Explicit Translation Research Articles

Robust long-term correlation tracking using convolutional features and detection proposals

Abstract Correlation filter based trackers have achieved appealing performance and high efficiency in recent years. However, for long-term tracking where target objects undergo dramatic appearance variation due to heavy occlusion or out-of-view, conventional correlation filter based tracking algorithms would be distracted by irrelevant objects. Once the trained tracker loses its way, it is impossible to recover the information for the following frames as the model has drifted. In this paper, we decompose the long-term tracking task into tracking and detection. Tracker learns separate correlation filters for explicit translation and scale estimation. Specifically, in order to improve tracking accuracy, the convolutional features for translation filter are extracted, and the scale filter is learned using the target appearance sampled at different scales. Detector trains an online long-term filter and applies it to the entire frame to generate detection proposals. By exploiting these detection proposals, it helps the tracker to recover from problems such as temporary or persistent occlusions. In this way, the proposed approach could handle the model drifting problem effectively for long-term tracking with more accurate estimation of object scale and location. Extensive experimental results on large-scale benchmark sequences have shown the robustness of the proposed method.

Translation policy and indigenous languages in Hispanic Latin America

Abstract This article examines the status of translation policy as it relates to public service interfaces between the dominant Spanish-speaking sectors of society and speakers of some of the many indigenous languages of Latin America. The article focuses on Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Paraguay, and Peru is used as a case study based on recent first-hand research. Translation policy is inherently bound up with language policy, where the latter exists. However, there is variation from state to state as to whether language rights legislation has been passed, whether it is implemented through policy, and the extent to which translation policy is part of the legislative framework. The case of Peru illustrates the need for translation and interpreting (T&I) services following conflicts and painful human rights infringements. Across the board, T&I have hitherto been ad hoc practices, giving rise to translation policy de facto. Formalized T&I training initiatives and legislative processes are now underway in Peru, and may give rise to explicit translation policies evolving there and elsewhere in the region in the future.

A Finite Axiomatization of G-Dependence

We show that a form of dependence known as G-dependence (originally introduced by Grelling) admits a very natural finite axiomatization, as well as Armstrong relations. We also give an explicit translation between functional dependence and G-dependence.

Expanding the sum of all human knowledge: Wikipedia, translation and linguistic justice

ABSTRACTThe Wikimedia Foundation is arguably the quintessential example of a socially responsible organisation: not-for-profit, dedicated to the growth, development and distribution of free, multilingual content, the Foundation operates openly editable projects like Wikipedia, which now has anywhere from one to several million articles available in more than 280 languages. Wikimedia – the organisation that hosts and operates Wikipedia – does not appear to have an explicit translation policy. This paper therefore begins by assessing the organisation’s Language Proposal Policy and Wikipedia’s translation guidelines. Then, drawing on statistics from the Content Translation tool recently developed by Wikipedia to encourage translation within the various language versions, this paper applies the concept of linguistic justice to help determine how any future translation policies might achieve a better balance between fairness and efficiency, arguing that a translation policy can be both fair and efficient, while still conforming to the ‘official multilingualism’ model that seems to be endorsed by the Wikimedia Foundation.

Discourse connectives across languages

Coherence relations linking discourse segments can be communicated explicitly by the use of connectives but also implicitly through juxtaposition. Some discourse relations appear, however, to be more coherent than others when conveyed implicitly. This difference is explained in the literature by the existence of default expectations guiding discourse interpretation. In this paper, we assess the factors influencing implicitation by comparing the number of implicit and explicit translations of three polysemous French connectives in translated texts across three target languages: German, English and Spanish. Each connective can convey two discourse relations: one that can easily be conveyed implicitly and one that cannot be easily conveyed implicitly in monolingual data. Results indicate that relations that can easily be conveyed implicitly are also those that are most often left implicit in translation in all target languages. We discuss these results in view of the cognitive factors influencing the explicit or implicit communication of discourse relations.

Dancing with Ideology: Grammatical Metaphor and Identity Presentation in Translation

This paper begins with an account of a high-profile political speech event centring on a Chinese slangy expression ‘[we] bu zheteng’ when it was used by the then Chinese President Hu Jintao in a 2008 speech, of which the Chinese government preferred a zero-translation despite the existing translations and various choices already available in Chinese-English dictionaries. The paper then discusses from the perspective of grammatical metaphor how and why an innocent-looking pragmatic usage has given rise to a series of ideologically charged debates over its translation. To that end, the paper conducts a critical review of grammatical metaphor, a key Systemic Functional Linguistic concept in describing congruence-to-metaphor evolution of language. Our cross lingual observation of this translation-related speech event enables us to argue that different textual means of presentation/concealment of human participation in transitivity are key to accounting for the discursive function of grammatical metaphors and to discerning the “chain” between congruent and metaphorical expressions. In the light of concealment of human participation in the transitivity process, the paper also observes that it is the association between the vague self-referencing ‘we’ and the adverse actions/situations, that is, (causing) commotions, alluded to by the term zheteng that has made a semantically explicit translation ideologically less desirable. As such, this operation of zero translation appears to be an instance of discursive manoeuvre rather than a sign of semantic impasse. To substantiate its theoretical claim, the paper relates the case to some similar political speech events in the world’s political arena and demonstrates how, prompted by this functional awareness of grammatical metaphors, one may devise a translation with better informed sensitivity to identity presentation/concealment in discourse.

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND QUALITY IN TERMS OF ACCURACY, ACCEPTABILITY AND READBILITY OF PI'S EXPRESSIVE SPEECH ACT IN THE FILM ENTITLED LIFE OF PI

<p>This research was conducted to analysis the translation techniques and quality of types on expressive speech acts exploited by Pi, the main character in the film “Life of PI”. The research used the Pragmatics approach with speech act as the field of study. It was a descriptive qualitative research and it employed purposive sampling as the sampling technique. The data in this research were the types of expressive speech acts. From the result of data analysis, there are four types of expressive speech acts employed by Pi character in the film “Life of PI”, they are thanking, apologizing, blaming and praising. From the analysis, the first finding of the research shows that the total data of research are 24 data. There are four expressive, thanking expressive speech act 7 data, apologizing speech act 10 data, blaming 3 data, and praising 4 data. The second finding of the research shows that there are two techniques employed by the translator in translating expressive speech act in the film “Life of Pi”. They are literal translation 19 data and explicit translation 5 data. The third finding dealing with the quality of translation, the translation of expressive speech act in the subtitle film “Life of Pi” belongs to accurate and acceptable and readable translation. For the accuracy of the translation, from 24 data, 19 data are accurately translated, 5 data are less accurately translated. For the acceptability of the translation, from 24 data, 21 data are acceptably translated, 3 data are less acceptably translated. For the readability, all the 24 data are readable.</p>

Developmental changes associated with cross-language similarity in bilingual children

ABSTRACTThe main goal of the present study was to investigate how the degree of orthographic overlap between translation equivalents influences bilingual word recognition processes at different stages of reading development. Spanish–Basque bilingual children with ages ranging from 8 to 15 years were tested in an explicit translation recognition task with a large set of items. Critically, the degree of cross-language similarity (i.e. the cognate status) between the references and the correct targets was manipulated along a continuum in order to investigate how the reliance on cross-language orthographic overlap varies as a function of reading experience. Results showed that younger children were significantly more sensitive to the cognate status of words than older children while recognising translation equivalents, and that this difference did not depend on the speed of response of the participants. These results demonstrate that the influence of cross-language similarity progressively diminishes as a function of increased exposure to print together with the maturation of the mechanisms responsible for language interference suppression, as suggested by developmental models of bilingual lexical access.

Completeness and termination for a Seligman-style tableau system

Proof systems for hybrid logic typically use @-operators to access information hidden behind modalities; this labelling approach lies at the heart of the best known hybrid resolution, natural deduction, and tableau systems. But there is another approach, which we have come to believe is conceptually clearer. We call this Seligman-style inference, as it was rst introduced and explored by Jerry Seligman in natural deduction [31] and sequent calculus [32] in the 1990s. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a Seligman-style tableau system, to prove its completeness, and to show how it can be made to terminate. The most obvious feature of Seligman-style systems is that they work with arbitrary formulas, not just statements prexed by @-operators. They do so by introducing machinery for switching to other proof contexts. We capture this idea in the setting of tableaus by introducing a rule called GoTo which allows us to \jump to a named world on a tableau branch. We rst develop a Seligman-style tableau system for basic hybrid logic and prove its completeness. We then prove termination of a restricted version of the system without resorting to loop checking, and show that the restrictions do not eect completeness. Both completeness and termination results are proved by explicit translations that transform tableaus in a standard labelled system into Seligman-style tableaus and vice-versa.

On the dimensions of a family of overlapping self-affine carpets

We consider the dimensions of a family of self-affine sets related to the Bedford–McMullen carpets. In particular, we fix a Bedford–McMullen system and then randomize the translation vectors with the stipulation that the column structure is preserved. As such, we maintain one of the key features in the Bedford–McMullen set-up in that alignment causes the dimensions to drop from the affinity dimension. We compute the Hausdorff, packing and box dimensions outside of a small set of exceptional translations, and also for some explicit translations even in the presence of overlapping. Our results rely on, and can be seen as a partial extension of, Hochman’s recent work on the dimensions of self-similar sets and measures.

A model of probability density function of non-Gaussian wind pressure with multiple samples

The extreme value of non-Gaussian wind pressure coefficients is usually estimated by fitting the probability density function (PDF) of maximum or minimum values while a large number of observations except the peak values in the measured samples are discarded. The implicit or explicit translation between non-Gaussian and Gaussian histories can also be utilized to estimate the extreme value of non-Gaussian wind pressure coefficients while the randomness of aerodynamic effect is not taken into account. The Hermite moment models are summarized and applied to formulate the PDF of non-Gaussian peak factors which is expressed as the joint PDF (JPDF) of the shape parameters of the Hermite moment model and the PDF of the translated Gaussian peak factors. After the variations of mean, standard deviation and non-Gaussian peak factor are considered, an innovative and analytical PDF formula of extreme wind pressure coefficients for multiple samples, which is expressed as a function of the JPDF of mean, standard deviation and the PDF of non-Gaussian peak factor, is presented in this paper. The theoretical developments are applied to establish the PDF and cumulative density function (CDF) of the negative peak wind pressure coefficients with multiple samples. It is verified that the analytical probability distribution model is a reasonable model to estimate the peak pressure coefficients.

Reimagining cost recovery in Pakistan's irrigation system through willingness-to-pay estimates for irrigation water from a discrete choice experiment.

It is widely argued that farmers are unwilling to pay adequate fees for surface water irrigation to recover the costs associated with maintenance and improvement of delivery systems. In this paper, we use a discrete choice experiment to study farmer preferences for irrigation characteristics along two branch canals in Punjab Province in eastern Pakistan. We find that farmers are generally willing to pay well in excess of current surface water irrigation costs for increased surface water reliability and that the amount that farmers are willing to pay is an increasing function of their existing surface water supply as well as location along the main canal branch. This explicit translation of implicit willingness-to-pay (WTP) for water (via expenditure on groundwater pumping) to WTP for reliable surface water demonstrates the potential for greatly enhanced cost recovery in the Indus Basin Irrigation System via appropriate setting of water user fees, driven by the higher WTP of those currently receiving reliable supplies.

Linear Temporal Logic for Regular Cost Functions

Regular cost functions have been introduced recently as an extension to the notion of regular languages with counting capabilities, which retains strong closure, equivalence, and decidability properties. The specificity of cost functions is that exact values are not considered, but only estimated. In this paper, we define an extension of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) over finite words to describe cost functions. We give an explicit translation from this new logic to two dual form of cost automata, and we show that the natural decision problems for this logic are PSPACE-complete, as it is the case in the classical setting. We then algebraically characterize the expressive power of this logic, using a new syntactic congruence for cost functions introduced in this paper.

Specyfikacja jako instrument kontekstualizacji aktu tłumaczeniowego – między teorią a praktyką dydaktyki przekładu

The aim of the article is to discuss the concept of translation brief from the perspective of translation pedagogy and investigate how theoretical premises are reflected in the Polish translator training practice. Theoretically speaking, the notion of Auftrag (‘commission’) has been widely used and propagated by the functionally oriented Skopostheorie. Translation pedagogy stresses the significance of translation brief. For instance, Nord emphasizes that it should form an integral part of each translation assignment (2006). Developing the ability to decode and interpret the translation brief, often given implicitly, belongs to important aspects of translator training. The translation brief provides information that guides both translator’s decisions when it comes to translation and teachers’ or evaluators’ decisions in terms of assessment. From the practical perspective, to gain a view of the Polish translator training practice, selected translation textbooks were analyzed and a questionnaire survey was conducted. The analyzed textbooks partially reflect the significance which translation pedagogy assigns to the translation brief which, to some extent, is accounted for by different textbook concepts and designs. The most explicit translation briefs are part of exercises in E. Skibińska’s textbook for Polish-French translation (Inaczej mówiąc...).The results of the survey conducted among students – graduates of BA language studies with translation component – demonstrate that the respondents are familiar with the notion of the translation brief, however the majority of the respondents (83%) received translation brief sometimes with their translation assignments while 17% – never. The respondents also generally do not link the notion of translation error with a transgression of the brief. The survey had a pilot character and included a small sample of respondents, yet it seems to indicate that the notion of translation brief does not play a prominent role in the translation classroom in the Polish setting.

Specyfikacja jako instrument kontekstualizacji aktu tłumaczeniowego – między teorią a praktyką dydaktyki przekładu

The aim of the article is to discuss the concept of translation brief from the perspective of translation pedagogy and investigate how theoretical premises are reflected in the Polish translator training practice. Theoretically speaking, the notion of Auftrag (‘commission’) has been widely used and propagated by the functionally oriented Skopostheorie. Translation pedagogy stresses the significance of translation brief. For instance, Nord emphasizes that it should form an integral part of each translation assignment (2006). Developing the ability to decode and interpret the translation brief, often given implicitly, belongs to important aspects of translator training. The translation brief provides information that guides both translator’s decisions when it comes to translation and teachers’ or evaluators’ decisions in terms of assessment. From the practical perspective, to gain a view of the Polish translator training practice, selected translation textbooks were analyzed and a questionnaire survey was conducted. The analyzed textbooks partially reflect the significance which translation pedagogy assigns to the translation brief which, to some extent, is accounted for by different textbook concepts and designs. The most explicit translation briefs are part of exercises in E. Skibinska’s textbook for Polish-French translation (Inaczej mowiąc...). The results of the survey conducted among students – graduates of BA language studies with translation component – demonstrate that the respondents are familiar with the notion of the translation brief, however the majority of the respondents (83%) received translation brief sometimes with their translation assignments while 17% – never. The respondents also generally do not link the notion of translation error with a transgression of the brief. The survey had a pilot character and included a small sample of respondents, yet it seems to indicate that the notion of translation brief does not play a prominent role in the translation classroom in the Polish setting.

Interpretation and Translation of Lithuanian Cultural Textual Implications

This article deals with cultural meanings of Lithuanian literature and the interpretation and peculiarities of translation to the French language. The analysis of the research material, consisting of original texts and their translations to the French language published in 2000-2010, allows noticing the predominant tendencies of interpretation and transfer of cultural implications as well as problems of translation. The outcomes of the research confirm that Lithuanian cultural implication in French translations is usually conveyed explicitly applying the strategy of external textual adaptation. These examples make up a half of all the examples of the research material. The choice of explicit translation method shows attempts by translators to introduce unfamiliar Lithuanian culture, for instance, peculiarities of the life mode and customs, folklore and mythology, etc., to French readers. The examples of implication in culture transferring, adaptation and conversion were found. The research of the second largest group of examples which belongs to the adaptation enables to draw the conclusion that this cultural transposition is chosen properly in French translations. It refers to the application of cultural meanings in the target culture and does not cause the risk of ethnocentrism. From the viewpoint of translation, more problematic are the examples of transfer of cultural implication and conversion. The analysis of the latter issues gives rise to the doubts about the expedience of cultural and stylistic use of certain conversion cases, as well as creates a problem of readers’ abilities to understand Lithuanian cultural implications expressed in Russian language in French translation.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.19.944

Constraint solving in non-permutative nominal abstract syntax

Nominal abstract syntax is a popular first-order technique for encoding, and reasoning about, abstract syntax involving binders. Many of its applications involve constraint solving. The most commonly used constraint solving algorithm over nominal abstract syntax is the Urban-Pitts-Gabbay nominal unification algorithm, which is well-behaved, has a well-developed theory and is applicable in many cases. However, certain problems require a constraint solver which respects the equivariance property of nominal logic, such as Cheney's equivariant unification algorithm. This is more powerful but is more complicated and computationally hard. In this paper we present a novel algorithm for solving constraints over a simple variant of nominal abstract syntax which we call non-permutative. This constraint problem has similar complexity to equivariant unification but without many of the additional complications of the equivariant unification term language. We prove our algorithm correct, paying particular attention to issues of termination, and present an explicit translation of name-name equivariant unification problems into non-permutative constraints.

Compositional Modeling and Analysis of Multi-Hop Control Networks

We propose a mathematical framework for modeling and analyzing multi-hop control networks designed for systems consisting of multiple control loops closed over a multi-hop (wireless) communication network. We separate control, topology, routing, and scheduling and propose formal syntax and semantics for the dynamics of the composed system, providing an explicit translation of multi-hop control networks to switched systems. We propose formal models for analyzing robustness of multi-hop control networks, where data is exchanged through a multi-hop communication network subject to disruptions. When communication disruptions are long, compared to the speed of the control system, we propose to model them as permanent link failures. We show that the complexity of analyzing such failures is NP-hard, and discuss a way to overcome this limitation for practical cases using compositional analysis. For typical packet transmission errors, we propose a transient error model where links fail for one time slot independently of the past and of other links. We provide sufficient conditions for almost sure stability in presence of transient link failures, and give efficient decision procedures. We deal with errors that have random time span and show that, under some conditions, the permanent failure model can be used as a reliable abstraction. Our approach is compositional, namely it addresses the problem of designing scalable scheduling and routing policies for multiple control loops closed on the same multi-hop control network. We describe how the translation of multi-hop control networks to switched systems can be automated, and use it to solve control and networking co-design challenges in some representative examples, and to propose a scheduling solution in a mineral floatation control problem that can be implemented on a time triggered communication protocols for wireless networks.

Computability and Complexity in Self-assembly

This paper explores the impact of geometry on computability and complexity in Winfree’s model of nanoscale self-assembly. We work in the two-dimensional tile assembly model, i.e., in the discrete Euclidean plane ℤ×ℤ. Our first main theorem says that there is a roughly quadratic function f such that a set A⊆ℤ+ is computably enumerable if and only if the set X A ={(f(n),0)∣n∈A}—a simple representation of A as a set of points on the x-axis—self-assembles in Winfree’s sense. In contrast, our second main theorem says that there are decidable sets D⊆ℤ×ℤ that do not self-assemble in Winfree’s sense. Our first main theorem is established by an explicit translation of an arbitrary Turing machine M to a modular tile assembly system $\mathcal{T}_{M}$, together with a proof that $\mathcal{T}_{M}$ carries out concurrent simulations of M on all positive integer inputs.

Anglo-American Catullus since the Mid-Twentieth Century

While Catullus was not unknown to major poets of the early twentieth century in England and the United States, a conspicuous resurgence of interest in his life and works marked the second half of the century. Explicit translations of his bawdiest poems are paralleled by poems expressing a sense of identification with the poet, who is treated as a confidant in matters of poetry and love. Recent novelists have produced three kinds of fiction revolving around Catullus: postfigurative works in which the poet’s life provides the model for plot and character in works set in the modern world; political fictions about Catullus’s age, in which the poet, while not the central figure, plays a significant role; and fictionalized biographies in which the tantalizing facts of his life are imaginatively fleshed out. Poets and novelists alike are intrigued by Catullus’s frankness in sexual matters and by his critical view of his own society-aspects that specifically appeal to the late twentieth century.