Explicit Strategy Instruction Research Articles

명시적인 메모하기 전략지도가 한국 EFL 대학생들의 메모하기 능력에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 명시적인 메모하기 전략지도가 한국 EFL 대학생들의 메모하기 능력에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 수행되었다. 선택 교양강좌에 자발적으로 등록한 31명의 학습자들 중 통제집단(15명)은 교수자의 개입 없이 스스로 메모하기 연습을 하였고, 실험집단(16명)은 교수자가 메모의 내용과 형식면에서 전략 지도를 하였다. 메모내용의 완성도와 메모의 형식적 속성에 대한 습득 정도에 있어 두 집단 간에 차이가 있는 지 분석하였다. 연구결과, 통제집단에 비해 실험집단이 메모의 정보 단위수와 들여쓰기, 약어사용, 기호사용에 있어서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이며 향상도를 나타냈다. 면담자료 분석 결과, 실험반 학습자들은 메모하기 전략지도가 메모의 내용과 형식면에서의 양적, 질적 변화에 긍정적인 영향을 주었다고 인식하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 교수자들은 다양한 교수-학습 맥락에서 명시적인 메모하기 지도를 응용하여 연구해 볼 수 있을 것이다.

A Synthesis of Reading Comprehension Interventions for Persons With Mild Intellectual Disability

The inclusion of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) in typical settings is increasing. To promote success in these settings, educators must support the reading comprehension of individuals with ID. Therefore, we conducted a synthesis of the extant research on reading comprehension interventions for individuals in the largest category of ID—mild ID—in Grades 4 through 12 and postsecondary programs. We review the methodological and intervention features of eight group-design studies and six single-case design studies published between January 2001 and December 2018. Findings from the 14 studies revealed inconsistent effects of single-component and multicomponent interventions on expository and narrative reading comprehension. However, medium to large positive effects were typically found from interventions using peer-mediated instruction and explicit strategy instruction. More rigorous research investigating the effects of reading comprehension interventions for individuals with mild ID using standardized measures is warranted. Practical implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.

The Impact of Explicit Comprehension Strategy Instruction on First- and Second-Grade At-Risk Students

This study examined the impact of explicit comprehension strategy instruction supported by guided reading and partner reading on at-risk students’ strategy knowledge and reading comprehension. Participants were 47 first graders (25 in the treatment group; 22 in the control group) and 44 second graders (19 in the treatment group; 25 in the control group). Treatment group participants developed more specific knowledge of strategies, were more likely to apply those strategies during reading, and demonstrated statistically significant growth in reading comprehension. Strong correlations appeared between students’ strategic knowledge and overall comprehension. Implications are addressed at length following the discussion of results.

An Article Review on “Reading Comprehension Strategy Instruction in a First-Year Course: An Instructor’s Self-Study”

This study aims to provide insight for others who wish to do a self-study, discussing emerging themes related to student learning and strategy instruction at the post-secondary level. This study reviews a research article written by Parr & Woloshyn (2013), entitled “Reading Comprehension Strategies Instruction in a First-Year Course: An Instructor's Self-Study.” Results of the review include observations on how the related article doesn't adequately deliver objectives but is excellent at analyzing the previous literature, and the design of the research will make readers understand generally. The contents of this article are valid with all references used accurately. It concisely discussed reading comprehension and strategy instruction. Also, it used a robust theoretical framework that provides an opportunity to reflect the challenges and limitations associated with the application of explicit strategy instruction. Ultimately, this present study looks at independent learning instruction as a strategy in delivering a repertoire of evidence-based understanding strategies designed to introduce students to the conventions of reading and writing academics. This study especially entices educators, because this study can be a benchmark for lecturers to provide reading comprehension strategy in a first years course, especially reading skill.

Explicit reading strategy instruction or daily use of strategies? Studying the teaching of reading comprehension through naturalistic classroom observation in English L2

Research suggests that developing deep understanding of text requires sustained emphasis on reading comprehension instruction and scaffolded strategy practices. However, although research has shown explicit teaching of reading comprehension strategies to be effective, we know little about whether strategy instruction and use are part of “daily life” in classrooms (Pearson, & Cervetti, 2017). The present study analyses 60 video recorded English as a second language (L2) lessons in seven lower secondary schools in Norway, across two school years (9th and 10th grade) based on The Protocol for Language Arts Teaching Observation. The article investigates the types of text-based reading comprehension instruction and strategy use that goes on in these classrooms. Key findings show that teachers engage their students in reading comprehension instruction of narrative and expository texts more than half the time, offering guided strategy practice based on student needs, and encouraging daily use of known reading comprehension strategies, instead of explicitly teaching new ones. These are powerful examples of successful reading comprehension instruction, and show that when English teachers prioritise reading comprehension instruction, they use authentic L2 texts to develop and scaffold critical literacy and metadiscursive awareness.

Teacher-Implemented Writing Instruction for Elementary Students: A Literature Review

Researcher-implemented writing interventions have been shown to improve student writing performance. However, there has been limited research on teacher-implemented writing interventions, which are more likely to be sustainable in a classroom. The purpose of this review was to examine the effectiveness of teacher-implemented writing interventions in regular-classroom environments with elementary-aged students. The inclusion criteria resulted in the identification of 13 experimental research studies. Classroom teachers implemented a range of writing strategies. However, explicit strategy instruction, including self-regulated strategy development, was the most commonly used approach that improved students’ writing achievement. Practical implications of the results are discussed and directions for future research are provided.

Effects of Multimedia Learning Combined With Strategy-Based Instruction on Vocabulary Learning and Strategy Use

The present study investigated the impact of multimedia-assisted explicit vocabulary learning strategy (VLS) instruction on foreign language learners’ strategy use and vocabulary learning. A total ...

From the Editors

From the Editors

Explicit Affective Strategy Instruction to Develop Speaking Performance of Egyptian EFL University Students

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of explicit affective strategy instruction on the speaking performance of Freshmen English majors at Faculty of Education, Suez University, Egypt. The design of the study is a pre-post quasi experimental one. The instrument is a pre/post speaking performance test (designed by the researcher). Participants were eighty Freshmen English majors, randomly divided into two groups: a control group (N=40) and an experimental one (N=40). During the experiment, the experimental group was explicitly taught some affective strategies (lowering anxiety, encouraging yourself and monitoring emotions) while the control group was taught using the traditional method. All participants were tested using the pre/post speaking performance test before and after the intervention. The difference between the post test’s mean scores of the control and experimental groups were calculated using Independent Samples t-test and the difference in the mean scores between the pre- and post tests of speaking performance was calculated for each group separately using Paired Samples t-test. A significant difference was found between the post test’s mean scores of the control and the experimental groups in favor of the experimental group. Moreover, a significant difference was found between the mean scores of the pre and post test of the experimental group in favor of the post test. It was concluded that participants’ level of speaking performance significantly improved after receiving the explicit affective strategy instruction.

Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating a School-Based Literacy Program for Adolescent Learners With Reading Difficulties: A Mixed-Methods Study

This 12-week mixed-methods study examined an 8th-grade English language arts curriculum designed to increase participants’ (N = 62) reading comprehension and reading motivation. Data consisted of demographic information, pre/post standardized reading comprehension scores, reading motivation survey scores, and participants’ periodic semistructured written reflections. We used the quantitative data to describe changes in reading comprehension and reading motivation and found a significant increase in participants’ scores. The qualitative data on participants’ experiences revealed several constructs directly related to evidence-based theoretical and practical research in the field of adolescent literacy as well as several emergent themes related to implementation. The results suggest improvements in participants’ reading comprehension and reading motivation through the implementation of an English language arts curriculum embodying social constructivism and cognitive theories with embedded research-based instructional practices supporting adolescent learning: explicit strategy instruction; text-based collaborative practices; and a partnership among a researcher, literacy specialist, and novice teacher.

EFL Learners’ Listening Strategy Awareness viewed from Their Learning Styles in the Extensive Listening Class

Abstract. Albeit listening comprehension as the vital role of language input, most EFL students have a somewhat negligent concern of it in the process of mastering EFL. Accordingly, the listening educators need to confirm students’ listening strategy awareness related to their learning styles for enhancing the quality of teaching listening. To this end, the study aims at assaying EFL students’ listening strategy awareness between visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learners who got an explicit strategy instruction of Extensive listening class and those who did not get the explicit strategy instruction. The participants of the study were 38 sophomore EFL students of English departments at Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang. Listening strategy awareness questionnaire, learning style questionnaire, and interview were utilized as the data collection instruments. The results elucidated that explicit listening strategy instructions have raised students’ direct attention strategies. Strategies of interpreting the meaning in their head and translating keywords that they have listened potentially impact on students’ mental translation strategy awareness. Indeed, visual learners in the control group have a higher strategy awareness dealing with person knowledge than in an experimental group. Then, auditory learners have similar scores for both groups — meanwhile, a bit higher score of person knowledge possessed by the kinesthetic learners in the experimental group. However, the statistical findings elucidate that there are no significant differences between the experimental and control group. Interview results confim that explicit strategy instruction of extensive listening class enables learners to create a good atmosphere in listening class, and their competence of listening instruction.

Explicit and implicit instruction of refusal strategies: Does working memory capacity play a role?

This study investigated the differential effects of implicit and explicit instruction of refusal strategies in English and whether and how the impacts of instruction methods interact with learners’ working memory capacity (WMC). 78 learners of English were assigned to three groups (explicit, implicit, and control). Implicit instruction was operationalized through input enhancement and provision of recast. In the explicit instruction group, participants received description and exemplification of refusal strategies and were provided with explicit corrective feedback. Prior to the treatment, all participants took WMC test, Discourse Completion Test (DCT) and completed a pragmatics comprehension questionnaire (CQ). Results revealed that explicit instruction was more effective than implicit instruction for both production and comprehension of refusals and that both implicit and explicit groups maintained the improvement in the delayed post-test administered two months later. In addition, whilst WMC scores were positively and strongly correlated with gains in the immediate and delayed post-test for both DCT and CQ in the implicit group, no meaningful relationship was found for explicit and control groups. The unique feature of this research is demonstrating that explicit instruction of refusal strategies equalizes learning opportunities for all learners with differential levels of WMC.

The Effect of Explicit Instruction of Metacognitive Reading Strategies on ESP Reading Comprehension in Academic Settings

This study investigated the effect of explicit instruction of metacognitive reading strategies on ESP reading comprehension among university students in Iran. Strategy instruction has recently been integrated into language teaching methodologies, stressing that successful language learners take advantage of appropriate strategy selection and application in order to develop better language skills. Poor learners, on the other hand, fail to know how to use strategies and for what purposes. There has been ample research on the impact of explicit strategy instruction on the EFL learners’ language skills. These studies indicate the effectiveness of strategy instruction on the various aspects of language learning such as skill development among EFL learners but the notion of the effectiveness of strategy instruction on ESP reading comprehension in university level has not been much scrutinized in Iranian context. The participants in this study included undergraduate first and second year students studying Islamic Art and Architecture Engineering at Tabriz Islamic Art University. A randomized subjects and posttest-only control group design was employed in this study. The number of students in Art control and experimental groups was 28 and the one for Architecture control and experimental group was 26 students. The participants in the experimental groups received explicit instruction of metacognitive reading strategies through the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA) for strategy instruction. The results of independent t-test revealed that the students in the experimental groups outperformed those in the control groups and showed greater achievement in their ESP reading comprehension ability.

Teachers’ direct and indirect promotion of self-regulated learning in primary and secondary school mathematics classes – insights from video-based classroom observations and teacher interviews

Self-regulated learning has a positive effect on academic outcomes; however, little is known about whether and how teachers at various education levels promote it in their classes. Video-based classroom observations were conducted to assess primary and secondary school mathematics teachers’ direct and indirect promotion of self-regulated learning (SRL). Teachers’ implicit and explicit instruction of SRL strategies (direct promotion of SRL) and the learning environment they created (indirect promotion of SRL) were rated according to how conducive they were to self-regulation. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the secondary school teachers to gain insight into their subjective views on SRL. Although the teachers’ instructional practices could foster SRL, teachers spent little time explicitly teaching SRL strategies. Moreover, they taught mainly cognitive strategies and very few metacognitive strategies. These results were more pronounced at the primary level than at the secondary level. Primary school teachers provided learning environments conducive to self-regulation more often than secondary school teachers did. The interviews revealed that the teachers lacked knowledge about metacognition as an important component of SRL and were rather reluctant to promote it; however, most of them valued cognitive and motivational components of SRL. Primary and secondary school teachers need training to enhance their direct and indirect instruction of SRL. They could benefit in particular from learning about explicit instruction of SRL strategies and metacognition.

Improving Written Argumentative Synthesis by Teaching the Integration of Conflicting Information from Multiple Sources

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of 2 different types of intervention aimed at improving written argumentative synthesis by integrating conflicting information from different sources. Both interventions combined the use of a guide with collaborative practice, but one of them also included explicit strategy instruction. Only students who received additional explicit instruction showed an improved ability to integrate conflicting information and increased the number of arguments they selected from the sources.

Improving Oral Fluency of EFL Students with Different Proficiency Levels through Explicit Instruction of Face Threatening Strategies

Meaning and interaction are the essential parts of socialization process in which the interlocutors try to mitigate and control the negative impact of face threatening acts. As such, the main objective of the present study was to determine whether explicit instruction of FTA strategies could lead to the improvement of EFL students’ oral fluency with different proficiency levels. To achieve this end, from the targeted population of 350 undergraduate students majoring in English translation at Isfahan (Khorasgan) Islamic Azad University, a sample of 100 intermediate and advanced students, 50 each, were chosen based on their scores on an OPT test. They were subsequently divided into four equal groups who were homogenized in terms of their oral fluency scores on an IELTS interview test used as the pre-test groups. From the four targeted groups, only the intermediate and advanced samples received the explicit instruction on FTA strategies whereas the no treatment groups were taught by a conventional approach. At the end of the treatment all samples were exposed to the post-test, a parallel form of another IELTS interview exam. The results indicated that the groups taught by explicit instruction of FTA strategies considerably outperformed those who had been taught by the conventional method.

Reading Comprehension Course Through a Genre-Oriented Approach at a School in Colombia

This paper reports on an action-research study aimed at identifying the problems and needs of a specific group of tenth graders at a school in Colombia in relation to their reading comprehension in English in order to design, partially implement, and evaluate a genre-oriented syllabus. Findings show that the explicit instruction of metacognitive strategies helped students become more efficient readers, as well as the fact that the exposure and analysis of genres developed a better comprehension of different kinds of texts, making these students aware of the structure and patterns of the texts they were reading as they approached them with reading strategies that were appropriate for each genre and stage.

The Impact of Explicit Integrated Strategies Instruction on IELTS Applicants' Listening Comprehension

Listeners in a foreign language will not be able to activate the full range of strategies available to a native speaker. Because of variables such as language proficiency, motivation, age, aptitude and the like, they will be at various stages of approximation to full competence. One way to eliminate the obstacles to efficient listening comprehension is strategy instruction. The present study attempted to explore the impact of the explicit instruction of cognitive and memory strategies on IELTS candidates' listening comprehension. The sample consisted of 88 adult male/female EFL learners who attended IELTS preparation classes regularly, and were randomly assigned into three groups. Two groups were as experimental groups, in which eight memory and cognitive strategies were taught explicitly, whereas the third group did not benefit from the explicit instruction of strategies. The analysis of the data showed that the experimental groups outperformed the control group in listening, but the difference between the two experimental groups was not statistically significant. In fact, in both groups in which cognitive or memory strategies were taught explicitly, the mean scores in listening comprehension did not prove to be significant. In further analysis, the applicants' gender did not make a difference in listening comprehension.

Improving Language Learning Strategies and Performance of Pre-Service Language Teachers Through a CALLA-TBLT Model

This paper reports an action-research study on language learning strategies in tertiary education at a Colombian university. The study aimed at improving the English language performance and language learning strategies use of 33 first-year pre-service language teachers by combining elements from two models: the cognitive academic language learning approach and task-based language teaching. Data were gathered through surveys, a focus group, students’ and teachers’ journals, language tests, and documentary analysis. Results evidenced that the students improved in speaking, writing, grammar, vocabulary and in their language learning strategies repertoire. As a conclusion, explicit strategy instruction in the proposed model resulted in a proper combination to improve learners’ language learning strategies and performance.

First- and Second-Grade Urban Students' Path to Comprehension Strategy Use: A Practitioner's Framework

This study seeks to explain what first- and second-grade African American, urban students who participated in an explicit comprehension strategy instruction (ECSI) program learned about comprehension strategies and how this knowledge supports self-regulated strategy use. The study was also designed to compare these students' knowledge with those who were exposed to less systematic comprehension strategy instruction. Students who participated in ECSI had more awareness and knowledge of strategies and applied them more frequently than students not in ECSI. A practitioner's framework is proposed to support teachers in developing their own ECSI.