Explicit Strategies Research Articles

Background check: cross-cultural differences in the spatial context of comic scenes.

Cognitive research points towards cultural differences in the way people perceive and express scenes. Whereas people from Western cultures focus more on focal objects, those from East Asia have been shown to focus on the surrounding context. This paper examines whether these cultural differences are expressed in complex multimodal media such as comics. We compared annotated panels across comics from six countries to examine how backgrounds convey contextual information of scenes in explicit or implicit ways. Compared to Western comics from the United States and Spain, East Asian comics from Japan and China expressed the context of scenes more implicitly. In addition, Nigerian comics moderately emulated American comics in background use, while Russian comics emulated Japanese manga, consistent with their visual styles. The six countries grouped together based on whether they employed more explicit strategies such as detailed, depicted backgrounds, or implicit strategies such as leaving the background empty. These cultural differences in background use can be attributed to both cognitive patterns of attention and comics' graphic styles. Altogether, this study provides support for cultural differences in attention manifesting in visual narratives, and elucidates how spatial relationships are depicted in visual narratives across cultures.

IRA-FSOD: Instant-Response and Accurate Few-Shot Object Detector

Aiming at recognizing and localizing objects of novel categories with just a few reference samples, few-shot object detection (FSOD) is quite a challenging task. Previous works rely heavily on the fine-tuning process to transfer their models to the novel categories. They are flawed in the real application since the fine-tuning process is time-consuming and it suffers from serious deterioration on the low-quality support set. Based on the observation, this paper proposes an instant-response and accurate few-shot object detector (IRA-FSOD) that can detect the objects from novel categories without fine-tuning. We carefully analyze the limitations of widely-used Faster R-CNN and transform it to IRA-FSOD. Specifically, we first propose a novel semi-supervised Region Proposal Network (SS-RPN) module and a switch classifier module to precisely recognize the potential foreground instances from novel categories without fine-tuning. Moreover, we introduce two explicit inference strategies into the localization module, including explicit localization score and semi-explicit box regression, to alleviate over-fitting towards the base categories. Extensive experiments demonstrates that the proposed IRA-FSOD not only accomplish few-shot object detection with the instant-response, but also reaches state-of-the-art performance under various FSOD protocols and settings.

Bipartite instances of INFLUENCE

The game Influence is a scoring combinatorial game that has been introduced in 2021 by Duchêne et al. [5]. It is a good representative of Milnor's universe of scoring games, i.e. games where it is never interesting for a player to miss their turn. New general results are first given for this universe, by transposing the notions of mean and temperature derived from non-scoring combinatorial games. Such results are then applied to Influence to refine the case of unions of segments started by Duchêne et al. [5]. The computational complexity of the score of the game is also solved and proved to be PSPACE-complete. We finally focus on some specific cases of Influence when the graph is bipartite, by giving explicit strategies and bounds on the optimal score on structures like grids, hypercubes or tori.

The Cruel Optimism of International Prison Regulation: Prison Ontologies and Carceral Harms

This article examines the development of international human rights standards and oversight mechanisms directed at addressing the negative effects of imprisonment. We identify this as the rules-based prison-regulation project, widely endorsed by international organizations and legal scholars. However, with a focus on the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, we argue that this project has inherent limitations, as it is based on (a) a reductive understanding of carceral harms and (b) a rule-centric ontology of prisons. By challenging these foundations, we explore whether the project exemplifies “cruel optimism” (Berlant, 2011), where the pursuit of improved prison regulation could inadvertently hinder societal flourishing. We argue that the continuous search for new and better prison standards may perpetuate rather than alleviate the problems associated with imprisonment unless accompanied by explicit strategies for countering prison growth and dramatically reducing prisoner numbers, for building the democratic power of prisoners and communities targeted by imprisonment, and continual linkages between prison conditions and the wider political-economic institution of imprisonment. We conclude that engaging with prisons as sites of relational power in practice must underlie any quest to reduce the harms of imprisonment.

Ultraviolet sun exposure and sun protection behaviors in outdoor rock climbers

BackgroundOverexposure to sunlight and sunburn are the main preventable causes of skin cancer. Outdoor sports are associated with significant levels of sunlight exposure.AimsWe sought to quantify the sun radiation exposure received by outdoor rock climbers and assess their sun exposure habits, sun protection behaviors, attitudes, and knowledge regarding skin cancer.MethodsFrom April to June 2021, outdoor rock climbers contacted via email completed an online validated self-reported questionnaire on sun related habits, behaviors, attitudes and knowledge. As a pilot trial, ten participants wore a personal dosimeter during two outdoor climbing weekends in May and November 2021. Ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR) was also recorded.ResultsA total of 217 outdoor rock climbers (103 women), mean age 36.8 ± 8.8 years (range 20–70 years) and median climbing practice per week of 8 h (IQR 7.5) were studied. Two in three (65.9%) participants reported at least one sunburn event during the previous rock climbing season. Of the survey respondents, 49.3% reported using sunscreen with SPF ≥ 15, 47% wore sunglasses, and 14.3% indicated they reapplied sunscreen every two hours. The median personal UVR dose measured during the two outdoor climbing weekends analyzed was 5.2 (IQR 1.8) and 8.8 (IQR 1.1) standard erythemal doses, respectively.ConclusionsThe high rates of sunburn, the elevated personal UVR measured and the clearly insufficient sun protection practices followed during rock climbing together with unsatisfactory attitudes towards tanning reveal the need to develop explicit sun protection campaigns and educational strategies to reduce the risk of skin cancer among the athletes studied.Graphical abstract

Persistent changes in motor adaptation strategies after perturbations that require exploration of novel muscle activation patterns.

Motor skill learning requires the acquisition of novel muscle patterns and a new control policy-a process that requires time. In contrast, motor adaptation often requires only the adjustment of existing muscle patterns-a fast process. By altering the mapping of muscle activations onto cursor movements in a myoelectrically controlled virtual environment, we are able to create perturbations that require either the recombination of existing muscle synergies (compatible virtual surgery) or the learning of novel muscle patterns (incompatible virtual surgery). We investigated whether adaptation to a compatible surgery is affected by prior exposure to an incompatible surgery, i.e., a motor skill learning task. We found that adaptation to a compatible surgery was characterized by a decrease in the quality of muscle pattern reconstructions using the original synergies and an increase in reaction times only after exposure to an incompatible surgery. In contrast, prior exposure to a compatible surgery did not affect the learning process required to overcome an incompatible surgery. The fact that exposure to an incompatible surgery had a profound effect on the muscle patterns during the adaptation to a subsequent compatible surgery and not vice versa suggests that null space exploration, possibly combined with an explicit exploration strategy, is engaged during exposure to an incompatible surgery and remains enhanced during a new adaptation episode. We conclude that motor skill learning, requiring novel muscle activation patterns, leads to changes in the exploration strategy employed during a subsequent perturbation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Motor skill learning requires the acquisition of novel muscle patterns, whereas motor adaptation requires adjusting existing ones. We wondered whether training a new motor skill affects motor adaptation strategies. We show that learning an incompatible perturbation, a complex skill requiring new muscle synergies, affects the muscle patterns observed during adaption to a compatible perturbation, which requires adjusting the existing synergies. Our results suggest that motor skill learning results in persistent changes in the exploration strategy.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Tsai Ing-Wen’s Political Speeches on Cross-Strait Relations

The growth of cross-strait relations has garnered lots of concern for a very long time. However, it is noticeable that since Tsai Ing-wen was elected “president” of Taiwan in 2016, cross-strait relations have progressively reached an impasse. Tsai’s political speeches since then have had a great impact on both the public and the development of cross-Strait ties. This paper chooses Tsai’s political speeches to conduct a critical discourse analysis based on the Martin’s Attitude System (2005). Nine political speeches that Tsai addressed publicly during her first term, from 2016 to 2021, are selected as study data. The goals of the study are to explore the features and functions of the attitudinal resources in these speeches as well as how these resources are realized to construe meanings, as well as what ideology Tsai implied behind the discourse. Throughout Tsai’s appraisal resources, it is found that her evaluation of mainland China mainly involved implicit strategies, and most of them were negative, while her evaluation of Taiwan authorities mainly used explicit strategies, and most of them were positive. As a result, Tsai constructed different images of both sides of the Taiwan Strait.

Explicit and implicit category learning in categorical visual search.

Categorical search has been heavily investigated over the past decade, mostly using natural categories that leave the underlying category mental representation unknown. The categorization literature offers several theoretical accounts of category mental representations. One prominent account is that separate learning systems account for classification: an explicit learning system that relies on easily verbalized rules and an implicit learning system that relies on an associatively learned (nonverbalizable) information integration strategy. The current study assessed the contributions of these separate category learning systems in the context of categorical search using simple stimuli. Participants learned to classify sinusoidal grating stimuli according to explicit or implicit categorization strategies, followed by a categorical search task using these same stimulus categories. Computational modeling determined which participants used the appropriate classification strategy during training and search, and eye movements collected during categorical search were assessed. We found that the trained categorization strategies overwhelmingly transferred to the verification (classification response) phase of search. Implicit category learning led to faster search response and shorter target dwell times relative to explicit category learning, consistent with the notion that explicit rule classification relies on a more deliberative response strategy. Participants who transferred the correct category learning strategy to the search guidance phase produced stronger search guidance (defined as the proportion of trials on which the target was the first item fixated) with evidence of greater guidance in implicit-strategy learners. This demonstrates that both implicit and explicit categorization systems contribute to categorical search and produce dissociable patterns of data.

Theta-band Connectivity within Cognitive Control Brain Networks Suggests Common Neural Mechanisms for Cognitive and Implicit Emotional Control.

Self-control is a core aspect of adaptive human behavior. It allows the attainment of personal goals by regulating unwanted thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Previous research highlighted the crucial role of cognitive control for explicitly pursued self-control and explicit emotion regulation strategies (such as cognitive reappraisal or attentional distraction). The present study investigated whether similar neural mechanisms would be involved in an implicit self-control task that acted as a covert emotion regulation strategy. Thirty-six female participants unscrambled sentences of either neutral (no-regulation condition) or neutral and self-control-related content (regulation condition; REG) before passively viewing negative and neutral pictures. Compared with the no-regulation condition, implicit induction of self-control reduced the amplitude of the late positive potential to negative pictures, indicating successful emotion downregulation. Crucially, implicit self-control enhanced connectivity within the two cognitive control brain networks in the theta frequency band. Specifically, for the frontoparietal network, increased connectivity from the dorsolateral PFC to the intraparietal cortex was observed. For the cingulo-opercular network, increased connectivity from dorsal anterior cingulate cortex to the left anterior insula/frontal operculum and from the right anterior insula/frontal operculum to the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex was observed. These effects were accompanied by a decrease in prestimulus alpha power in the right primary visual cortex, suggesting adjustment of attentional and perceptual processes in preparation for the upcoming affective stimulation. Together, our results indicate that self-control enhances cognitive control that is necessary for setting, maintaining, and monitoring the achievement of self-control behavior, as well as regulation of attentional and emotional processes.

The Effect of Awareness-Raising and Explicit Instruction of Compensatory Strategies on Young Leaners' EFL Oral and Written Production

This article presents a study intended to analyze the effects of awareness-raising and explicit strategy instruction on the performance of young learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) in a multilingual context. In particular, we focused on the teaching of compensatory strategies (CpSs), a subset of communication strategies (CSs), and examined the immediate and delayed effects of explicit instruction of conceptual CpSs on young learners’ oral and written object description in English. Students’ description appropriateness and CpS use were assessed at three different times during the study. Three intact classes of eleven-year-old learners in a Spanish primary school participated in the study: Two classes formed the experimental group (n = 43) and the third class served as the control group (n = 20). Object description was part of the learners’ EFL syllabus, but only the experimental group received explicit instruction in identifying and using CpSs. Results revealed a positive effect of awareness-raising and explicit instruction of CpSs on overall description appropriateness in oral production immediately after intervention. Moreover, with regard to specific strategies, the use of superordinate appears to be the CpS that benefits the most from instruction.

Integration of Tacit and Explicit Strategies in Sustainable Livelihood Recovery: A Case Study on Project-Affected Communities of a Hydropower Plant in West Java, Indonesia

Since the 1970s, large-scale dam construction has become a trend in developing countries. During the 1960–2020 period, 235 large-scale dams were built in Indonesia. However, all of them left a negative socio-economic impact. Explicit strategies to recover project-affected communities’ (PAC’) livelihoods have been implemented but need to be sustained. In 2011, the pumped storage innovation was adopted, and Upper Cisokan, West Java, became the pilot. The recovery of PAC livelihoods is also designed to be sustainable by integrating a “tacit and explicit strategy”. This paper aimed to determine the implementation and impact of this strategic innovation. The research was designed through a survey of 325 PAC families (975 persons) and in-depth interviews with 32 informants. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and dialectics. The result revealed that strategy integration could speed up the post-resettlement livelihood recovery time and collaborate with various local institutions in the academics, businessmen, community, government, media (ABCGM) scheme. In addition, increasing the number of PAC livelihoods by 155 percent and expanding the diversity of livelihoods from agricultural domination to MSMEs and the non-agricultural sector. The involvement of women and youth in livelihood recovery has also increased by 85 percent, especially in micro-, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and the non-agricultural sector.

Personal Preparation of Medical Students for the Human Dissection Experience: A Systematic Review.

Anatomical dissection is a cause of distress for many medical students. Explicit pedagogical strategies are important in reducing student distress and supporting their personal development. A systematic review of PubMed, Ovid, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases was conducted to examine quantitative data regarding medical school interventions to reduce the negative psychological and moral impact of anatomical dissection on medical students. Of 1189 unique abstracts, 14 papers met screening criteria. Student distress decreased with the use of educational audiovisual materials and graded exposure to donor bodies. Educational lectures, memorial ceremonies, and utilization of background music had mixed results.

Exploration of Moroccan EFL University Students’ Retrospective Knowledge of Cognitive and Metacognitive Reading Strategies in Processing Advanced-level Written Discourse in English

Based on my unpublished Doctoral Dissertation (Defended in 2015) that investigates the impact of explicit reading strategy instruction on Moroccan EFL university learners’ (meta) cognitive reading strategy use and reading achievement, the present exploratory study reflects the extent to which the learners are retrospectively conscious of the (meta) cognitive reading strategies (RSs) that facilitate the assimilation and comprehension of the textual input. It addresses 113 English department university students belonging to two groups (Group 1: N= 50; Group 2: N= 63) studying at the first-semester level. The data were obtained through the dependence on two advanced-level reading comprehension texts (i.e., narrative, expository) which were accompanied by a retrospective questionnaire (RQ). The results evince that, given that the targeted two groups unconsciously used some (meta) cognitive reading strategies (RSs) for attaining the textual comprehension, their retrospective consciousness of the core nature and essence of these metacognitively-oriented strategic moves is typically typified by utmost inadequacy. Finally, some useful recommendations relative to both EFL reading research and pedagogy as well as some unavoidable limitations are presented.

Software-defined control of an emulated hydrogen energy storage for energy internet ecosystems

The increasing heterogeneity and scalability of the Internet of everything, especially, the Energy Internet (EI), is a prompt for novel engineering paradigms. The current infrastructure of hardware technologies besides the available software stack is becoming obsolete for handling the advanced requirements of the smart energy ecosystem. Accordingly, software definitions of the Internet of Things (IoT) stack functions are gaining interest to provide more flexible and scalable implementations. This paper investigates a sophisticated softwarization explicit hybrid model predictive control strategy for energy storage facility systems through the accessor design pattern. This strategy is presumed to support and facilitate the integration of higher-level analytic and control functionalities within the IoT stack at edges and nodes. Simulation is conducted with the Ptolemy II software to evaluate the execution semantics of the proposed strategy. In addition, real-time experiments on a lab-scale hydraulic tank process with both abrupt and gradual commands test scenarios showed the efficiency and reliability of the accessor-based controllers for achieving the control objectives for the benchmark storage facility with an abstract implementation. The analysis shows that this process can serve as a benchmark to mimic the charge and discharge cycles of storage elements in EI ecosystems.

The Effect of Explicit Strategy Instruction on Students’ Reading Comprehension Performance of Ethiopian Secondary School Students

Despite the importance of strategy instruction in improving learners’ reading ability, several issues remain unresolved in literature. This study investigated the effect of explicit reading strategy instruction on improving grade 11 English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ reading comprehension performance. Additionally, it attempted to see whether male or female students performed better in reading comprehension after the intervention. The quasi-experimental pre- and post-test research design was employed. Eighty-two grade 11 students from two intact classes of Kokebe Tsibah General Secondary School were randomly assigned as an experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups. While 40 students were assigned to the control, 42 (19 male and 23 female) students were assigned to the EG. The EG received explicit reading strategy instruction embedded into their English reading activities using the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach. While classroom observation was carried out for follow-up purposes, the reading comprehension test was used as a main data-gathering tool. The data were analyzed using percentages, means, and t-tests. The independent sample t-test results showed a significant difference in reading comprehension test scores between the CG and EG after the intervention. On the other hand, the independent sample t-test analysis indicated that there were no significant differences between male and female students in their post-test results. Finally, it was concluded that students’ reading comprehension can be improved if they are explicitly taught various reading strategies (RSs). Therefore, it is recommended that EFL teachers in Ethiopian secondary schools could consider incorporating explicit instruction of different RSs during teaching reading.

Supplier Relationship Management and Organizational Performance: A Focus on Public Procurement

To attain operational excellence, organizations must enhance their supplier-buyer relations on a global scale. Organizations must strengthen their relationships with suppliers and buyers to obtain competitively priced goods and services of superior quality. A positive relationship between the two parties can also result in enhanced trust, quicker response times, and improved communication. This study examined the effects of the Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) framework on the operational effectiveness of agencies responsible for the essential procurement of goods and services. The principal aim of the research was to ascertain the SRM strategies implemented in public procurement and evaluate how they influence organizational performance. The research study implemented a descriptive design, which entailed gathering quantitative data. The study’s target population comprised 50 personnel employed in the public procurement divisions. A total of 43 respondents were recorded from a diverse range of agencies and divisions dealing with public procurement. Furthermore, the research employed a structured questionnaire comprising closed-ended inquiries to gather quantitative data for the subsequent analysis. The findings of the descriptive analysis show no indication of explicit SRM strategies being implemented in the organizations included in this study, according to the findings. The findings also uncovered many challenges that negatively impact the performance of organizations dealing with public procurement of essential goods, including a lack of commitment and trust among public procurement divisions and supply chain partners. In order to achieve organizational performance, the study suggests that pharmaceutical organizations place a greater emphasis on commitment to SRM through the implementation of systems that monitor, appraise, and evaluate performance at a strategic level.

Associations between long-term exposure to PM2.5 chemical constituents and allergic diseases: evidence from a large cohort study in China

BackgroundExposure to air pollutants may cause immune responses and further allergic diseases, but existing studies have mostly, if not all, focused on effects of short-term exposure to PM2.5 on allergic diseases. ObjectivesWe estimated associations of long-term exposure to PM2.5 chemical constituents with allergic disease risks and effect modification. MethodsWe used the baseline of a newly established, provincially representative cohort of 51,480 participants in southwest China. The presence of allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, urticaria, and allergic conjunctivitis was self-reported by following a formed questionnaire in face-to-face interviews. The average concentrations of PM2.5 chemical constituents (NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, organic matter [OM], and black carbon [BC]) over participants' residence were estimated using machine learning models. Logistic regression with double robust estimator and weighted quantile sum regression were used to estimate the effects of PM2.5 chemical constituents on allergic disease risks, as well as relative importance of each PM2.5 chemical constituent. ResultsPer interquartile range increase in the concentration of all PM2.5 chemical constituents was associated with the elevated risks for allergic asthma (OR = 1.79 [1.41–2.26]), allergic conjunctivitis (1.54 [1.19–2.00]), urticaria (1.36 [1.25–1.48]), and allergic rhinitis (1.18 [1.11–1.26]). NO3− contributed more to risks for allergic asthma (weight = 46.05 %), urticaria (72.29 %), and allergic conjunctivitis (47.65 %), while NH4+ contributed more to allergic rhinitis (78.07 %). OM contributed most to the risks for allergic asthma (30.81 %) and allergic conjunctivitis (31.40 %). BC was also associated with allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and allergic conjunctivitis, only with a considerable weight for urticaria (24.59 %). Joint effects of PM2.5 chemical constituents on risks for allergic rhinitis and urticaria were stronger in minorities and farmers than their counterparts. ConclusionLong-term exposure to PM2.5 chemical constituents was associated with the increased allergic disease risks, with NO3− and NH4+ accounting for the largest variance of the associations. Our findings would serve as scientific evidence for developing more explicit strategies of air pollution control.

Unearthing the Conflict of Induced Displacement of Dalits and Tribals in Kashipur: Critical Insight into Utkal Alumina International Limited Operation

Development-induced-displacement (DID) in remote locations has jeopardized the welfare of Tribal and Dalit communities (TDC), which has reached a magnitude and frequency that requires immediate attention and worldwide significance. Therefore, the current study seeks to explore the impact of forced displacement on tribal identity, culture and traditional sources of livelihood in the establishment of Utkal Alumina International Limited (UAIL) in Kashipur (Odisha). The study has addressed three objectives: (a) to what extent did politicizing the UAIL operation by the upper-caste community altered the compensatory R&R (rehabilitation and resettlement) benefits received by TDC, (b) to measure the impact of displacement and the extent of loss of livelihood caused by UAIL and (c) to what extent tribal identity, culture and livelihood security been eroded in the process of UAIL establishment. Amid the essentiality for balanced reconciliation between displacement and resettlement, the study found that the impact of DID is not homogenous on society but has affected the TDC differently due to corrupt intervention of upper-caste officials, resulting in delayed or denied compensation. The study recommends an immediate requirement of risk reversal explicit strategies backed up by adequate financing for reconstructing and improving the livelihood of displaced masses.

Non-Wood Forest Products’ Marketing: Applying a S.A.V.E. Approach for Establishing Their Marketing Mix in Greek Local Mountain Communities

The contribution of non-wood forest products is especially important in the context of rural sustainable development. Nevertheless, their perceived economic and environmental value remains low. The lack of an explicit and effective marketing strategy for NWFPs tailored to local mountain communities’ needs may lead to their restricted access to the market and underestimation of their value. The aim of this paper is to gain knowledge regarding the components of a marketing mix that could support the local markets of NWFPs, in Greek mountainous areas. The paper presents an analysis of the marketing mix for NWFPs, following for the first time the S.A.V.E. approach. The research contributes to the existing literature as we seek to “meet” groups of NWFPs’ consumers, in order to develop a customer-centric value proposition in Greek local mountain communities. The findings indicate that the marketing and promotion of NWFPs requires not only knowledge of the relative products and the market, it requires analysis and knowledge of the specific needs of local mountain communities and the ways that needs are met by the attributes and characteristics of the NWFPs as part of the solution that they can offer. Local mountain communities in Greece, through the exploitation of NWFPs, are trying to face challenges regarding the improvement of their income and their general wellbeing level. Also, we propose as a part of the marketing mix for NWFPs, their promotion as products with a distinct spatial, local identity, by associating them with local “culture economies”. Finally, we argue that a customer-centric marketing mix of NWFPs, which focuses on customers’ needs, desires, and resources as the starting point of the planning process, involves a higher level of mixing and synergies creation along the whole value chain, than simple personalization, with customers to interact with suppliers using ICT and by personal time disposition connected to nature.

Review of the Literature on Usefulness of Homoeopathy in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Background: Emotional and behavioural disorders are very common in childhood and adolescence. Homoeopathy is an alternative system of medicine which has a potential role in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (CAP).
 Objectives: To identify, summarize and disseminate research findings that could assess the role of Homoeopathy in CAP.
 Materials and Methods: Two electronic databases PubMed and Google scholar are searched for publications on childhood behavioural disorders in peer-reviewed, indexed journals. Articles published on Homoeopathy and CAP in the past two decades i.e from 2000 to 2020 are included. An explicit systematic search strategy included web-based key word searches. The collected information has been collated, summarized, and the results are presented in tables and charts according to key themes.
 Results: The research studies varied widely in all aspects such as design, conduct, intervention and outcome reporting. 38 eligible studies are identified on different clinical conditions in CAP. Individual sources of data are critically appraised and findings are discussed in terms of implications for gaps in research.
 Conclusions: There is limited yet convincing evidence for usefulness of Homoeopathy in CAP disorders such as Autism and ADHD. Our review emphasises the paucity of studies in other CAP disorders such as Intellectual disability, Learning disability, Conduct disorder, Childhood depression and Anxiety disorders etc. which is the domain of future research.