Exploitation Of Child Labor Research Articles

The Fight against the Least Visible Form of Human Trafficking: Trafficking for Child Labour Exploitation

Child trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation is a difficult phenomenon to detect. It is also not readily definable considering that this specific form of trafficking is closely linked with the phenomenon of forced child labour, and even with the broader occurrence of child labour. A lack of globally reliable data and the convergence of different concepts related to child trafficking for labour exploitation pose significant challenges when trying to regulate the circumstances concerning child work and the criminalisation of trafficking for labour exploitation. This article offers a clear overview of the available data related to all the phenomena, and aims to clarify all the situations involved, defining child work, child labour, forced child labour and child trafficking for the purposes of labour exploitation. Furthermore, this article discusses the possible loopholes and critical issues that could hinder global approaches to resolving these issues. La trata infantil con fines de explotación laboral es un fenómeno difícil de detectar, y tampoco es sencillo definirlo si se tiene en cuenta que esta forma específica de trata está estrechamente relacionada con el fenómeno del trabajo forzado infantil e, incluso, con el fenómeno más general de trabajo infantil. Todo ello supone un desafío a la hora de regular las circunstancias que definen el trabajo realizado por niños y la criminalización de la trata para la explotación laboral. Este artículo ofrece un repaso de los datos disponibles en esta materia y procura aclarar las situaciones que se pueden plantear, así como definir trabajo realizado por niños, trabajo infantil, trabajo infantil forzado y trata infantil con fines de explotación laboral. Por último, profundiza en las posibles deficiencias y en los aspectos críticos que podrían obstaculizar un acercamiento global a esta problemática.Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-0926

Aleksandr Minkin: A pioneer of investigative journalism in Soviet Central Asia (1979–1991)

In the 1980s, Aleksandr Minkin was a young Russian journalist at the beginning of a brilliant career as a literary and theater critic. During his tours in Central Asia, he turned to investigative journalism, reporting on the unstable circumstances in Soviet peripheries, painting a picture for the Soviet public of the brutal side of Bolshevik modernization, such as cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan, the exploitation of peasants, the spread of deformities and disease in children due to the abuse of defoliants and pesticides in rural areas, widespread corruption, as well as the general social backwardness of the most remote areas of the USSR. In 1988, the magazine Ogonek published Minkin’s famous piece ‘khlopkorab’ (cotton slave) – denouncing for the first time in the Soviet press the exploitation of child labor in the cotton fields – as well as other articles revealing the use of dangerous Butifos defoliant, and the spread of illness in the republic. These articles caused a sensation and were at the center of a political debate during perestroika that both thrilled Soviet readers and frightened the Communist party. Minkin was viciously attacked by the official press and endured the surveillance of Soviet security authorities, as well as of foreign intelligence agencies. However, the campaign to discredit him could not cover the scandals up entirely, and Minkin became a symbol of free journalism, and a liberal intellectual figure in post–Soviet Russia, raising public awareness of social and environmental issues in Central Asia that had been officially hidden for decades.

MADE BY CHILDREN: THE EXPLOITATION OF CHILD LABOUR IN AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND THE SERVICE SECTOR IN MAINLAND CHINA

This research essay examines the exploitation of child labour in agriculture, industry and the service sector in Mainland China. Child productivity in China has historically been essential to the survival of the family. However, the globalized environment has drawn emphasis to the reality that children are exploited and subject to dangerous work conditions. The aim of this research is to analyse the international legal framework and human rights conventions safeguarding the rights of the child. This involved the primary analysis of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Minimum Age Convention, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention. The Procedure of the Conclusion of Treaties, Minors Protection Law, Provisions on the Prohibition of Using Child Labour, Regulations Banning Child Labour and Compulsory Education Law were critiqued to determine the effectiveness of China’s domestic legislation. The results demonstrated that child labour is currently not prohibited under China’s domestic law, a consequence of ineffective implementation of international treaties. To support this legal analysis, it evaluated academic research exploring the economic and cultural circumstances of China. It was found that globalization, rapid economic growth, a lack of education and social and cultural constructions of ‘child’ and ‘childhood’ further contributed to the existence of child labour. The significance of these findings is that it highlights the difficulty involved in changing legislation when the economic and cultural forces strongly dictate against it. Children are ultimately unable to access justice as effectively as their adult counterparts do within China’s legal framework

Vivir Bien, child labor, and indigenous rights in Bolivia

ABSTRACTEvo Morales’ victory in the 2005 presidential election set the stage for the political and social inclusion of Bolivia’s indigenous and peasant population. As part of that ‘process of change’, the Morales government has elevated the concept of ‘Vivir Bien’ (living well) to official status as a guiding principle for all state policies. Viewed as a product of ‘ancestral indigenous logic’, this notion of ‘Vivir Bien’ is discursively imbued with indigenous values such as equilibrium, harmony, and complementarity with Mother Earth and the community, which are held out as an antithesis to the model of capitalist accumulation. However, the idea and its practical application are proving to be problematic. This article focuses on the 2014 Bolivian legislation on child labor and its application in Aymara and Guaraní indigenous communities, arguing that the law suffers from deficiencies in addressing child labor exploitation and that its alleged inspiration in ‘Vivir Bien’ is more a product of urban academic viewpoints than it is of indigenous or peasant perceptions. Beyond this, the legislation on child labor points to a deeper issue: the gradual subsidence of the rights and competences that have been a symbol of the indigenous peoples’ demands since the 1980s.

A Look at Labor Standards and Neglected Human Rights Issues

Various groups have been demanding that discussions of labor standards be included in all future trade negotiations. The press is full of stories of alleged exploitation of child labor and other employment abuses in developing countries and human rights groups have demanded that something be done about it. However, the press and the academic literature have neglected various property, contract and association rights issues relating to labor standards in lesser developed countries. This paper attempts to remedy that deficiency and to start a discussion of some issues that have been overlooked or inadequately discussed. The tools of analysis will include both utilitarian ethics and rights-based ethics. A bibliography with links to more than 100 papers on trade is also included.

State Mechanisms for the Protection of Children from the Worst Forms of Labor in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Background/Objectives: The article focuses on the negative phenomena observed in the field of children’s labor rights protection in Kazakhstan, such as a failure to conclude an employment contract with children. Methods/Statistical analysis: Methodological basis of the study was formed by the dialectical method of knowledge of social phenomena and processes, allowing us to consider them in constant development and relationship. To achieve goals and objectives we used common methods of empirical, theoretical and historical research: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, generalization, description and comparative and legal method. Findings: The lack of labor contracts with children has slightly different characteristics than for adult workers, where the absence of employment contracts is especially due to the evasion of taxes, social contributions and pension benefits. The authors, based on the analysis of legal acts, international documents conducted informative and preventive work among pupils, teachers and parents in the educational institutions of the East Kazakhstan region, familiarized them with the forms of illegal exploitation of child labor and its consequences, with the normative legal acts in this field. Eradication of the exploitation of children is directly related to the identification of the primary reasons underlying in the basis of its existence. The study showed that children of the most vulnerable social groups, from low-income or single-parent families are mostly engaged in hard work. Transformation of family relationships when children need to take care of their family and of themselves influences greatly the involvement of children in work. Recommendations for prevention and eradication of child labor are provided. Improvements/Applications: There is a need for development of adapted legislation concerning the involvement of children in forced labor in the country with regard to the fight against general social problems. Keywords: Children, Labor, Protection, Slavery, Work

A Global Fight Against Counterfeit: Infringement Caused by Goods in Transit Under the New European Trademark Law Regulation No. (EU) 2015/2424 and Directive (EU) 2015/2436

The impact of fake products does not only affect holders of Intellectual Property rights. It also has a negative effect on economy and mainly affects consumers’ welfare. Product falsification and replication of copyright protected materials are considered serious offences in many jurisdictions around the world. Nevertheless, there is no such thing as an international harmonized practice regarding the control over counterfeit products. With the modernization of commercialization channels (internet, digital buying, offshore companies, etc.) this situation is reaching unprecedented limits, and criminal organizations are now considered as having a significant market control in global trade. In addition, the situation is aggravated by a combination of illicit activities related to this offense such as drug trafficking, tax evasion, money laundry and child labor exploitation in emerging economies. Different global players, such as international firms and Member States of various international treaties are cooperating to combat this crime. Nevertheless, the efforts sometimes get affected by judicial interpretations on how to enforce the law or by non-strict policies from the producing countries. But, where do we strike the balance between chasing infringers and allowing free markets and freedom of transit in accordance to international obligations imposed by the World Trade Organization? This paper will focus on explaining how did the European Court of Justice dealt with this question under the Nokia/Philips case regarding the possible infringement of IP rights by goods in transit within the European Union. In addition, it will expose the current situation under the amendments introduced by the new Trademark Regulation No. (EU) 2015/2424 and Directive (EU) 2015/2436.

The prohibition of using child labor within international and regional legal instruments

The issue of child labor exploitation and its inadequate legal definition is a perennial international problem. From the very beginning of human society to the modern age, children have been considered capable of doing different kinds of jobs. This has led to the situation that children are sometimes forced into hard physical labor. Child labor as a social phenomenon is unfortunately increasingly present. The aim of this research is to analyze the causes of child labor and to determine its influence in the process of creation, formation and implementation of child labor. This paper presents a comparative overview of the normative instruments concerning legislation developed by relevant regional organizations and bodies. Using the comparative method, it has determined the degree of influence of international and regional instruments on the prohibition of using child and juvenile labor, as well as the consequences of that impact. At the same time, it has determined the position of juveniles and children in positive legislation of the Republic of Serbia, as well as in terms of ratified international and regional instruments.

Minimal Departures: Narratives of Younger Female Mobility in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Italian Children’s Literature

Mobility narratives in late nineteenth- and early twentieth- century Italian literature for children reflect the dramatic conditions of vagrancy, abandonment and forced relocation, as well as the situation of child-labor exploitation and child trade through apprenticeship contracts. They also document experiences of mass emigration. In my essay I intend to: i) acknowledge that children’s conditions have been the object of an extensive multi-disciplinary debate in the 1800s and early 1900s; ii) briefly discuss the specifics of Italian children’s literature and the representation of young male mobility; iii) identify some recurring narrative patterns of female (im)mobility; iv) point to three specific narrative plots that relate the mobility of younger female characters to national-identity and national-development issues; v) analyze two of these narratives, Maria Messina’s Cenerella and Olga Visentini’s La zingarella e la principessina, which were written during or in the aftermath of World War I.

Assessing the sociology of sport: On globalisation and sport policy

On the 50th anniversary of the ISSA and IRSS, a key scholar in the sociology of sport in Taiwan, Tien-Chin Tan, considers the field’s concerns with globalisation and how they transact with and inform the study of sport policy. In considering the trajectories of what seem to be two distinct areas of inquiry, Tan notes that much common ground exists between the sociology of sport and sport policy studies in areas such as those focused on global sport organisations, sport mega-events, athlete migration, sport for development, right to play initiatives and exploitation of child labour. Because sociologists of sport and researchers on sport policy often view sport from distinct theoretical lenses and wield different methodological tactics, a key challenge will be for researchers in each area to abandon their insistence on exclusivity and on the superiority of their respective approaches. In the future, researchers from each camp should work to learn from each other and advance cross-disciplinary cooperation that can contribute greatly to the acquisition of a more comprehensive and insightful understanding of sport, globalisation and the role of nation states and nations in relation to different socio-political contexts. The essay closes by illustrating how such a merger of approaches has advanced understanding about the relationship of social scientific work with changes in sport policy in the People’s Republic of China.

Using child labor to save souls: the Basel Mission in colonial Ghana, 1855–1900

The notion that Europeans had a duty to civilize “slaves, sinners and savages” was used as a justification for nineteenth-century colonialism and evangelization. Wherever European missionaries traveled, they carried the message that slavery and slave trading were morally abhorrent. Despite deep antislavery sentiments in Britain, the abolition of slavery in colonial Ghana did not end the forced labor of children in the colony. The process and consequences of abolition in the Caribbean and in India shaped the steps that were taken when slavery was outlawed in colonial Ghana. Following the Emancipation Ordinance, the use of children as slaves was particularly common. The Basel Mission, in particular, often relied on the labor of unpaid children. These children were largely students at the mission schools who split their time between general education, Bible study, and unpaid labor. The conflict between the missionaries' philosophical opposition to slavery and their need to support the continued growth of the Mission through trade, led to a complicated relationship between the missionaries and African children. Despite its opposition to slavery, the Basel Mission was often directly involved in mediating the exploitation of child labor through established African institutions such as slavery, pawnship, and debt bondage.

English

Orphan and vulnerable (OVC) children are children that are susceptible to various types of physiological, psychological and social problems. A qualitative research was conducted to assess the situation of orphans and vulnerable children in four woredas and two towns of Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. 21 focus group discussions and 29 key informant interviews were conducted to collect data required for the study. The data collected were analyzed using thematic analysis. The study revealed that OVC are vulnerable to malnutrition, poor hygiene, child sexual abuse, drug use, child labor exploitation. Moreover, they have little/no access to essential social services such as health, education and housing. The finding of the study also revealed that non-governmental organizations operating in the areas have been supporting very few children with educational materials, health care cost and food. The supports being offered by the non-governmental organizations were insufficient, intermittent, duplicated and limited to few children in terms of their coverage. Consequently, a number of OVC are still in a difficult situation and seek immediate attention. Thus, strengthening families’/guardian’s economic capacity through income generating activities, social and emotional inclusive support programs, inter-organizational coordination, launching institutional care/  promoting local adoption for the abandoned and orphans were recommended based on the  findings.   Key words: Jimma zone, child, orphan and vulnerable children, vulnerability.

Child Labor Exploitation and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Case Study of the Specialty Store Retailer of Private Label Apparel Brands in Bangladesh

Although corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become increasingly important in the contemporary business environment, ethical and social...

Eliminating Child Labour through Public–Private Partnership (PPP)

The paper focuses on increasing attention on child labour in developing as well as in developed countries. A number of factors have contributed to this development which are discussed in view of perception that the exploitation of child labour has become more serious and could well continue to do so in several parts of the world: employment of children at an age and under conditions that do not conform to universally accepted standards, rights of children in particular in many countries. It gives an overview of the major approaches of practical action in the struggle against child labour.

Os nós da rede para erradicação do trabalho infanto-juvenil na produção de joias e bijuterias em Limeira - SP

INTRODUÇÃO: A cidade de Limeira, em São Paulo, abriga o maior polo de produção de joias e bijuterias do país caracterizado pela terceirização, destacando-se a exploração de trabalho infantil, em condições de nocividade para a saúde do trabalhador. Para enfrentar este problema, articulou-se uma rede intersetorial. OBJETIVO: descrever as ações da rede e destacar limites e potencialidades de seu processo de formação e consolidação. MÉTODOS: realizou-se estudo de caso, combinando a análise documental e a participação direta dos pesquisadores nas atividades no período de 2007 a 2011. RESULTADOS: analisaram-se aspectos culturais, ideológicos e institucionais que determinavam a situação e as ações que propiciaram mudanças. Coube destaque à construção do Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta, que assegurou a implantação de ações coordenadas, a realização de diversos eventos de sensibilização, a mobilização da população, a implantação do Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador e a criação de grupos de trabalho que discutem a temática constantemente com a finalidade de articular a rede intersetorial. CONCLUSÃO: a governança em rede propicia o estabelecimento de um processo de transformação cultural e institucional para o enfrentamento do trabalho infantil. É imprescindível realizar novas intervenções neste fluxo produtivo de modo a implicar o empresariado em um processo de mudança.

As medidas de enfrentamento à exploração do trabalho infantil no Brasil: forças em luta

O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre as soluções encontradas para o problema da exploração do trabalho infantil no Brasil. Para isso, apresenta as atuais políticas públicas destinadas à eliminação do trabalho infantil no país - legislação, políticas de transferência de renda e de escolarização - e revela, por meio de dados do IBGE, a persistência da exploração do trabalho infantil. Procura, assim, mostrar que, embora as políticas públicas para a erradicação do trabalho infantil sejam importantes, o problema persiste, pois as medidas para enfrentá-lo não atingem as suas origens.

From disguised protectionism to rewarding regulation: The impact of trade‐related labor standards in theDominicanRepublic

AbstractPolicymakers in theDominicanRepublic have responded to foreign pressure by rewriting their labor laws and revitalizing their labor ministry. What are the likely consequences? Is aggressive labor law enforcement more likely to protect vulnerable workers from abuse and exploitation or to undermine their ability to compete for labor‐intensive employment in an unforgiving world economy? And what are the broader implications of the answer?Iaddress these questions by analyzing qualitative as well as quantitative data on workplace regulators empowered by theDominicanRepublic in response to trade‐related labor standards imposed by theUnitedStates and find that they reconcile social protection with economic adjustment by simultaneously discouraging “low road” employment practices like informality, union‐busting, and the exploitation of child labor, and encouraging “high road” alternatives that link firms, farms, and families, on the one hand, to public educational, training, and financial institutions, on the other. The result is a potentially inclusive alternative to the repressive industrial relations regime that fueled export‐led development – and theEastAsian “miracle” in particular – in the late twentieth century.

Disclosure strategies regarding ethically questionable business practices

PurposeThe author's objective is to reveal the consumer responses to information disclosure strategies regarding controversial ethical issues.Design/methodology/approachThe author is interested in how voluntary disclosure of questionable business practices by chocolate manufacturers regarding child labor exploitation at cocoa plantations influences consumer behavior. A total of 120 students participated in an experimental study in which the author manipulated awareness of ethical issues in the chocolate industry and corporate disclosure strategy. The author measured willingness to pay (WTP) and consumer perceptions about the firm's commitment to corporate social responsibility.FindingsThe study found that voluntary disclosure of unethical business practices by a firm was not damaging in terms of consumer perceptions. When public awareness was limited, disclosing participation in unethical behavior did not influence WTP for the firm's products. When public awareness was high, disclosing this negative information is even more beneficial than no disclosure and generates similar responses to including only positive elements in the firm's communication, provided that the firm commits to eliminate its unethical practices.Research limitations/implicationsVoluntary negative social disclosure will not hurt a firm's performance in terms of sales, given the disclosure is transparent and this suggests a credible commitment to improve its practices regarding the issue.Originality/valueThe author investigates the optimal strategy for a firm to disclose ethical infractions. She demonstrates that being open about them does not necessarily damage a firm's reputation and suggests under which conditions this is the case.

Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media

It's not a book. It doesn't have a smell, you don't touch it …, you're plugged into the internet, you can't concentrate, it hurts your eyes, and you lose the beauty of the words behind this screen. Life itself is in hard copy. … Not this treacherous digitalism which has permeated our lives and our reality.—Respondent to survey comparing on-screen with hard-copy readingEach new technology may be janus-faced, potentially improving and degrading the human condition. The steam engine made industrial products cheaper and more diverse but contributed to the exploitation of child labor and proliferation of squalid urban living conditions. The automobile makes transportation more convenient but pollutes and leads to countless highway deaths. Calculators let anyone perform feats of math but have weakened basic arithmetic skills.A related conundrum holds true for technologies of the written word. The printing press helped spread literacy but shook the foundations of the Catholic Church. Word processing enabled the Japanese to generate text without producing each kanji stroke by stroke, but now many Japanese find themselves forgetting the stroke order. The spelling checkers in word-processing programs monitor typographical errors but dampen motivation to master spelling.Information and communication technologies have generated new platforms on which to read. The list includes desktop and laptop computers, e-readers (such as the Kindle and Nook), tablet computers (e.g., the iPad), and handheld devices (e.g., the iPod Touch, mobile phones). But does reading on these devices differ from reading in hard copy? If so, does our growing dependence on reading onscreen contribute to a redefinition of what it means to read?

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PEKERJA ANAK DAN UPAYA PENANGGULANGANNYA

Exploitation of child labor still occurs in Indonesia. Poverty and weak legal protection of children is one contributing factor. Therefore this paper aims to examine the factors that cause the emergence of child labor, child rights and legal protection for child workers, and prevention of child labor in Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that the occurrence of child labor is influenced by various social factors such as poverty and economic. Protection of child labor has been arranged in the formulation of laws and International Conventions ratified by Indonesia. Various efforts have been made to overcome the problem of child labor, but the government's effort is not maximized as expected.