Exploratory Factor Analysis Research Articles

Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the mental health professionals stigma scale for occupational stress and burnout

ABSTRACT The research was conducted to adapt the Mental Health Professionals Stigma Scale for Occupational Stress and Burnout to Turkish culture and make its validity and reliability. This methodological research was conducted in six different tertiary care hospitals and one state hospital. The research sample consisted of n = 188 mental health professionals (psychiatrists, nurses, psychiatric nurses, psychologists, social workers/experts, occupational therapists), and test-re-test analysis was carried out among 30 professionals. Exploratory factor analysis indicated a three-factor structure with 12 items, accounting for 51.65% of the variation. RMSEA, SRMR, GFI, and χ2/df, which explain the fit indices of the 12-item and 3-factor structure of the scale, were all at an acceptable range. Regarding reliability analysis, the scale was determined to be reliable based on the α coefficient. The research identified that the Turkish version of the scale is a valid and reliable tool for the evaluation of stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs regarding occupational stress and burnout among mental health professionals. It is thought that it will contribute to developing help-seeking and mental health interventions among mental health professionals.

Measuring consumer perceptions towards S-commerce: scale development and validation

PurposeThis paper aims to develop and validate a comprehensive scale for measuring consumer perceptions towards social commerce (S-Commerce). With the growing prominence of social media platforms in electronic commerce (e-commerce), understanding consumer perceptions and attitudes is essential for businesses and researchers alike.Design/methodology/approachThe scale development process involved an extensive literature review and expert assessments to construct a robust measurement tool. Subsequently, the scale was administered to a diverse sample of respondents, and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess its reliability and validity.FindingsThe results confirm the scale’s internal consistency and discriminant validity, contributing to making it a valuable instrument for capturing consumer perceptions towards S-commerce. Eight factors were explored using exploratory factor analysis, namely, “satisfaction and advocacy of S-commerce,” “usability and enjoyment of S-commerce,” “trust and familiarity in S-commerce,” “trust in S-commerce policies,” “familiarity with S-commerce platforms,” “financial trust and security in S-commerce,” “price and rating influence on S-commerce shopping” and “perceived value and social expectations in S-commerce.”Practical implicationsThis research contributes to understanding S-commerce from a consumer perspective, aiding businesses in tailoring their strategies and enhancing the academic discourse on this evolving e-commerce phenomenon.Originality/valueThis study primarily develops a comprehensive scale to measure consumer perceptions of S-commerce sites, contributing to a deeper understanding of the factors driving consumer perceptions in this evolving digital landscape.

Validation of the 21st Century Skills Assessment Scale for public health students in Thailand: a methodological study.

This study aimed to develop and validate the 21st Century Skills Assessment Scale (21CSAS) for Thai public health (PH) undergraduate students using the Partnership for 21st Century Skills framework. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 727 first- to fourth-year PH undergraduate students from 4 autonomous universities in Thailand. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires between January and March 2023. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to explore the underlying dimensions of 21CSAS, while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test the hypothesized factor structure using Mplus software (Muthén & Muthén). Reliability and item discrimination were assessed using Cronbach's α and the corrected item-total correlation, respectively. EFA performed on a dataset of 300 students revealed a 20-item scale with a 6-factor structure: (1) creativity and innovation; (2) critical thinking and problem-solving; (3) information, media, and technology; (4) communication and collaboration; (5) initiative and self-direction; and (6) social and cross-cultural skills. The rotated eigenvalues ranged from 2.12 to 1.73. CFA performed on another dataset of 427 students confirmed a good model fit (χ2/degrees of freedom=2.67, comparative fit index=0.93, Tucker-Lewis index=0.91, root mean square error of approximation=0.06, standardized root mean square residual=0.06), explaining 34%-71% of variance in the items. Item loadings ranged from 0.58 to 0.84. The 21CSAS had a Cronbach's α of 0.92. The 21CSAS proved be a valid and reliable tool for assessing 21st century skills among Thai PH undergraduate students. These findings provide insights for educational system to inform policy, practice, and research regarding 21st-century skills among undergraduate students.

Development and validation of a broadly applicable instrument to measure patients' health promotion and empowerment process in chronic disease.

This study aimed to develop and validate a generic, non-disease-specific, self-assessment measure that recognizes patients' health capacities and their empowering process of health promotion in chronic illness by using Bodyknowledging as the theoretical frame. Item generation and expert content validity analysis were the first steps in instrument development. Potential items were then validated in focus group interviews with six patients diagnosed with various chronic diseases. The research team reviewed the resulting items and undertook item reduction. A sample of adults (n = 357) with chronic disease surveyed the instrument items. Exploratory factor analysis with Oblimin rotation was conducted. A 3-factor solution was identified: nine items on the regaining health and wellness subscale, seven items on the uncertainty and bereavement subscale, and eight items on the loss of control and distancing subscale. Cronbach alpha for the scale was .92. The final 24-item instrument is non-disease-specific and broadly applicable for use in health promotion within the context of chronic disease. The instrument demonstrates high internal consistency reliability with initial face and construct validity. The new instrument has the potential for measuring patients' empowering process of health promotion in chronic disease and the outcomes of person-centered interventions and may guide clinicians in tailoring individual support.

Development, Content Validity, and Reliability of the Physical Therapy Social Determinants of Health Scale.

This study describes the development, content validity, and reliability of the Physical Therapy Social Determinants of Health Scale (PT-SDHS), in Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students. Addressing inequities stemming from the social determinants of health (SDOH) is critical for providing effective clinical care and improving population health. Currently, no tool exists to assess DPT students' education or competence with SDOH. Recruited domain experts were licensed health professionals, had a peer-reviewed publication on SDOH, and had at least 3 years of experience with SDOH. A convenience sample of DPT students was also recruited from multiple cohorts at 2 universities in multiple geographic locations. The Association for Medical Education in Europe best practices for developing questionnaires for educational research guided development of the PT-SDHS. Eight experts established content validity through item- and scale-content validity index measures and modified Kappa statistics. Qualitative data determined clarity and comprehensiveness. Construct validity and scale reliability were determined using exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. The PT-SDHS showed high item content validity (range: 0.86-1) and scale content validity (S-CVI/UA = 0.83; S-CVI/Ave = 0.98). After expert validation, the PT-SDHS consisted of 30 items with 5 ordinal answer choices. Factor analysis of 254 DPT student responses revealed 4 content domains with a factor loading greater than 0.4. Two items did not load onto any of the factors, and 2 items werecross-loaded onto multiple factors, so they were removed, leaving a scale of 26 items. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.74 (satisfactory) to 0.96 (excellent) across the 4 factors. The PT-SDHS is the first psychometrically valid and reliable instrument related to educating DPT students on 4 SDOH domains: Knowledge, Attitudes, Personal Barriers, and Beliefs About Others. This tool could aid development and assessment of SDOH educational interventions for health care students.

Assessing the Psychometric Properties of Academic Engagement Questionnaire in Nursing Students

Background: Academic Engagement is considered as one of the important factors related to the learners’ academic achievement. It is known as a significant research issue in higher education. The present study aimed to make an instrument for investigating academic engagement among nursing students of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The present study is a methodological and cross-sectional research. To localize the academic engagement questionnaire, first, it was translated into Persian using forward-backward method. Then, its content and face validity were evaluated and approved. In order to determine the validity and reliability, the questionnaire was delivered to 120 nursing students and their comments were collected and analyzed. SPSS and AMOS software, statistical tests of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used for data analysis. Results: According to the results, the internal consistency of the questionnaire was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α = 0.906). The EFA and CFA were used to examine the dimensionality of three domains of vigor, dedication, and absorption. Values of Goodness of Fit Index (GFI), Non-Normed Fit Index (NFI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) indices were 0.89, 0.92, 0.90 and 0.97, respectively Conclusion: The reliability and validity of the translated academic engagement questionnaire were relatively acceptable in reviewing the academic engagement of medical students, especially nursing students. Future studies should focus on more samples and examine the impact of nurses' background and educational variables on academic engagement.

The Causal Factors Affecting the Management of Predictive Student Relationship using Business Intelligence Concept for the Retention of Undergraduate Students

This study aims to analyze causal factors affecting predictive student relationship management for undergraduate student retention using business intelligence. Phase 1 involved identifying key factors influencing retention through document analysis, categorizing them into social, learning, teaching, and student-related factors. Social factors include student community, friendships, communication channels, and organizational culture, which promote engagement, motivation, and perseverance. Learning and teaching factors, such as supportive learning environments, scholarships, instructional design, and structured assignments, impact academic success and retention. Student-related factors, including learning abilities, academic preparedness, goals, and parental support, are essential for persistence. Data was gathered from 1,574 students at Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University, with 1,160 usable entries after cleansing. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) grouped these variables into five components: Student Communication Channels, Academic Proficiency, Parental Guidance, Scholarships, and Organizational Culture. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) validated the model, highlighting well-clustered factors. In Phase 2, a predictive model was developed using stepwise multiple regression, identifying impactful variables, such as note-taking abilities, scholarship counseling, peer communication, and access to advisors. The final model, with an R value of 0.881 and an adjusted R² of 0.777, demonstrated 77.7% predictive accuracy, emphasizing the combined influence of academic support, communication, financial aid, and social integration on student retention. The findings suggest that institutions should prioritize these areas to foster a conducive environment for student success.

The dimensions of the sex as leisure view and their links to young adults’ sexual attitudes and comfort with sexuality

ABSTRACT The sex as leisure view contributes to positive sexuality values and serves as a coping mechanism for personal crises, public health crises, and challenging marginalising societal stereotypes. Nevertheless, the underlying tenets of this view remain understudied, especially among young adults, and a scale for measuring sex as leisure is nonexistent. Thus, the purpose of this research was to develop a scale for establishing and measuring the dimensions of the sex as leisure construct and examining the links between young adults’ perceptions of these dimensions and their general sexual attitudes and levels of comfort with sexuality. Cross-sectional data were collected using survey methodology (N = 270; 55.2% women) and analysed with exploratory factor analysis and general linear modelling. This study found three underlying dimensions of the sex as leisure view, including the perceptions of sex as intrinsic recreational pleasure, the frivolous time-filling leisure, and the biopsychosocial benefits of sex as leisure. The first two dimensions significantly predicted people’s overall propensity to view sex as leisure. Sexual attitudes and comfort with sexuality significantly predicted perceptions of all three dimensions of the sex as leisure view, albeit in different ways. The study contributes to both research and practice in the leisure and sexual health fields.

Bridging cross-cultural assessment gaps: developing and validating a pictorial psychological distress scale

ABSTRACT Objective Effective screening tools are crucial to support the mental health of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities in Australia. Pictorial assessments are suggested as a solution to the cultural and linguistical barriers and translation complications, often encountered in text-based assessments. This study developed and validated a pictorial scale to assess psychological distress. Method Participants, who were general community members and students (n = 230), and CALD (n = 155) completed online the newly developed pictorial scale, Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-30, and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. Results Exploratory factor analysis with the community sample identified a 21-item scale, labelled as the Pictorial Psychological Distress Scale (PPDS). It consisted of two factors: Somatic and Anxiety Distress, and Depression and Interpersonal Distress. A confirmatory factor analysis with the CALD sample confirmed the factor structure. Based on the two samples, the scale and its factors showed sound internal consistency, satisfactory test–retest reliability, and strong concurrent validity with the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-10 and Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-30. Future research, further investigating the validity of the pictorial scale, is warranted. Conclusions The pictorial scale is promising and has the potential to screen psychological distress experienced by CALD communities.

Rubric development and validation for assessing educational robotics skills

The current study describes the process of development and validation of a rubric for assessing educational robotics skills among middle school students. A multiphase method has been followed, including a literature study, expert consultation, content validation, pilot testing, reliability analysis, and construct validation. The resulting dual-category rubric designing and programming skills were further elaborated by specific criteria and performance levels. Content validation identified seven key criteria: stability and durability, motors, innovation, code organization, dependability and reliability, movement and rotation, and innovative use of sensors. The results of inter-rater reliability analysis for all criteria indicated good agreement, with Krippendorff’s alpha ranging from 0.941 to 1.000. Additionally, construct validation using exploratory factor analysis confirmed a two-factor structure that aligns with the intended domains of design and programming skills, explaining 67.4% of the total variance. The rubric was consistent with learning/teaching theories such as Bloom’s taxonomy, constructivist learning theory, and self-determination theory. This rubric fulfills the existing need for a specific assessment tool in educational robotics and supports educational practices through very detailed feedback to students on their performance. This adds much to educational assessment and education in robotics and enhances teaching and learning outcomes for STEAM education in various settings.

Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Düsseldorf orthorexia scale (TR-DOS) and the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa among Turkish university students

ABSTRACT Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with healthy foods accompanied by the avoidance of self-declared unhealthy options, yet it remains unrecognized in major diagnostic guidelines. The Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale (DOS), a 10-item self-report questionnaire using a four-point Likert scale, assesses the obsession with healthy eating. This study evaluates the reliability and validity of the TR-DOS in the Turkish context and estimates the prevalence of ON among university students. Several studies have shown that translating the DOS into various linguistic groups may exhibit different models of DOS scores. However, the psychometric properties and model fit of the DOS have not yet been investigated in Turkish-speaking populations; to address this gap, we assessed the psychometric properties of a Turkish translation of DOS (TR-DOS) in a sample of 425 university students in Türkiye. The TR-DOS revealed a 7.3% ON prevalence and a 9.0% risk of development. Weak positive associations were observed between TR-DOS total scores and BMI (r = 0.152, p = .002). Exploratory Factor Analysis confirmed the validity of TR-DOS (KMO = 0.867) with satisfactory reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.854). Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated an acceptable fit for the TR-DOS model (χ2/df = 3.127, RMSEA = 0.071, SRMR = 0.046, IFI = 0.955, CFI = 0.955, GFI = 0.956, TLI = 0.932). Moderate positive correlations were found between TR-DOS and eating disorder measures (EAT-26: r = 0.428, p < .001; EDE-Q-13: r = 0.430, p < .001). The findings demonstrated that the TR-DOS is both culturally appropriate and psychometrically adequate for Turkish university students. It is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing obsessive healthy eating behaviors in this population.

Exploring university staff experiences gained during COVID-19 in the provision of digital mental health services through e-health tools: A case of a selected South African University

The recent COVID-19 pandemic significantly exacerbated mental health issues worldwide, with South African university staff facing unique stressors that led to the adoption of e-health tools for digital mental health services. This study explores the university staff experiences gained during COVID-19 pandemic in the provision of digital mental health services through e-health tools. We conducted a case study at a public university in Cape Town, South Africa complemented by a survey using quantitative methods. Data from 348 respondents were collected via voluntary response sampling and analysed with Statistical Software Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28, employing exploratory factor analysis. High factor loadings above 0.4 confirmed significant contributions from seven items: perceived usefulness of e-health tools, perceived usefulness of social media, user experience and satisfaction, university commitment, variety of digital mental health services, post-COVID-19 delivery mode preference and ethical considerations. These seven items revealed that during COVID-19, e-health tools provided significant benefits to university staff including increased access to digital mental services. However, the study findings revealed that university staff were concerned about the lack of a legal framework during COVID-19, and the role of AI-powered mental health applications did not significantly influence their experiences during the pandemic. Our study provides theoretical insights into the effectiveness and perceived usefulness of e-health tools for digital mental health services during COVID-19, reinforcing their significance in reducing anxiety, stress, and depression while enhancing emotional resilience. Practically, our study findings suggest that universities should integrate e-health tools into the provision of digital mental health services given that these tools proved effective during COVID-19.

Adaptation of problematic mobile phone usage scale (PMPUS) among students from countries of the commonwealth of independent states in Russian university

An aim of this study was to evaluate the precision and reliability of the problematic mobile phone use scale in the context of Russia and to investigate the frequency and associated factors of problematic mobile phone use among university students. The survey included a random sample of 481 university students from Moscow, Russia. The dataset was randomly split into two groups in order to support exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). An EFA helped to build the five-component framework including social dissonance, emotional impact, cognitive impact, psychosomatic impact, and loss of control. The CFA validated this structure by obtaining favorable model fit indices. Both Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s (2013) omega coefficients for all subscales demonstrated a high level of dependability. The application of latent profile analysis revealed three clearly defined user profiles: high-risk users, moderate users with social concerns, and low-risk users. This study presents a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating problematic mobile phone usage in the Russian setting and provides significant insights into the complex and multifaceted nature of this phenomena. The results emphasize the need to implement focused intervention measures, especially for vulnerable populations, and add to the expanding repository of research on problematic cell phone usage in many cultural settings.

The Norwegian version of the Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2: clinical utility and psychometric properties

AbstractShame and guilt are universal emotions meant to elicit socially approved behaviors and inhibit antisocial behavior. Excessive feelings of shame and guilt—shame especially—are linked to various destructive behaviors, difficulties in emotion regulation, maladaptive personality traits, psychological difficulties, and negative impacts on treatment outcomes. These make it especially important to have a valid instrument to evaluate the mechanisms related to these emotions. No validated self-report instrument measuring generalized shame and guilt was available in Norwegian. The Personal Feelings Questionnaire (PFQ-2) is designed to measure the level of generalized shame and guilt. This project’s aim was to translate the PFQ-2 into Norwegian and evaluate the clinical utility and psychometric properties of a Norwegian version of the PFQ-2. Data were collected from students at a local university college in Norway (N = 320, age: M = 25.4, SD = 8) and patients at a local outpatient psychiatric hospital (N = 53, age: M = 31.4, SD = 10.43). To be able to evaluate the factor structure of the Norwegian version of the PFQ-2, the dataset was divided in two by random selection with a 50/50 split. First an Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on one half of the sample (N = 180) and then a Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the other half (N = 193). According to the EFA the factor structure was similar to the original factor structure, with the exception of one item (item 6). Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good goodness of fit for the two factors measuring shame and guilt. The internal consistency was high in both subscales (shame, α = 0.818, and guilt, α = 0.834). The instrument showed further adequate construct validity, where the clinical sample experienced greater shame than the community sample (M = 17, SD = 6.887 vs. M = 13, SD = 5.311) and stronger guilt (M = 18, SD = 5.248 vs. M = 14, SD = 15.210). The subscales correlated with other constructs, as expected. The PFQ-2—with the suggested adjustment of moving one item (item 6) from the shame scale to the guilt scale—can be used to evaluate the levels of feelings of shame and guilt among adults in Norway.

Identifying Factors Influencing the Adoption of CIFRS/CIFRS for SMEs in Cambodia

The data collected from the survey in this study revealed that a total of 2431 firms successfully filled out and returned the questionnaire. Among these, 73.79% were categorized as non-adopters of CIFRS, whereas 26.21% were recognized as adopters of CIFRS. The findings derived from the logistic regression model indicated that the latent variables, including financial reporting components, stakeholder knowledge and attitudes, the internal control system, and the costs related to the implementation of CIFRS, exerted a highly positive and statistically significant impact on the probability of adopting CIFRS in Cambodia at the 1% significance level. However, the variable concerning financial reporting components demonstrated significance only at the 5% level. It is important to mention that the estimated latent variables were determined using explanatory factor analysis (EFA). The estimated coefficients for the control variables were 0.997 for number of employees, 1.243 for assets, 5.581 for filing financial reports with ACAR, -0.725 for ACAR's enforcement of laws related to CIFRS implementation, and -0.644 for inconsistencies in financial information provided by CIFRS compared to standards set by the General Department of Taxation. Each parameter associated with the control variables had statistical significance at the 1% level.

Psychometric properties of the pain anxiety symptom scale among postoperative patients in Amol, Iran

IntroductionSo far, the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Pain Anxiety Symptom Scale have not been assessed in Iran. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Pain Anxiety Symptom Scale among a group of Iranian patients in Amol.MethodsThis methodological study was conducted in 2023 with a sample of 400 postoperative patients from Amol, Iran, selected through convenience sampling. The dataset was divided into two groups of 200 for exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Construct validity was assessed using maximum likelihood exploratory factor analysis with Promax rotation, supported by Horn’s parallel analysis and network analysis to visualize item relationships. Confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and discriminant validity was performed on the second dataset. Reliability was evaluated through various statistical measures, including Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega, average inter-item correlation coefficient, composite reliability, and maximal reliability (MaxR).ResultsAmong the 400 participants, the mean age was 44.38 years (SD = 13.49), with 152 (46.1%) being women and 178 (53.9%) men. Most participants (n = 268, 81.2%) had an education level lower than a diploma, and 93 individuals (28.2%) reported a history of surgery. The results of exploratory factor analysis with Promax rotation developed two factors accounting for 66.29% of the variance comprising 15 items. Also, after necessary modifications during confirmatory factor analysis, the final model was approved. As for reliability, the Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, and MaxR for all constructs were greater than 0.7, demonstrating good internal consistency and construct reliability.ConclusionAccording to the results, the Persian version of the Pain Anxiety Symptom Scale has a valid structure and acceptable reliability. This scale can be used by health professionals in many ways.

Technology Characteristics for Sustainable Service Development in Intelligent Elderly Care Services

Although the development of intelligent elderly care services is a critical challenge in an aging society, the role and impact of technology characteristics on customer satisfaction and the development of sustainable intelligent elderly care services remain unclear. This study examines how technological characteristics affect customer satisfaction and the development of sustainable intelligent elderly care services through an empirical study. The representative technology characteristics in intelligent elderly care services are defined with seven independent factors, including responsiveness, interactivity, technology readiness, customization, empathy, convenience, and security, and perceived value is adopted as a mediating factor, to analyze relationships with customer satisfaction. A total of 297 sets of data were collected from experienced consumers in the Chinese market, where intelligent elderly care services are broadly used. Exploratory factor analysis, multiple regression analysis, and mediation analysis were employed for statistical analyses. The findings showed that technology characteristics significantly impact customer satisfaction in intelligent elderly care services. The perceived value plays a meaningful mediating role in these relationships. This paper provides a valuable model for evaluating technology characteristics in intelligent elderly care services, taking a meaningful step toward developing relevant advanced services.

The impact of digital transformation and ESG on customer behaviour towards brands at commercial banks in Ho Chi Minh city

ESG (environmental, social and governance, a framework used to assess an organisation’s business practices and performance on various sustainability and ethical issues) and Digital Transformation (the process of using digital technologies to change a business’s operations, products and services by integrating digital solutions into all areas of the business, which can lead to cultural and technological changes) are emerging issues across different industries, including the banking field. There has been limited research focusing on exploring the linkages between ESG, Digital Transformation and Customer Behaviour in the banking area, especially within developing countries such as Vietnam. Based on this gap, this study analyses and assesses the role of Digital Transformation and ESG on customer behaviour towards brands in the banking sector in Ho Chi Minh City. The research employed the quantitative research methods with the combination of fundamental analytical methods such as statistics, Cronbach’s alpha reliability, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), measurement models and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The analysis was based on survey data from 550 customers who are the commercial banks’ current customers and live in Ho Chi Minh City, yielding 514 valid responses. Using SPSS and SMART PLS software, the study provided notable results. Specifically: (1) The component factors of ESG, including Environmental Issues (EN), Social Issues (SO), Government Issues (GO) and Digital Transformation (DT), positively influence Customer Behaviour (CB); (2) The component factors of ESG, including Environmental Issues (EN), Social Issues (SO) and Government Issues (GO), play a mediating role in the relationship between Digital Transformation (DT) and Customer Behaviour (CB).

Perception of leadership styles and productivity in higher secondary education

The objective of this research is to assess the perception of administrative workers of a Technological Higher Secondary Education Institution in Tabasco, Mexico, about leadership styles and productivity, as well as the correlation that exists between both variables. Quantitative method was used; the study had a non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational design. The data collection instruments were validated through exploratory factor analysis and reliability was calculated through Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient. A total of 141 workers assigned to five departments of the administrative area took part in the study. The results showed the participative leadership style as the predominant one and the highest level of productivity was found in the commitment dimension. Pearson's correlation showed the existence of a negative correlation with the authoritarian style and a positive correlation between democratic and participative leadership styles and productivity.

The Comprehensive Anxiety and Parkinson’s Scale (CAPS): co-development and initial validation of the long (CAPS-54) and short (CAPS-24) versions

Purpose Anxiety is a prevalent symptom of Parkinson’s disease, but is often under-recognised and challenging to characterise. The present study aimed to develop a comprehensive new scale that characterised the specific and nuanced experience of anxiety in people living with Parkinson’s disease. A shortened version of the scale was also developed. The psychometric properties of both versions of the scale were assessed for reliability and validity. Methods Secondary analyses were conducted on data from 254 people with Parkinson’s disease and anxiety collected in a modified Nominal Group Technique ranking survey. Secondary analyses included exploratory factor analysis, reliability and validity analyses, and confirmatory factor analysis. Results A standardised scale of anxiety and Parkinson’s disease, in its long Comprehensive Anxiety and Parkinson’s Scale − 54 (CAPS-54) and short versions (CAPS-24), was developed. Reliability and validity analyses of the scales demonstrated excellent factorial and internal consistency, as well as good convergent validity. Conclusions The CAP Scales offer researchers and clinicians a more comprehensive means of assessing the experience of anxiety in the context of Parkinson’s disease than is currently available. Initial validation of the scales is promising. Future validation and identification of clinical boundaries with an independent sample is recommended.