sector partners. The findings reveal that the application of network management strategies facilitates interaction among network actors and contributes to the success of interactive governance in implementing food security policies. Network (de-)activating involves the engagement of new coalitions and resource mobilization to strengthen cooperation and interaction. Constitutional reform through changes in rules and resources helps develop coordination mechanisms and strengthen policy integration. (De) coupling games demonstrate the separation of strategies carried out by various actors to support a holistic approach in achieving food security. Changing incentives through incentive interventions can increase motivation and active participation of actors in realizing food security. Changing relations indicate changes in cooperative relationships and actor roles to enhance effective collaboration. Management by chaos through the application of principles of flexibility, adaptability, and the ability to manage uncertainty can strengthen interactive governance in facing complex and dynamic challenges. This study recommends strengthening cross-sectoral collaboration, developing a structured incentive system, enhancing the capacity of farmer organizations, and optimizing the use of information technology to improve the success of interactive governance in food security policy implementation.

How Doctors Talk About Medical Errors: A Qualitative Study of Junior Doctors' Experiences.

During the last three decades, an increased amount of research on errors in health care has been conducted. Studies show that physicians find it challenging to handle errors because of the blame and guilt that errors cause. Communicating with colleagues has been identified as vital for coping with errors and for creating a just culture; however, many physicians do not usually discuss their errors. Knowledge about how junior doctors experience errors is vital to ensure that they both receive emotional support and learn from errors. To capture junior doctors' perceptions and experiences, we used a qualitative, exploratory design based on virtual focus groups. We conducted seven virtual focus groups with 22 junior doctors from 11 specialties. We defined three main themes: (1) how the junior doctors conceptualized medical errors, (2) how they experienced talk about errors among colleagues, and (3) the context in which this talk took place. The participants experienced errors as challenging elements in their working life; however, they struggled to define it. They described inconsistencies regarding the reasons for discussing errors within the learning environment, with some being experienced as constructive (providing education and support) and some as destructive (involving blame and shame). There was a discrepancy between the wish to normalize error and the lack of sharing between colleagues. Our study shows that error in health care is a complex phenomenon that challenges junior doctors' navigation in clinical practice. Despite efforts to implement an open and just culture, this has not yet been achieved.

Integrating culturally-oriented activities in physical education: Analysis on the incidental learning and appreciation of learners to Philippine culture

The study investigates incidental learning and the appreciation of college students towards culturally-oriented activities in physical education sessions. The exploratory research design uses one-on-one interviews to gather data from 20 physical education students enrolled in the 2023–2024 school year. The positive impact of integrating culturally-oriented activities into physical education sessions is that it emphasizes the importance of cultural awareness and inclusivity in educational settings. The benefits of incorporating culturally-oriented activities into physical education include promoting cultural understanding and enriching students’ educational experiences. The transformative effect of culturally oriented activities in physical education prepares students to become responsible global citizens, emphasizing the importance of cultural enrichment. Incorporating culturally-oriented activities in physical education sessions has significant implications for educational practices, policies, and societal attitudes towards diversity, promoting global citizenship and inclusivity. Integrating culturally-oriented activities in physical education is essential in the current context to nurture cultural awareness, respect, and diversity among students. Investigating the effects of such activities can help educators create more inclusive and culturally responsive learning environments, preparing students for a diverse and interconnected world. Physical education is a way of education through physical activities that are selected and carried on with full regard to values in human growth, development, and behavior. Help learners to better understand both their own identity and the ethos of the school context and environment they share with others. Teachers’ and students’ perspectives on culturally relevant physical education. Aspects of culture and education should be complementary in terms of complementing and reinforcing each other.

Assessing the Perceived University-Community Consulting Services for Sustainable Development: Insights from the Open University of Tanzania

This study investigated the assessing the perceived university-community consulting services for sustainable development: Insights from the Open University of Tanzania. The study aimed to explore the consulting services provided by the Open University of Tanzania; assess the impacts in community development; identify challenges in university-community engagement. A study was informed by interpretive paradigm. A qualitative approach was employed using an exploratory case study design, conducted at the Open University of Tanzania. The study involved 37 respondents who shared their perceptions through interviews and online group discussion forum. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, through online group discussions and document reviews, and analyzed using content analysis. The findings indicate that the consulting services that are provided by the university are strategy consulting, e-commerce consulting, governance consulting, marketing consulting, management consulting, information technology consulting, human resources consulting, leadership consulting, environmental consulting, innovation consulting, public relations consulting and business process consulting. In terms of impact, it was disclosed that consulting services positively influenced the community, contributing to development across various sectors. The challenges identified included difficulties in quantifying the value of consulting services, limited staff engagement with the community, and bureaucratic hurdles. The study concluded that it is high time for universities in collaboration with private sectors to reflect on the consulting services they offer to the community in order to meet the needs of diverse population. Finally, the study recommends that the university prioritize the quantification of consulting services and enhancing staff training on community engagement services.

Insights into Health Program Implementation and Evaluation in Iran: A Brief Review of National Healthcare Programs in Iran.

Healthcare program monitoring can play a key role in evaluating their implementation and identifying their strengths and weaknesses. This study was performed with the exploratory sequential mixed methods design in 2023 at Tehran, Iran. The information was categorized into indicators, refining, analysis, interpretation, reporting, and proposed challenges and recommendations. Medical Sciences Department of Public Health (TUMSDoPH) evaluation of its public health programs revealed a comprehensive approach covering a wide spectrum from disease management to health promotion, emphasizing electronic health records, targeted disease interventions, and strategies for non-communicable diseases, alongside efforts to enhance community health. There is a need for initiating "the monitoring committee" under the supervision of the deputy chancellor for public health to monitor key performance indicators and policies to discover the problems of each part of the health system and provide recommendations.

Experiences and needs of persons who have undergone limb amputation in Saki West, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Amputation is a life-changing experience involving the surgical removal of a body part. However, little is known about the experiences of persons who have undergone limb amputation in the Saki West Local Government Area (LGA), which prompted this study. An exploratory qualitative study design was used. Thirty participants were interviewed using face-to-face focus group discussions. Five sessions were conducted, with six participants in each session. Data were analysed using the thematic analysis framework of Braun and Clarke. A total of 76.3% of the participants were males and 73.3% were married. Their ages ranged from 22 and 69y, with a mean age of 48.0y and a monthly income of 20000 naira (US$12). Three major themes emerged from the study: the needs and challenges of those who have undergone amputation, coping strategies of those who have undergone amputation and recommendations by persons who have undergone amputation. The study revealed that people who have undergone amputation experienced psychological pain, such as a loss of self-worth and stigmatization from friends and loved ones. Coping strategies identified were accepting the situation and emotional support from family. Participants recommended providing financial support, empowerment programs, employment opportunities and fostering a community of amputees in the Saki West LGA. Amputees undergo psychological and psychosocial problems that can affect their health and recovery. They need emotional and financial support, rehabilitation services and provision of prostheses from family, society and the government. These services should be adequately provided in the Saki West LGA, the largest among the 10 suburban local governments in Oyo State, with numerous commercial activities and a high risk for road traffic accidents.

Knowledge Regarding Lactation Diet Among Caregivers of Postnatal Mothers in a View to Develop Information Booklet

Background: The role of primary caregiver is crucial in providing care to primigravida mothers in improving health by supporting breastfeeding. According to UNICEF poor nutrition taken by lactating mother is more affecting on infants as well as mothers health. Caregivers are most responsible for provision of postnatal care at hospital and at home too as they used their previous experiences during taking care of postnatal mothers. Food taboos during lactation are stronger than the pregnancy period. According to ministry of family and health welfare it is important to fill the gap between knowledge and practices. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge and self-reported cultural practices regarding diet during lactation among caregivers with a view of developing information booklet. Methodology: Quantitative research approach is been adopted wherein the non-experimental exploratory research design was used for this study. Approval was taken from IEC, BV (DU) CON, Pune. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from caregivers which was validated from the experts and reliability, pilot study was done to conduct the study. The study was conducted on 200 caregivers of primipara postnatal mothers from selected hospitals of Pune city. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: Majority (73%) findings of the caregivers have average knowledge regarding diet during lactation and also it showed significant association between age, religion, relationship with postnatal mother and dietary pattern of postnatal mother. Conclusion: To conclude this study on basis of above findings, the aim of this study is achieved. Hence researcher has developed information booklet to update complete knowledge regarding diet during lactation also myths were discussed with the help of evidences.

The Influence of Recognition and Appreciation of Employees on Effective Delivery of Judicial Services in the Judiciary of Tanzania

This study was undertaken with the objective to examine recognition and appreciation of employees in service delivery at the Judiciary of Tanzania. The study used Herzberg's two-factor motivation theory while on the other hand explanatory research design was employed to determine the causal relationship between non-monetary incentives and effective judiciary service delivery. Data were collected from a sample of eighty-eight (88) participants obtained through the Yamane (1967) formula from the target population of 750 staff. The data collection process entailed in-depth interviews and structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using narrative analysis and descriptive analysis. Findings indicate that recognition and appreciation of employees in service delivery at the Judiciary of Tanzania is very low. The most common forms of recognition and appreciation are certificates of appreciation/recognition, verbal praise, employees’ recognition wall and team trophy. The study concludes the existence of biases and favouritism in recognition and training attendance, and the existing infrastructure is very unconducive for Judiciary employees to work at their full potentials while serving judicial clients. The study recommends robust systems of recognition, and employee selection for participating in trainings, as well as good work environment and office equipment to smoothen the work for the Judiciary employees in providing effective judicial services.

The Moderating Effect of Self-control on the Relationship between Financial Knowledge and Retirement Planning among Commercial Bank Employees in Eldoret Town, Kenya

Retirement planning is a goal-oriented behavior where individuals devote effort to prepare for their retirement life effectively, thus reducing retirement worry, keeping stress under wraps, and enhancing retirement preparedness and confidence. However, there is little literature about retirement planning among employees working in Kenyan commercial banks. To fill this gap, this study aimed to establish the moderating effect of self-control on financial knowledge and retirement planning among commercial bank employees in Kenya. This study was guided by goal setting, social cognitive, and behavioral life cycle theories. The study adopted an explanatory research design, with data being collected from a target population of 1058 employees of 32 commercial banks in Eldoret town using a closed-ended questionnaire. A sample size of 290 respondents was obtained using Yamane’s formula. The study used simple random sampling techniques to sample the commercial banks, and thereafter the researcher used systematic sampling techniques to select employees as respondents. The study hypotheses were tested using a hierarchical regression model. Results reveal that financial knowledge had a significant positive impact on retirement planning (β =.626, P =.000), confirming that employees with better financial knowledge are more likely to plan effectively for retirement. Similarly, self-control not only directly influences retirement planning (β = .258, P =.000) but also moderates the relationship between financial knowledge and retirement planning (β =.137, P =.000). Results further indicate that the moderation model is a superior model than the direct effect model as it accounts for more variance (60.5%) in retirement planning as shown by R² =.605 compared to 44.9% (R² =.449). This moderation process contributes to new knowledge in literature and theory. These study findings will be helpful to organizations and governments in developing policies and strategies related to retirement systems in the workplace. Limitations and recommendations have also been discussed.

Exploring Gender Equity in Tanzania- A Comprehensive Study on the Need for Inclusive Practices in Selected Major Media Houses in Tanzania

This study investigates gender equity in Tanzanian print media, particularly focusing on women's leadership. Utilizing a qualitative approach with an interpretivist paradigm, the explanatory case study design includes 12 in-depth interviews. The research unveils the impact of Stereotype Theory on employment promotion policies, emphasizing challenges related to family life and child-rearing in career advancement. Challenges in adhering to maternity leave regulations are identified, hindering the balance between family planning and career progression for female journalists. The study highlights subjective performance evaluations, favoritism concerns, and a lack of transparency in promotion policies, contributing to gender inequity. A glass ceiling is noted at middle and senior management levels. Recommendations include implementing supportive structures for working mothers, revising promotion policies for transparency, and fostering a workplace culture that actively promotes inclusivity. The aim is to create a more equitable and inclusive media industry in Tanzania.

Unethical conduct as a multifaceted phenomenon in psychiatric care: Nurse leaders' perspectives.

Background: Mental healthcare can be considered a unique practice due to its ethical characteristics, and an awareness of ethics is crucial when working in a mental health setting. Several ethical challenges exist, and professionals may not always recognize the ethical aspects of psychiatric care. Research on psychiatric care from nurse leaders' perspective is scarce but important, because nurse leaders can impact and cultivate workplace culture. Aim: To explore the phenomenon of unethical conduct in a psychiatric inpatient context from nurse leaders' perspectives. Research design: Qualitative exploratory design. In-depth semi-structured interviews. Participants and research context: Eight nurse leaders from two different healthcare organizations in Finland. Leadership experience ranged between 2 and 30 years. Ethical considerations: Research ethics permission was received from a Research Ethics Board where the researchers are domiciled. Guidelines on good scientific practice as delineated by the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity TENK were followed. Findings: Six main categories were generated: Unethical conduct and violations against patients, Unethical conduct and violations against staff, Unethical conduct and violations by staff against other staff, Unethical conduct and violations against leaders, Reasons underlying unethical conduct, and Consequences of unethical conduct and the positive development of psychiatric care. Conclusions: Unethical conduct was seen to be a multifaceted phenomenon, and patients and staff alike can experience and engage in unethical conduct. Unethical conduct against patients was linked to power imbalance (nature of involuntary care, staff attitudes) and a focus on rules based in historical precedent (paternalistic, routine-focused, not patient-centered). Unethical conduct against staff was linked to the nature of involuntary care and patient ill-health. Unethical conduct by staff against other staff was linked to a lack of understanding for others' work, interpersonal chemistry, (length of) work experience, and staff character. Unethical conduct against leaders was linked to leaders being perceived as the organization.