Explorations In Economic History Research Articles

Migration, Urbanization, and Third World Development: An Overview

Previous articleNext article No AccessMigration, Urbanization, and Third World Development: An OverviewAndrei Rogers, and Jeffrey G. WilliamsonAndrei Rogers Search for more articles by this author , and Jeffrey G. Williamson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 30, Number 3Apr., 1982Third World Migration and Urbanization: A Symposium Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452572 Views: 43Total views on this site Citations: 22Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1982 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Shah Alam Siddiqui Development Through the Lenses of Migration, South Asian Journal of Social Science and Humanities 3, no.44 (Aug 2022): 1–10.https://doi.org/10.48165/sajssh.2022.3401Xavier Tezzo, Hsu Mon Aung, Ben Belton, Peter Oosterveer, Simon R. Bush Consumption practices in transition: Rural-urban migration and the food fish system in Myanmar, Geoforum 127 (Dec 2021): 33–45.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.09.013Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Yansui Liu, Arcadio Cerda, Marta Simonyan, Tiago Correia, Richard M. Mariita, Ajantha Sisira Kumara, Leidy Garcia, Kristijan Krstic, Romanus Osabohien, Tran Khanh Toan, Chiranjivi Adhikari, Nguyen Thi Kim Chuc, Resham B. Khatri, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Liang Wang, Tissa Wijeratne, Eugene Kouassi, Habib Nawaz Khan, Mirjana Varjacic The Global South political economy of health financing and spending landscape – history and presence, Journal of Medical Economics 24, no.sup1sup1 (Dec 2021): 25–33.https://doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2021.2007691James Gross, Yu Ouyang Types of urbanization and economic growth, International Journal of Urban Sciences 25, no.11 (May 2020): 71–85.https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2020.1759447Chaowei Xiao, Elisabete A. Silva, Chuchu Zhang Nine-nine-six work system and people’s movement patterns: Using big data sets to analyse overtime working in Shanghai, Land Use Policy 90 (Jan 2020): 104340.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104340Ashira Menashe Oren Migrant-based youth bulges and social conflict in urban sub-Saharan Africa, Demographic Research 42 (Jan 2020): 57–98.https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2020.42.3Kyle Farrell, Hans Westlund China’s rapid urban ascent: an examination into the components of urban growth, Asian Geographer 35, no.11 (May 2018): 85–106.https://doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2018.1476256Christoph Rass, Frank Wolff What Is in a Migration Regime? Genealogical Approach and Methodological Proposal, (Mar 2018): 19–64.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-20532-4_2Maureen Hickey Modernisation, Migration, and Mobilisation: Relinking Internal and International Migrations in the ‘Migration and Development Nexus’, Population, Space and Place 22, no.77 (Oct 2016): 681–692.https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1952 Atta-ur-Rahman, Akhilesh Surjan, Gulsan Ara Parvin, Rajib Shaw Impact of Urban Expansion on Farmlands, (Jan 2016): 91–112.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802169-9.00007-0Daniel G. Bausch, Andres G. Lescano, David L. Blazes, Gabriela Salmon-Mulanovich, William K. Pan, Joel M. Montgomery Economic Burden of Dengue Virus Infection at the Household Level Among Residents of Puerto Maldonado, Peru, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, no.44 (Oct 2015): 684–690.https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0755Remi Jedwab, Dietrich Vollrath Urbanization without growth in historical perspective, Explorations in Economic History 58 (Oct 2015): 1–21.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2015.09.002Canfei He Urbanization and migration, (Feb 2013).https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm568Kaloyan Stanev, Jordi Martí-Henneberg, Martin Ivanov Regional Transformations of a State under Construction: Bulgaria, 1878–2002, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42, no.11 (Jun 2011): 111–134.https://doi.org/10.1162/JINH_a_00207Charles M. Becker, Andrew R. Morrison Chapter 43 Urbanization in transforming economies, (Jan 1999): 1673–1790.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0080(99)80012-1Riad G. Mahayni A Decentralized Approach to Urbanization: The Case of Syria, Journal of Planning Education and Research 9, no.22 (Jan 1990): 117–125.https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X9000900204Gail M. Shields, Michael P. Shields THE EMERGENCE OF MIGRATION THEORY AND A SUGGESTED NEW DIRECTION, Journal of Economic Surveys 3, no.44 (Dec 1989): 277–304.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.1989.tb00072.xYork W. Bradshaw Urbanization, personal income, and physical quality of life: The case of Kenya, Studies In Comparative International Development 23, no.44 (Dec 1988): 15–40.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686983Nanda R. Shrestha A structural perspective on labour migration in underdeveloped countries, Progress in Human Geography 12, no.22 (Jun 1988): 179–207.https://doi.org/10.1177/030913258801200202Nanda R. Shrestha Institutional policies and migration behavior: A selective review, World Development 15, no.33 (Mar 1987): 329–345.https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(87)90017-9L A Brown, F C Stetzer Development Aspects of Migration in Third World Settings: A Simulation, with Implications for Urbanization, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 16, no.1212 (Jul 2016): 1583–1603.https://doi.org/10.1068/a161583Robert Woods Population Studies, Progress in Human Geography 7, no.22 (Jun 1983): 261–266.https://doi.org/10.1177/030913258300700206

The Problem of "Equal Pay for Equal Work" in Great Britain during World War II

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Problem of "Equal Pay for Equal Work" in Great Britain during World War IIHarold SmithHarold Smith Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 53, Number 4Dec., 1981 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/242371 Views: 42Total views on this site Citations: 19Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1981 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Helen Glew In a Minority in Male Spaces: The Networks, Relationships and Collaborations between Women MPs and Women Civil Servants, 1919–1955, Open Library of Humanities 6, no.22 (Sep 2020).https://doi.org/10.16995/olh.597Jeremy A. Crang Sisters in Arms, 2 (Aug 2020).https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139004190Martin Pugh Women in the Second World War, (Jan 2015): 219–235.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-41491-5_8Mary Evans Feminism in Sociology, Feminism as Sociology, (Jan 2014): 260–281.https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137318862_12Dolly Smith Wilson Gender: Change and Continuity, (Nov 2007): 245–262.https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996195.ch15Robert A. Hart Women doing men’s work and women doing women’s work: Female work and pay in British wartime engineering, Explorations in Economic History 44, no.11 (Jan 2007): 114–130.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2005.10.005Julie Anderson British Women, Disability and the Second World War, Contemporary British History 20, no.11 (Mar 2006): 37–53.https://doi.org/10.1080/13619460500444957Robert A. Hart Women Doing Men's Work and Women Doing Women's Work: Female Work and Pay in British Wartime Engineering, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2005).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.746424Martin Ceadel Pacifism and pacificism, (Aug 2003): 471–492.https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521563543.024Susan James Feminisms, (Aug 2003): 493–516.https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521563543.025James Tully Identity politics, (Aug 2003): 517–533.https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521563543.026Terence Ball Green political theory, (Aug 2003): 534–550.https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521563543.027Sonya O. Rose Women's Rights, Women's Obligations: Contradictions of Citizenship in World War II Britain, European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire 7, no.22 (Jul 2010): 277–289.https://doi.org/10.1080/713666747Martin Pugh Women in the Second World War, (Jan 2000): 264–283.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21850-9_9Harold L. Smith The politics of Conservative reform: the equal pay for equal work issue, 1945–1955, The Historical Journal 35, no.22 (Mar 2010): 401–415.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X00025863SUSAN L. CARRUTHERS ‘Manning the Factories’: Propaganda and Policy on the Employment of Women, 11939–1947, History 75, no.244244 (Jan 1990): 232–256.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229X.1990.tb01516.xSue Harper The Representation of Women in British Feature Films, 1939–45, (Jan 1988): 168–202.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19317-2_10Jen Dale Feminists and the development of the welfare state- some lessons from our history, Critical Social Policy 6, no.1616 (Jul 1986): 57–65.https://doi.org/10.1177/026101838600601605Harold L. Smith The Womanpower Problem in Britain during the Second World War, The Historical Journal 27, no.44 (Feb 2009): 925–945.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X00018161

Can We Assess the Effects of Revolution? A Third Look at the Cuban Evidence

Previous articleNext article No AccessCommentary and DebateCan We Assess the Effects of Revolution? A Third Look at the Cuban EvidenceMichael S. Lewis-BeckMichael S. Lewis-Beck Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 86, Number 5Mar., 1981 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/227358 Views: 5Total views on this site Citations: 2Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1981 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Vincent Geloso, Jamie Bologna Pavlik The Cuban revolution and infant mortality: A synthetic control approach, Explorations in Economic History 80 (Apr 2021): 101376.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2020.101376Will H. Moore, Ronny Lindström, Valerie O'Regan Land reform, political violence and the economic inequality‐political conflict nexus: A longitudinal analysis, International Interactions 21, no.44 (Jan 1996): 335–363.https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629608434872

A View from Latin America

A View from Latin America One might expect this essay to be very brief. Political history, as everyone knows, has come to be old-fashioned and outmoded. Especially in the United States, and to a substantial extent in Europe as well, attention has turned from authority figures and policy-makers to common people and popular masses. Explorations in economic history have continued to shed light on the origins and transformations of feudalism, capitalism, and socialism. Investigations of social history have opened up entirely new vistas of awareness and inquiry-with conspicuous emphasis on sex differences, sexuality, the family, and other areas of intimate, day-to-day existence. Interest in the mighty and powerful appears to be declining fast. The new concern is with the daily lives of ordinary people, a trend that offers a clear prognostication for political history in the I980s: there will not be much of it. This tendency comes from diverse origins. One is the identification of new issues and problem-areas, as in the case of women's history. Another is the discovery of hitherto unused records and sources. Still another factor is technology: computerization has made it possible to handle masses of data-and hence to ask questions-that seemed unthinkable only two decades ago. The development of econometrics has produced powerful tools for analyzing crucial aspects of economic change, and the application of demographic techniques to historical materials has offered novel insights into the dynamics of social transition. For all of these reasons, substantive and methodological, historians in Europe and America are concentrating energies on social and economic (rather than political) dimensions of the past. But the turn away from politics is more than a sign of disinterest. It is also an act of rejection-a stance that derives from

Private Creation and Enforcement of Law: A Historical Case

Iceland is known to men as a land of volcanoes, geysers and glaciers. But it ought to be no less interesting to the student of history as the birthplace of a brilliant literature in poetry and prose, and as the home of a people who have maintained for many centuries a high level of intellectual cultivation. It is an almost unique instance of a community whose culture and creative power flourished independently of any favouring material conditions, and indeed under conditions in the highest degree unfavourable. Nor ought it to be less interesting to the student of politics and laws as having produced a Constitution unlike any other whereof records remain, and a body of law so elaborate and complex, that it is hard to believe that it existed among men whose chief occupation was to kill one another.

Inequality, Accumulation, and Technological Imbalance: A Growth-Equity Conflict in American History?

Previous articleNext article No AccessInequality, Accumulation, and Technological Imbalance: A Growth-Equity Conflict in American History?Jeffrey G. WilliamsonJeffrey G. Williamson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 27, Number 2Jan., 1979 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/451090 Views: 7Total views on this site Citations: 15Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1979 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Albert Sanghoon Park Does the Development Discourse Learn from History?, World Development 96 (Aug 2017): 52–64.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.023Isao Suto, John A James Savings and early economic growth in the United States and Japan, Japan and the World Economy 11, no.22 (Apr 1999): 161–183.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0922-1425(98)00050-4Alan M. Taylor Tres fases del crecimiento económico argentino, Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 12, no.33 (Apr 2010): 649–683.https://doi.org/10.1017/S021261090000478XHennie Kotzé, Jo‐Ansie Van Wyk Paradise or parking lots? A comparison between the attitudes of the South African business elite and the rest of the elite on selected environmental issues, Politikon 21, no.22 (Dec 1994): 28–48.https://doi.org/10.1080/02589349408705007 Alan M. Taylor , and Jeffrey G. Williamson Capital Flows to the New World as an Intergenerational Transfer, Journal of Political Economy 102, no.22 (Oct 2015): 348–371.https://doi.org/10.1086/261935David Feeny The Exploration of Economic Change: The Contribution of Economic History to Development Economics, (Jan 1987): 91–119.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3269-2_3Mark Thomas General Equilibrium Models and Research in Economic History, (Jan 1987): 121–183.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3269-2_4Peter H. Lindert, Jeffrey G. Williamson Growth, equality, and history, Explorations in Economic History 22, no.44 (Oct 1985): 341–377.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(85)90001-4Jeffrey G. Williamson Why Was British Growth So Slow During the Industrial Revolution?, The Journal of Economic History 44, no.33 (Mar 2009): 687–712.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700032320John A. James The use of general equilibrium analysis in economic history, Explorations in Economic History 21, no.33 (Jul 1984): 231–253.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(84)90007-XJohn A James Public debt management policy and nineteenth-century American economic growth, Explorations in Economic History 21, no.22 (Apr 1984): 192–217.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(84)90025-1Randolph Rice Can educational policy affect the distribution of earnings?—A quantitative exploration, Journal of Policy Modeling 3, no.33 (Oct 1981): 317–335.https://doi.org/10.1016/0161-8938(81)90014-4Jeffrey G. Williamson Inequality and Regional Development: the View from America, (Jan 1981): 373–391.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-04707-9_33Jeffrey G Williamson Greasing the wheels of sputtering export engines: Widwestern grains and American growth, Explorations in Economic History 17, no.33 (Jul 1980): 189–217.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(80)90010-8Jeffrey G. Williamson Why do Koreans save ‘so little’?, Journal of Development Economics 6, no.33 (Jan 1979): 343–362.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(79)90021-X

Entrepreneurship and a Probabilistic View of the British Industrial Revolution

response. First, it is not at all clear that the argument that non-conformists played a vital role in innovation is acceptable. Payne has pointed out that there are very serious difficulties in the way of establishing this proposition in terms of differential survival of records.' Second, it is clear that it is not acceptable to use patent statistics as comparative indices of inventive activity, or of the elasticity of entrepreneurial innovational response, given the well-known (different) deficiencies of patent legislation in England and France in the eighteenth century. However, as Roehl has argued,2 it does seem primafacie that biases in the patent data would be in the direction of overstating English inventiveness and understating French inventiveness, and hence it is quite possible that one could argue for greater French inventiveness at least prior to I 760. Third, my article was concerned with the achievement of the decisive innovations that led to structural change in the form of the Industrial Revolution. It is not obvious that the greater innovational zeal which Rostow alleges was present in late-eighteenth-century England reflected a greater likelihood of coming up with and using spectacular and strategic improvements, any more than Germany was guaranteed the invention of the Gilchrist-Thomas process a century later. In any event, assertions, however widely made, about the quality of entrepreneurship, are notoriously unreliable. It may be revealing, therefore, to ask whether this innovational quality was reflected in a rapid acceleration of the rate of growth of total factor productivity in the mid-eighteenth century. On the best, admittedly imperfect, figures available it appears that of the 0 4 per cent rise in the growth-rate of the English economy in the period I 740-80 as compared with I7I0-40, only o o6 per cent came from an increase in total factor productivity growth.3 The great innovational zeal which Rostow sees in the British 1 P. L. Payne, British Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth Century (1974), p. 25. 2 R. Roehl, 'French Industrialization: A Reconsideration', Explorations in Economic History, xiii (I976), 250-I. 3 N. F. R. Crafts, 'The Eighteenth Century: An Overview', in the work on modern English economic history to be edited by R. C. Floud and D. N. McCloskey (Cambridge, forthcoming).

A Test of the Property-Rights Theory of the Firm: Water Utilities in the United States

CONTROVERSY over the relative efficiency of public versus private enterprise has a long history in economic thought. Many of the same issues that concerned Chadwick and Mill in their debates in the 1850s over nationalizing certain British industries and von Mises and Hayek versus Lange and Lerner in their well-known exchanges about the efficacy of a centrally planned economy continue to come up in the literature.1 In fact the modern property rights theory of the firm, postulated by theorists such as Alchian, Becker, and Demsetz follows in the tradition of von Mises and Hayek in stressing the impact on economic efficiency of alternative ownership forms. Special emphasis is placed on cost-reward arrangements within private and public enterprises in this approach to the theory of the firm. Where a direct connection between productivity and reward is severed, as in public enterprises, production will be less economically efficient. While this is a very appealing approach to firm behavior, it is yet to be subjected to a rigorous test with respect to firm costs. De Alessi purports to examine the implication of the property rights theory for managerial tenure.2

Policy Innovativeness as a Trait of American States

1HE LITERATURE MAKING USE of quantitative data in the comparative analysis of policy outputs across the American states has largely been dependent upon public expenditure levels as indicators of policy efforts. One of the few potential altematives has been measurements of policy innovativeness, most recently reintroduced for political analysis by Jack L. Walker.' While policy innovation might be measured in a number of ways, Walker has been especially concemed with a general tendency toward innovativeness of state govemments, or as rural sociologists refer to it, adoptionproneness.2 Certainly, American political folklore is rich in suggesting that some states are innovators while others are laggards. Findings by others in later research, however, cast some doubt upon not only the adequacy of the quantitative measures devised

Agriculture, Balanced Growth, and Social Change in Central Canada since 1850: An Interpretation

Previous articleNext article No AccessAgriculture, Balanced Growth, and Social Change in Central Canada since 1850: An InterpretationJohn IsbisterJohn Isbister Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 25, Number 4Jul., 1977 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/450980 Views: 8Total views on this site Citations: 10Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1977 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Vincent Geloso Unenlightened peasants? Farming techniques among French-Canadians, circa 1851, Cliometrica 46 (Jun 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s11698-022-00249-6Morris Altman Labour Productivity in Nineteenth Century Quebec and Ontario: Explaining Ontario’s Advantage, (Aug 2022): 231–261.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03887-7_7Morris Altman Economic Development with High Wages: An Historical Perspective, (Aug 2022): 199–229.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03887-7_6Vincent Geloso , Social Science Quarterly 100, no.33 ( 2019): 897.https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12557CORDON M. WINDER Following America into the second industrial revolution: new rules of competition and Ontario's farm machinery industry, 1850–1930, The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien 46, no.44 (Dec 2002): 292–309.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2002.tb00752.xLivio Di Matteo The Determinants of the Wealth and Asset Holding in Nineteenth-Century Canada: Evidence from Microdata, The Journal of Economic History 57, no.44 (Mar 2009): 907–934.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700019586Morris Altman Labor Productivity in Late Nineteenth-Century Quebec and Ontario Manufacturing: Explaining Ontario's Advantage, American Review of Canadian Studies 25, no.2-32-3 (Sep 1995): 219–249.https://doi.org/10.1080/02722019509481474Michael B Percy, Rick Szostak The political economy of the abolition of seigneurial tenure in Canada East, Explorations in Economic History 29, no.11 (Jan 1992): 51–68.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(92)90032-RMorris Altman Economic development with high wages: An historical perspective, Explorations in Economic History 25, no.22 (Apr 1988): 198–224.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(88)90016-2Frank Lewis, Marvin McInnis The Efficiency of the French-Canadian Farmer in the Nineteenth Century, The Journal of Economic History 40, no.0303 (May 2010): 497–514.https://doi.org/10.1017/S002205070008520X

Economics

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe New Scholarship: Review Essays in the Social SciencesEconomicsCarol L. JuseniusCarol L. Jusenius Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Signs Volume 2, Number 1Autumn, 1976 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/493338 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 5Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1976 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:RICHARD D. ASHMORE, FRANCES K. DEL BOCA Toward a Social Psychology of Female–Male Relations, (Jan 1986): 1–17.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-065280-8.50006-3Mark Aldrich, Randy Albelda Determinants of working women's wages during the progressive era, Explorations in Economic History 17, no.44 (Oct 1980): 323–341.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(80)90001-7M. Ann Hall Intellectual Sexism in Physical Education, Quest 31, no.22 (Nov 1979): 172–186.https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.1979.10519936Mary E. Templeton Women in Agricultural Professions, Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council 7, no.22 (May 2017): 29–32.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0163548400002090Mary E. Templeton Non-Traditional Careers: Female Agricultural Economists, Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council 6, no.22 (May 2017): 32–41.https://doi.org/10.1017/S016354840000162X

The Effect of Population Density on Infrastructure: The Case of Road Building

A cross-sectional analysis of 113 countries in 1968 indicates that population density has a significant and strong effect on total road density. An elasticity of 0.73 of road density with respect to population density was obtained. Time-series analysis confirmed this finding. An elasticity higher than unity was obtained for paved road construction. The effect on unpaved roads was somewhat smaller (0.6 elasticity) but still significant. These results suggest that population increases produce more available infrastructure/worker. The effects of both population density and per capita income on road construction are influenced by the stage of economic development. When the sample was divided into 3 income subsamples increased population density and per capita income were found to cause the substitution of paved for unpaved roads in the richer countries. At lower levels of income per capita income is less important than population density in influencing road construction since village volunteer labor can be substituted for money expenditures.

The Quantity Theory in the Early Monetary System of West Africa with Particular Emphasis on Nigeria, 1850-1895

Previous articleNext article No AccessCommunicationsThe Quantity Theory in the Early Monetary System of West Africa with Particular Emphasis on Nigeria, 1850-1895Okonkwo A. NwaniOkonkwo A. Nwani Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 83, Number 1Feb., 1975 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/260312 Views: 2Total views on this site Citations: 4Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1975 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Natalie Swanepoel Small Change: Cowries, Coins, and the Currency Transition in the Northern Territories of Colonial Ghana, (Sep 2015): 41–69.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2633-6_2Anton Duizendstraal, Andries Nentjes Organizational slack in subsidized nonprofit institutions, Public Choice 81, no.3-43-4 (Dec 1994): 297–321.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01053235Michael D. Bordo Explorations in monetary history: A survey of the literature, Explorations in Economic History 23, no.44 (Oct 1986): 339–415.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(86)90001-XJan Hogendorn, Marion Johnson A new money supply series for West Africa in the era of the slave trade: The import of the cowrie shell from Europe, Slavery & Abolition 3, no.22 (Jun 2008): 153–162.https://doi.org/10.1080/01440398208574839

Adam Smith on Profits--Paradox Lost and Regained

Previous articleNext article No AccessAdam Smith on Profits--Paradox Lost and RegainedNathan RosenbergNathan Rosenberg Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 82, Number 6Nov. - Dec., 1974 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/260270 Views: 27Total views on this site Citations: 10Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1974 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Colin Mayer What Is Wrong with Corporate Law? The Purpose of Law and the Law of Purpose, Annual Review of Law and Social Science 18, no.11 (Oct 2022): 283–296.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-050520-102251Roni Hirsch Risk and Trouble: Adam Smith on Profit and the Protagonists of Capitalism, American Journal of Political Science 18 (Aug 2020).https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12556Charles Walton Capitalism’s Alter Ego: The Birth of Reciprocity in Eighteenth-Century France, Critical Historical Studies 5, no.11 (Apr 2018): 1–43.https://doi.org/10.1086/697032Reinhard Schumacher Adam Smith and the “rich country–poor country” debate: eighteenth-century views on economic progress and international trade, The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 23, no.55 (Aug 2015): 764–793.https://doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2015.1050046Deborah Boucoyannis The Equalizing Hand: Why Adam Smith Thought the Market Should Produce Wealth Without Steep Inequality, Perspectives on Politics 11, no.44 (Dec 2013): 1051–1070.https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759271300282XBruce C. Baird Necessity and the “Perverse” Supply of Labor in Pre-Classical British Political Economy, History of Political Economy 29, no.33 (Sep 1997): 447–522.https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-29-3-447Stanley L Engerman Coerced and free labor: Property rights and the development of the labor force, Explorations in Economic History 29, no.11 (Jan 1992): 1–29.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(92)90030-ZDavid A. Martin Economics as Ideology: on Making “The Invisible Hand” Invisible, Review of Social Economy 48, no.33 (Sep 1990): 272–287.https://doi.org/10.1080/00346769000000024John Dobson The role of ethics in global corporate culture, Journal of Business Ethics 9, no.66 (Jun 1990): 481–488.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00382841David Felix De gustibus disputandum est: Changing consumer preferences in economic growth, Explorations in Economic History 16, no.33 (Jul 1979): 260–296.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(79)90021-4

The Staple Theory and Its Empirical Measurement

Previous articleNext article No AccessCommunicationsThe Staple Theory and Its Empirical MeasurementDwight GrantDwight Grant Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 82, Number 6Nov. - Dec., 1974 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/260275 Views: 4Total views on this site Citations: 2Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1974 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Robert E Ankli The growth of the Canadian economy, 1896–1920, Explorations in Economic History 17, no.33 (Jul 1980): 251–274.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(80)90012-1Trevor J.O Dick Canadian wheat production and trade 1896–1930, Explorations in Economic History 17, no.33 (Jul 1980): 275–302.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(80)90013-3

The Lighthouse in Economics

The Lighthouse in Economics

Philanthropy at Bargain Prices: Notes on the Economics of Gradual Emancipation

Previous articleNext article No AccessPhilanthropy at Bargain Prices: Notes on the Economics of Gradual EmancipationRobert William Fogel, and Stanley L. EngermanRobert William Fogel Search for more articles by this author , and Stanley L. Engerman Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Legal Studies Volume 3, Number 2Jun., 1974 Sponsored by The University of Chicago Law School Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/467518 Views: 17Total views on this site Citations: 22Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1974 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Howard Bodenhorn Later-Life Realizations of Maryland’s Mid-Nineteenth-Century Pauper Apprentices, (Sep 2022): 211–243.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06477-7_10Kris Manjapra Necrospeculation, Social Text 37, no.22 (Jun 2019): 29–65.https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-7370979S. L. Egerman Slavery, (Feb 2018): 12394–12403.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_1746Barry R. Weingast Adam Smith's Theory of the Persistence of Slavery and its Abolition in Western Europe, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2015).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2635917S. Mittal, B. R. Weingast Self-Enforcing Constitutions: With an Application to Democratic Stability In America's First Century, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 29, no.22 (Oct 2011): 278–302.https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewr017Nicholas Draper The rise of a new planter class? Some countercurrents from British Guiana and Trinidad, 1807–33, Atlantic Studies 9, no.11 (Mar 2012): 65–83.https://doi.org/10.1080/14788810.2012.636996Howard Bodenhorn Manumission in nineteenth-century Virginia, Cliometrica 5, no.22 (Aug 2010): 145–164.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11698-010-0056-xS. L. Egerman Slavery, (Mar 2017): 1–10.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1746-2SHAWN COLE Capitalism and Freedom: Manumissions and the Slave Market in Louisiana, 1725–1820, The Journal of Economic History 65, no.0404 (Nov 2005).https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050705000380Barry R. Weingast Self-Enforcing Consititutions: With an Application to Democratic Stability in America's First Century, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2005).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1153527Stanley L Engerman Coerced and free labor: Property rights and the development of the labor force, Explorations in Economic History 29, no.11 (Jan 1992): 1–29.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(92)90030-ZCarol S. Leonard Landlords and the Mir: Transaction Costs and Economic Development in Pre-Emancipation Russia (Iaroslav Guberniia), (Jan 1990): 121–142.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20646-9_9Roger Bartlett The Question of Serfdom: Catherine II, the Russian Debate and the View from the Baltic Periphery (J. G. Eisen and G. H. Merkel), (Jan 1990): 142–166.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20897-5_8Gary M. Anderson The Butcher, the Baker, and the Policy-Maker: Adam Smith on Public Choice, with a Reply by Stigler, History of Political Economy 21, no.44 (Nov 1989): 641–659.https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-21-4-641 Gary M. Anderson , Charles K. Rowley , and Robert D. Tollison Rent Seeking and the Restriction of Human Exchange, The Journal of Legal Studies 17, no.11 (Oct 2015): 83–100.https://doi.org/10.1086/468122Robert J. Barro Government spending, interest rates, prices, and budget deficits in the United Kingdom, 1701–1918, Journal of Monetary Economics 20, no.22 (Sep 1987): 221–247.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(87)90015-8S. L. Egerman Slavery, (Nov 2016): 1–10.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1746-1Stanley L. Engerman Slavery and Emancipation in Comparative Perspective: A Look at Some Recent Debates, The Journal of Economic History 46, no.22 (Mar 2009): 317–339.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700046155Seymour Drescher Class Conflict, Hegemony and the Costs of Antislavery, (Jan 1986): 135–161.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07000-8_7Stanley L Engerman Economic change and contract labor in the British Caribbean: The end of slavery and the adjustment to emancipation, Explorations in Economic History 21, no.22 (Apr 1984): 133–150.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(84)90021-4RICHARD B. SHERIDAN "Sweet Malefactor": The Social Costs of Slavery and Sugar in Jamaica and Cuba, 1807–54, The Economic History Review 29, no.22 (May 1976): 236–257.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.1976.tb01083.xSTANLEY L. ENGERMAN Some Economic and Demographic Comparisons of Slavery in the United States and the British West Indies', The Economic History Review 29, no.22 (May 1976): 258–275.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.1976.tb01084.x

A Theory of Price Control

PRICE or rent control is but one of many forms of legislative action which interfere with private contracting in the market place. To delimit the scope of my analysis, I shall use the term "price control" to refer only to any set of regulations which satisfies the following three conditions. First, the control must fix the price (or income)' terms of private contracts; this categorically excludes any laws which regulate the distribution of income among the contracting parties on a share or percentage basis.2 Second, the control must involve no appropriation of proceeds to or from the government; taxation and subsidization are thus excluded. Finally, the fixing of price must not be associated with direct government sales, purchases, or manipulation of resources so as to maintain the regulated price;3 by this stipulation, price "support" is also excluded. Even on such terms, legal regulations to control price are still many and varied. To evaluate our understanding of the class of phenomena which we seek to explain it is essential that we discover implications refutable by facts. By this criterion the available body of economic theory pertaining to price control is deficient indeed: the massive literature on the subject offers few such implications.4 An alternative approach to analyzing the observable effects of price control is presented here.

Racial Discrimination and Trade Unionism

Racial Discrimination and Trade Unionism

Time-Series Changes in Personal Income Inequality in the United States from 1939, with Projections to 1985

Our commentators (henceforth P-S) cannot be faulted for pointing out a fact of which we are fully aware: the inclusion of the "weeks worked" variable in our model was not rigorous in the sense of explicitly formulating a dependence on human capital, labor supply, and other considerations. We preferred to leave this part of the story out for the time being. Work on this subject is only beginning at the NBER and elsewhere. The problems posed by P-S should be of value in such work. The specific functional form for the inclusion of weeks worked was adopted to facilitate the empirical application of the model. We phrased the insertion of W in a somewhat careless way in the beginning paragraph on our page 37. The sentence should read: "If E* is full-year earnings, actual annual earnings are Ei = E* W7, where W is the fraction of weeks worked during the year." Thus, r* is the full-time rate of return, and k, is defined as C,/E,*. At this level we do not see any particular problems arising with this formulation. The first sentence of the first paragraph on page 37 says, in effect, that the appropriate variables and parameters (including r and Eo) should be starred. Of course, there is no star on the left-hand side of our equation (4). It is calculated by P-S that our parameter estimates imply ko = 0.73, which is rather implausible. Actually, the appropriate coefficient of T is not r*k as they suggest, but r*ko + ko/ T* (1 + ko), as we show on page 38. The T' is the period of positive net investment, which is not assumed but implicit in the income profile. Its value is about 20 years. If so, ko = 0.44, and total "post-school year equivalents" of positive net investment K = 4.4, not 15 as P-S estimate. These estimates are not very secure, but not clearly outrageous. We should keep in mind that these as well as the "rate of return" estimates are not the main targets, but merely by-products of a much-simplified model whose purpose was to study time changes in the aggregate-income variance.